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By Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts. 



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NEW YORK: 

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, 

London and Toronto. 




FULL ORBED CHRISTIANITY H 









_ * 



God Man ^^%§£ 
CMiSil^ Heaven Humanity^£§ 
^ Theology Sociology^ 

Love to God.LoveTo Man 

Divine JatherhoodHuman Brotherhood 

Doctrinal Standards EthicalStandards 

r Justification By Faith Justice To Employes 

[l // TheMinistersSacredDeskTheMerchants Sacred Desk 

1 TheSalvationOfIndividuals TheRegenerationofSociety 





TheSaviorship Of Jesus 
The Glory of God 
Gifts To Charities 
. Heart Worship 
\ The Lords Day 
% PrayerfulPiety 
\ Look Up 
. Save Men 
Vows 
Me 



The Kingship of Christ! 
TheKingdomofGod 
GiftstoReforms 
Divine Service 
Anno Domini 
Philanthropy^ 

Lift 
Save. Man 

Vote 
We 





PRACTICAL 
CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY 

A SERIES OF 

y 
SPECIAL LECTURES' BEFORE 
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
AND MARIETTA COLLEGE 

WITH SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES AND APPENDIXES 

BY / 

REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, Ph. D. 

Superintendent National Bureau of Reforms, 

Author of ''■The Sabbath for Man'' "The Civil Sabbath"' "The Temperance 

Century" " Successful Men of To-day," "Reading the Bible with Relish" etc. 

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 

JOSEPH COOK, LL. D. 



All are needed by each one, 
Nothing is fair or good alone. 

— Emerson : All and Each 



[printed in the united states] 



FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 

LONDON and TORONTO 
1895 







TO ALL WHO FOLLOW CHRIST, 
WHETHER IN TEACHING OR IN TOIL, THE AUTHOR DEDICATES 

THIS EFFORT 

TO SOLVE THE LABOR QUESTION AND OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS. 

BY HIS TEACHINGS. 



Copyright, 1895, Funk & Wagnalls Company. 
[Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England.] 



CONTENTS. 



[For analytical syllabus of each lecture, seepages following ; for alpha- 
betical and Biblical indexes and sociological literature, see closing pages 
of the book.] 

General Subject : Practical Christian Sociology : PAG e 

I. From the Standpoint of the Church, ... 23 

II. From the Standpoint of the Family and Education, 63 

III. From the Standpoint of Capital and Labor, . . 115 

IV. Same {continued), 161 

V. From the Standpoint of Citizenship, . . .193 

Appendix — Part I.: 

Reference Notes on the Lectures : 

Lecture L, . . . . . . . . . . 239 

Lecture II., . . . . . . . . 259 

Lecture III., 288 

Lecture IV., 310 

Lecture V., 332 

Appendix — Part II.: 

Outline of Universal History, ...... 359 

Chronological Data of Humane Progress, . . . .361 

Social Progress in 1895, 418 

Round the World Reading Tours, ..... 444 

Hon. Carroll D. Wright on Divorce, .... 446 

Notes on Purity, 453 

Easy Lessons in Christian Doctrine, ..... 460 
Letter from Professor R. T. Ely on Sending the Unemployed 

to Farms, ......... 464 

Letter from President E. B. Andrews on the Definition of 

Anarchy, ......... 465 

Chicago Strike Commission's Recommendations, Hon. Carroll 

D. Wright, Chairman, ....... 466 

Arbitration Bill .468 

How Working Men Live. By Edward P. Clark, . . . 470 



Plebiscite on Current Reforms, 475 

Sociological Literature 488 

National Bureau of Reforms, Washington, D. C, . . 494 

Biblical Sociology, ........ 497 

Index : 

(Alphabetical) of Authors Quoted, 499 

Geographical, 502 

Topical, 505 

5 



PROEM 



LOVE. 



Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart. 
Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. 



Most men know love but as a part of life ; 
They hide it in some corner of the breast, 
Even from themselves ; and only when they rest 
In the brief pauses of that daily strife, 
Wherewith the world might else be not so rife, 
They draw it forth (as one draws forth a toy 
To soothe some ardent, kiss-exacting boy) 
And hold it up to sister, child, or wife. 

Ah, me ! why may not life and love be one? 
Why walk we thus alone, when by our side 
Love, like a visible God, might be our guide? 
How would the marts grow noble, and the street, 
Worn like a dungeon floor by weary feet, 
Seem then a golden courtway of the sun. 

Henry Timrod. 



INTRODUCTION. 




Much of what the author says 
in this book is of the nature of 
expert testimony, the value of 
which is enhanced by the history 
of the witness. He is wont to say 
that he was born a twin of the 
Maine law, in the same State, in 
the same year, and almost of the 
same father. Mr. Crafts' father, 
a preacher, was the writer of one 
of the rallying songs of Neal 
Dow's first campaign, and also a 
fearless opponent of slavery, not- 
withstanding the withdrawal of 
support by proslavery parishion- 
ers. Our author was, therefore, a 
reformer born, rich in an inher- 
itance of moral heroism received 
through heredity and early training 
and the environment of a State in 
which, in all his childhood, he saw 
neither saloon nor drunkard. 
When politics first came into our author's life as an influence, in the 
days of Fremont and John Brown, national issues were not questions of 
commerce but of conscience. The conquering elements of politics then 
boldly avowed allegiance to the Decalogue and the Golden Rule. It was 
felt by the most efficient reformers to be a momentous truth that man can 
neither make nor break law — though it may break him. He can only 
translate the one supreme law into its applications to current affairs. 

Our author's first temperance lecture was delivered at fifteen, when he 
was a sophomore in college and already an active member of temperance 
societies. At seventeen, he preached his first sermon from a text that 
has proved to be the key-note of his practical ministry, " Faith without 
works is dead." In his earlier pastorates, Mr. Crafts' unusual success in 
his own Sunday-school led to his being often called to write and speak as 
a specialist on Sunday-school work, in connection with Dr. (now Bishop) 
J. H. Vincent and others. It was thus, in writing Through the Eye 
to the Heart, his first book, as joint author with Miss Sara J. Timanus, 
that he came to form with her a " Sunday-school Union" for life. By 
both voice and pen, Mrs. Crafts has herself done a remarkable work for 



REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, PH. D. 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

Sunday-schools, temperance, and other reforms, besides being a priceless 
inspiration to her husband and wide circles of friends. 

Mr. Crafts' activity in reform as a pastor, down to 1883, was chiefly as a 
temperance writer and speaker. When pastor of one of the strongest 
churches of Chicago, in 1877-79, ne was active in the Citizens' League, 
whose success in its special work of preventing the sale of liquor to 
minors he proved by a night inspection of one hundred saloons, in all of 
which only three minors were found. Four hundred had been counted 
in a single saloon at one time before the league began its work. Dur- 
ing that pastorate the red ribbon of the Reynolds Reform Clubs was 
sewed permanently to the buttonhole of his pulpit coat, a significant 
signal to all who saw it. During that same pastorate he wrote for the 
National Temperance Society a temperance compend, since rewritten as 
The Te?nperance Century. A year in Europe and Bible Lands (1879-80), 
deepened our author's temperance convictions. 

Brooklyn and New York City were Mr. Crafts' next fields of work. 
In these cities he made for himself denominational changes, from Metho- 
dist to Congregational and then to Presbyterian, connections. These 
changes were due not to any alteration of doctrinal belief, but to provi- 
dential calls, and were made easy by years of work as a Sunday-school 
specialist in union conventions which emphasized the essentials of evan- 
gelical agreement and not the divisive non-essentials. Our author has 
been changeless from first to last on the great doctrines of religion and 
reform. Such plausible heterodoxes as high license and the Gothenburg 
plan have never drawn him aside. 

While a pastor in Brooklyn, he preached and published a series of 
sermons on Successful Men of To-day, which has attained a circula- 
tion of nearly forty thousand. In this book he began a study of modern 
business methods which has since been more fully developed in his 
lectures on sociology. 

On becoming pastor of a Presbyterian Church in New York City in 
1883, our author planned a series of sermons on the Sabbath. Finding 
little literature in defense of the perpetual and universal authority of the 
Fourth Commandment — no book later than Gilfillan's, written twenty- 
two years before, when Sunday trains and Sunday papers were nearly or 
quite unknown — he undertook to gather fresh material for his people by 
sending a circular of inquiries to all parts of the world. That series of 
sermons, preached and reported in New York, again preached and 
reported in Chicago, grew into the author's best known book, The Sab- 
bath for Man. 

Mr. Crafts continued in his New York pastorate for five years, giving 
to reform only such aid as a busy pastor might. His studies of the 
Sabbath led him to appreciate keenly the wickedness of the effort made 
by liquor dealers all over the country, in the winter of 1887-88, to unite 
their forces in one vast system of " Liberty Leagues" to capture the 
Sabbath for the saloon. The American Sabbath Union, as stated in its 
first official document and in more recent official sketches of its origin, 
grew out of a petition circulated by our author among the leaders of 
Sabbath reform, by which, in the spring of 1888, the various ecclesiasti- 
cal bodies were induced to combine in an official union organization to 
defend the Sabbath against its foes. Our author, preferring above all 
other pursuits the work of a pastor, hoped such an organization would 
take off his heart the burden he felt for the imperiled Sabbath. In con- 



INTRODUCTION. 9 

nection with the development of this organization, he visited the Metho- 
dist General Conference and three Presbyterian Assemblies, all of which 
appointed their quota of charter members for the Union, as did fourteen 
evangelical denominations in all. Most of these also petitioned, at his 
suggestion, for the enactment by Congress of a law against Sunday mails 
and Sunday trains. This movement our author was then promoting, in 
cooperation with Mrs. J. C. Bateham of the W. C. T. U. In behalf 
of it he conducted a hearing in the spring of 1888, before the Committee 
of Education and Labor of the United States Senate. Senator Blair, 
Chairman of the Committee, called attention privately to the fact that 
the petitions did not include labor unions, and suggested that they should 
be enlisted in this effort. 

Thus our author, who had been led by the study of temperance into 
Sabbath reform, was led through Sabbath reform into labor reform. He 
asked the privilege of speaking on Sunday work to the Central Labor 
Union of New York City. There was some fear that " the parson" 
would inflict a sermon upon the meeting, but wiser expectations prevailed. 
He was welcomed, and the petition against Sunday mails and Sunday 
trains was unanimously indorsed. This first address to a labor union 
having passed off successfully, the doors to all other such bodies were 
thereafter open to him. During that year he spoke with like welcome 
and indorsement at the national meetings of the Knights of Labor and 
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, besides many local labor unions. 

Mr. Crafts' advocacy of a six-day law became a help to the eight-hour 
law for letter-carriers. When he spoke to the Senate's committee, that 
eight-hour bill, just .passed by the House, was before the committee. 
The postmaster-general had said to our author that it would probably 
not pass the Senate. But the committee, while not ready to stop Sunday 
trains, were led to favor the eight-hour law by the facts our author cited 
as to the excessive hours of work required of carriers. The law being 
secured, our author uncovered plots to punish the New York carriers 
who had led the movement by dismission on other pretexts, and plots to 
nullify the law in that city by scheduling carriers to do in eight hours 
as much as they had formerly done in ten or more. In response to 
written complaints which our author carried to Washington from four 
hundred New York carriers, an investigation was ordered which led to a 
strict compliance with the law. On account of the part our author had 
played in securing the enactment of the eight-hour law, he was one of 
the speakers, with Father McGlynn and " Sunset " Cox, in the " Carriers' 
Eight-hour Jubilee." Later, an address at the People's Church in St. 
Paul on the Sabbath question, which included references to the dangerous 
current combinations of capital, led to his being invited by the labor 
unions of St. Paul to speak to their Labor Day parade. For seven 
years, as associate editor with the undersigned on Our Day, Mr. Crafts 
further discussed in many trenchant papers not only temperance and the 
Sabbath but also the labor problem. 

On January 1, 1889, our author was elected Field Secretary of the 
American Sabbath Union, and a year later was reelected to a secretary- 
ship devoted chiefly to office duties, and which he resigned in the spring 
of 1890, in order to be free to write and speak in all parts of the land. 

Sabbath reform, having led Mr. Crafts to discuss labor reform, led him 
next into the anti-lottery crusade. He introduced his first speech in 
New Orleans by saying : " Louisiana once had two blots on her fair 



IO INTRODUCTION. 

fame — the absence of a Sabbath law, and the presence of a lottery law. 
The first blot has been removed, and in three years there will be oppor- 
tunity to remove the other." That was all that was said of the lottery, 
but after a half-hour address on the Sabbath, the preachers, instead of 
discussing that subject, began to explain why they had or had not preached 
on the lottery. The law of that time was seen to be ineffective, and our 
author exposed its weakness by writing to Postmaster-general Wana- 
maker, who turned the letter over to Attorney-general Miller, who at 
once wrote that he would see that a better law was drawn, and so began 
the National Anti-lottery Crusade. Mr. Crafts sent twenty-five thousand 
copies of a Lottery Broadside to Louisiana and North Dakota, when 
their anti-lottery crusades were on, and for aid in this and other ways 
received a vote of thanks from the Woman's Anti-lottery League of 
Louisiana. 

Our author's election in the fall of 1891 to the editorship of The 
Christian Statesman, a paper devoted to the whole circle of Christian 
reforms, led him to study, besides the reforms already named, questions 
pertaining to ballot reform, civil service, Roman Catholicism, Church 
and State, Christian politics, divorce, impurity and Mormonism, immi- 
gration, municipal reform, law and order, woman's suffrage, peace and 
arbitration. 

Such studies have reached their unique culmination in the establish- 
ment by our author of the National Bureau of Reforms at Washington, 
which aims to be a clearing-house for all the Christian reform movements 
of the country, and seeks to cooperate, as the only Christian reform 
organization of national scope in the national Capital, with all living 
Christian movements for the social betterment of society. During the 
sessions of Congress, our author may justly be called the speaker of " the 
third house," a Christian lobbyist — " may his tribe increase ! " 

Hardly second in importance to this work is Mr. Crafts' mission as a 
lecturer on practical Christian sociology before our colleges and semi- 
naries. 

In the civic municipal revival of 1895, he spoke almost as frequently on 
municipal reform as on Sabbath reform movements, which are so closely 
related through the Sunday saloon that one continually leads to the other. 

One chief value of this book is in the fact that it has been written 
after detailed study at all the leading American cities and of every 
prominent phase of our current industrial and social life. More than 
eighty thousand miles of travel in our own country within the last six 
years, besides two extensive trips abroad, have enabled our author to 
make these lectures an authoritative and strategic discussion of ' ' Practi- 
cal Christian Sociology." 

Joseph Cook. 

Chicago, En Route to Australia, May 25, 1895. 



Letters on the Lectures, from the Princeton Seminary 
Faculty. 

Princeton, February 15, 1895. 
My Dear Mr. Crafts : 

The Faculty of the Seminary have wished me to express to you their 
appreciation of the lectures on Social Problems which you delivered to 
the students last week, and their thanks to yoi* for the course. We 
recognize the wide study which you have given to these subjects, and the 
large number of valuable facts which you have collected. We recognize 
also in your treatment of the facts the caution and the desire to be fair 
and thorough which are necessary for a proper discussion of such practical 
and important topics. You seem to us bent on apprehending the whole 
truth and in doing justice to all sides of each case. We are especially 
gratified by your presentation of the idea that religion as well as economic 
science has a part to do in the solution of social problems, and we believe 
that our students will be better prepared by your lectures to exert the 
proper influence in social and civil relations which is possible to ministers 
of the Gospel. We congratulate you heartily on the ability you showed 
in the preparation of your lectures, and feel sure that you have done a 
most useful work in delivering them before the Seminary. Please accept 
our thanks. 

Very sincerely yours, 

George T. Purves. 



Princeton, February 18, 1895. 
Rev. Mr. Crafts : 

Dear Sir : I wish to say to you how highly I, in common with my 
colleagues and your auditors generally, appreciated the brief course of 
lectures which you have delivered at the Seminary on sociology. The 
practical acquaintance which you manifested with the numerous and 
complicated questions arising under this theme surprised and delighted 
me. The wise reserve shown in avoiding hasty and inconsiderate judg- 
ments upon matters that require further investigation, and the impartial 
attitude taken in regard to matters which have led to serious strife and 
agitation, cannot be too highly commended. And the high-toned Chris- 
tian principle which marked the entire discussion, without running off 
into extravagance and excess, inspired confidence in the solution which 
must thus be ultimately reached. There is but one feeling among us, 
that of high gratification that we have been permitted to hear these 
instructive and valuable lectures, and we are greatly obliged to you for 
consenting to deliver them to our students. 

Very truly yours, 

W. Henry Green. 



L. F. Ward, American Journal of Sociology, July, 1895 : 
The word sociology first appeared in print in its French form, socio- 
logies in the fourth volume of Auguste Comte's Positive Philosophy, the 
first edition of which was published in 1839. . . The world is certainly 
greatly indebted to Comte for this word, as it is also for that other 
useful word of his, altruism. Although the word sociology is derived 
from both Latin and Greek, still it is fully justified by the absence in 
the Greek language of the most essential component. While it need 
not altogether replace the virtually synonymous expression, social 
science, it can be used in many cases where that could not. . . We all 
know what an improvement physics has been upon natural philosophy, 
and biology upon natural history. Sociology stands in about the same 
relation to the old philosophy of history. . . Comte found that there 
were five great groups of phenomena of equal classificatory value, but of 
successively decreasing positivity [while of ever-increasing rank]. To 
these he gave the names, astronomy [his term for mathematics], physics, 
chemistry, biology [Spencer and Ward add here psychology], sociology 
[to which the author would add, as highest of all, theology]. . . 
Comte's conception [of sociology] . . . makes it . . . embrace every- 
thing that pertains to man as a social being. . . Economics . . 
ethnology, ethnography, and demography, with other attendant branches 
of anthropology . . . each of these has its specialized phenomena to be 
set aside and cultivated as separate departments . . . and the field is 
cleared for the calm contemplation of the central problem of determining 
the facts, the law, and the principles of human association. — Pp. 16, 17, 
19, 22, 25. 

Shailer Matthews, The American Journal of Sociology, July, 1895 : 

Just as the philosophies bearing these names [Hegelian, Aristotelian, 

Baconian] are respectively the gifts of Hegel and Aristotle and Bacon, 

so Christian sociology should mean the sociology of Christ ; that is, the 

social philosophy and teachings of Christ. — P. 70. 



AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 



As an associate editor of Our Day, the author published, in its June 
number of 1894, an Outline of Christian Sociology designed to guide 
the studies of sociological institutes. It was so cordially commended by 
such leaders as Professor R. T. Ely, Dr. Josiah Strong, Professor J. R. 
Commons, and Mr. W. M. F. Round, that the author was persuaded to 
develop its suggestions into a course of lectures, which were first delivered 
February 4-8, 1895, at Princeton Theological Seminary, on invitation of 
the Faculty, whose unqualified approval is quoted on the preceding page 
as showing that the lectures — which are published without material 
change — fairly represent the attitude of conservative evangelical Chris- 
tians toward current social problems, as indeed might be shown more at 
length, if it were necessary, by quoting like approvals evoked by the 
lectures as subsequently delivered in other places. 

Numerous foot-notes and appendixes have been added, partly confirma- 
tory of the author's statements, partly supplementary and illustrative, 
many of them indicating briefly opposite or variant views, or suggesting 
where further facts and theories may be found on the themes here treated, 
necessarily, with the utmost brevity. The author's purpose has been to 
give an outlook upon Christian sociology to those busy pastors and 
Christian workingmen who have neither time nor money for extensive 
sociological studies — a comprehensive survey, not topography and 
geography ; to furnish not only an introduction and compend for the 
study of society from a Christian standpoint, but, preeminently, a practi- 
cal working handbook to guide in its Christianization. 

Although Dr. Stuckenberg, so far back as 1880, discussed the social 
relations of Christians to each other in an able book entitled Christian 
Sociology, the present volume, so far as the author knows, is the first 
published treatise on Christian Sociology as the term is now generally 
understood. The book is but the blazing of a trail into a virgin forest 
which others will more fully explore. 




National Bureau of Reforms, 

Washington, D. C, July 4, 1895. 



JAMES Orr, D. D., The Christian Idea of God and the World: I can- 
not but agree with those who think that the kingdom of God, in Christ's 
view, is a present, developing reality. This is implied in the parables of 
growth (mustard seed, leaven, seed growing secretly) ; in the representa- 
tions of it, in its earthly form, as a mixture of good and bad (wheat and 
tares, the net of fishes) ; in the description of the righteousness of the 
kingdom (Sermon on the Mount), which is to be realized in the ordinary 
human relations, as well as in many special sayings. . . On the other 
hand the idea has an eschatological reference. The kingdom is not some- 
thing which humanity produces by its own efforts, but something which 
comes to it from above, It is the entrance into humanity of a new life 
from heaven. In its origin, its powers, its blessings, its aims, its end it 
is supernatural and heavenly. Hence it is the kingdom of heaven, and 
two stadia are distinguished in its existence— an earthly and an eternal. 
— Pp. 405, 406. 



AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION. 



All reforms are relations. So are vices. Although specialists are 
more needed than ever before, one-idea reforms belong to the individ- 
ualistic ages of the past. Steam and electricity have socialized the 
world. Vices quickly recognized this sign of the times, and became 
" liberty leagues." Reforms more slowly formed " unions." 

Too much is commonly claimed by the one-idea reformer for his pet 
reform. Social ills cannot all be remedied by a single cure-all, nor by a 
single doctor, not even by the one whose sign we saw in a Kansas hotel, 
" Specialist in all chronic diseases." Small and Vincent's Introduction 
to the Study of Society (p. 74) bids us remember that "social improve- 
ment thus, far has been by cooperation of many ameliorative forces," 
a historical basis for the numerous reform movements which have of late 
adopted what foreign-critics of the \V. C. T. U. call " the do-everything 
policy." 

"It is well," says 77ie Interior, " that ideas of moral reform have 
broadened out. They have for an age and a half been limited to tem- 
perance. By broadening the platform and making temperance only a 
plank in it, temperance is greatly strengthened. The gambling den, 
social purity, political and civil morality — each one of these brings its 
special advocates into a common cause, and gives to each line of reform 
the united strength of the active forces of all lines. There is no danger 
that they will fail to combine against the saloon — which antagonizes 
equally the progress of any and every moral reform." 

The forty departments of the W. C. T. U. include the ripest one- 
fourth of current reforms. The King's Daughters are another " do- 
everything" society. The Endeavor good citizenship movement, the 
programs of the Evangelical Alliance conferences, the institutional 
churches, the university settlements, all aim at many reforms, not one 
only. 

Individuals who enter upon practical study of any one reform usually 
find themselves led into another and another. Miss Willard starts out to 
study temperance, and becomes also the special advocate of labor, of 
purity, of all Christian reforms ; putting more statesmanship in her annual 
review of public affairs than any Governor or President dares to put into 
his annual message. So, again, Professor Richard T. Ely starts to study 
labor, and presently is writing temperance tracts. John Burns and Hon. 
T. V. Powderly also come to be temperance advocates through labor leader- 
ship. Mrs. Josephine Shaw Lowell devotes her great talents to the new 
science of charity, and presently is the Joan of Arc in the victorious 
sweaters' strike. 

In Chicago and New Orleans working men start out to secure emanci- 



16 author's introduction. 

pation from Sunday slavery, with no thought of becoming " temperance 
fanatics," but finding the Sunday saloons the center of the forces that 
resist their rightful demand, they make the closing of saloons a prominent 
part of their program, and learn also the fallacy of the saloon's pretense 
of friendship for labor. 

Municipal reform, when it is ripe, will include in its attacks, as the 
united forces of its foes, the liquor traffic and drinking usages, gambling 
in all its forms, impurity, injustice to labor, unrestricted immigration, 
the spoils system, and wilful pauperism. The " ring " attacked is found, 
on close fighting, to include this whole' circle of vices, against which 
must be marshaled the whole circle of Christian reforms. 

This book aims to coordinate all these reforms as parts of one great 
reform — the reform which is the consummation of religion — namely, the 
Christianizing of society, which is " the kingdom of God," to the estab- 
lishment of which, not to personal salvation merely, "the chosen people" 
of both Testaments are divinely, but not yet effectually, called. 

How like a bugle-call from the sky sounds the divine cry, " Who will 
stand up for me against the workers of iniquity ? " One reason why this 
divine call is not more effectual is that God's army, as in the days of 
Gideon, has too many in it — of the cowardly and selfish, who cannot 
stand the water test, whether at church time or election time. The 
Gallios that don't care if the battling apostles are beaten in both senses 
of the word, are too many of them inside the Church. To return to the 
central thought of this Introduction, we note that the fundamental diffi- 
culty (which this book seeks to remove) is that too many are only frac- 
tional Christians, fractional reformers. Many of them, in their imitation 
of Christ, have learned his meekness from a monk, who retreated from 
the battle of life, but have overlooked the two-edged sword in his mouth. 
Not a few sincere Christian reformers have only one edge to their swords. 
They fight " the ring," but spare the rum — indeed surrender to it not only 
the week but the Sabbath. 

One of the chief encouragements to reform writing and speaking is that 
the reformer daily finds offenders that need only " the arrest of thought." 
In more than a score of instances a brief word of mine about Sunday 
mails, in a union meeting, has caused the immediate Sabbath closing of 
the post-office by local petition. A word even to the unwise is often 
sufficient. 

Just as we are penning these last words of this book comes another 
encouragement in the smashing of the slate of the Emperor of the Empire 
State by Hon. Warner Miller, who would not consent to the silence of 
the New York Republican platform of 1895 on the leading issue of the 
hour, the question whether the Sabbath should be surrendered to the 
saloon, but rallied the rank and file to his own triumphant leadership in 
declaring for " the maintenance of the American Sunday in the interests 
of labor and morality." The incident is of far-reaching significance, as 
showing that the people will follow better leaders to nobler battles for 
Christ and humanity, if such leaders will but summon them in His Name. 

September 23, 1895. 



SYLLABUS OF LECTURES. 



General Subject : Practical Christian Sociology. 

/. From the Standpoint of the Church. 

Humanitarianism and spirituality in Christ's teachings. Christian 
sociology anticipated and defined. Relation to the Kingship of Christ. 
The universality of his law. The Kingship of Christ as related to the 
Saviorship of Christ in the Bible. The Lord's Day the "sign" of 
Christ's Lordship. In what sense the Kingship of Christ is the Bible's 
ultimate theme. Neglect of it in the Church to-day, and reasons there- 
for. Individual conversions the necessary prelude of social regenera- 
tion, although unable to accomplish it alone. The Old Testament 
message chiefly a social # one. That of the New first, but not finally, to 
the individual. The socializing influence, in post-biblical history, of the 
Christian idea of the individual's relations and rights. The Reformation 
a renaissance of intellectual and spiritual individuality. Its controlling 
influence in the making of America. Its ethical and social deficiencies. 
The new era of conflicting and cooperating social and individualistic 
tendencies introduced by the discoveries of steam power, political power, 
and political equality in the eighteenth century. The nineteenth cen- 
tury's awakening, progress, and problems. The growth of social evils 
due in part to the Church's failure to apprehend its social functions. 
The power of sacred individuality to be held fast, but social evils to be 
adequately treated only by social action of united churches. Their duty 
to "the new charity." Institutional churches. State and national 
federation of churches for social reform. Proposed union of all Chris- 
tians in a world-circle of social reform conventions to celebrate approach- 
ing completion of nineteen Christian centuries. 

II. From the Standpoint of the Family and Education. 

~ (a) The Family.— Purity and Home both Christian. Purity more 
important than property. The family the sociological unit. How the 
decadence of home promotes social evils. Its foundation, monogamy, 
to be defended against Mormonism and unscriptural divorce. Polygamy 



l8 SYLLABUS OF LECTURES. 

never sanctioned, but always uprooted by the Bible. The pretty sayings 
of heathen religions at the Parliament of Religions as affected by their 
treatment of women. The present status of Mormonism. Divorce 
statistics. Hon. Carroll D. Wright's argument for other than scriptural 
permissions for divorce answered. The multiplication of divorces a 
national, not sectional, evil. Arguments for and against a national 
marriage and divorce law. State commissions. Other remedies. "Girl 
bachelors. " Society's chief interest in the family, child-training. Hered- 
ity. The honor of parenthood. Delicacy and difficulty of teaching on 
this subject. Impure talk. " Morals versus art." The dance and 
theater. Hygienic education for girls. Intemperance as related to the 
family. Motherhood, the " struggle for the life of others." Family 
affection increased by Christianity. Power of child-training as compared 
to heredity. Home as a school of obedience. Woman's work and child- 
labor as related to family life. Social clubs. Why mothers should 
study civics and sociology. Woman suffrage considered. Home wor- 
ship. Home department of the Sabbath-school. " Ministers' sons and 
deacons' daughters." The Sabbath as the Home Day. 

(b) Education. — Child-saving institutions which are both home and 
school. Danger of making it too easy for parents to transfer to others 
the care of their children. A reform school " kindergarten " of " incor- 
rigibles." Parental shirking not confined to the poor. Promoted by 
per capita appropriations to sectarian institutions. The placing-out plan 
better than the congregate plan. Improvements in placing out. Essen- 
tial moral education embarrassed by state aid. But compulsory state 
action needed to complete the work. Industrial education. Fresh Air 
Fund and kindred summer charities for children. The common schools 
as related to parents of pupils. " The school question." Proposed 
division of the school funds. Roman Catholic claim not withdrawn. 
What it is. How it differs from the historic American theory as to 
moral education. An instance of harmonious teaching of Christian 
morals by Protestants and Roman Catholics in cooperation. Scientific 
temperance education. Hygienic necessity of Sabbath rest to be added. 
Additional moral education as to gambling proposed. Colleges as 
centers of reform influence. University extension in the form of 
lectures. Other out-of-school studies. Reform topics suggested for 
sociological institutes. University settlements described. Their relation 
to religion. The newspaper as an educator. 

III. From the Standpoint of Capital and Labor. 

Justice the industrial issue. Injustice in current distribution admitted. 
The issue is seen in the Carnegie strike, Not capitalists but capitalism 



SYLLABUS OF LECTURES. 19 

accused. Insufficiency of materialistic motive in labor reform. Justice 
in wages and prices. Justice in work. Labor unions' defense of skimp- 
ing work. Injustice of sympathetic strikes. Labor trust attempted. 
Final triumph of industrial justice assured. In view of its slow approach, 
patience with aspiration should be the attitude of the poor. And an 
increased charity the characteristic of the rich. The "new charity" 
and the newest. The problem of the unemployed. How it is affected 
by the rush to cities. General Booth's " farm colonies." What Amer- 
ican cities have done recently for the unemployed. State employment 
bureaus. " The poor man's bank." How liquor funds, if otherwise 
spent, would greatly increase employment. Pending the achievement of 
industrial justice Christian conferences of capital and labor needed. 
Conflict delays the right issue. Relation of low wages to low morals. 
Attitude of collegians and Christians toward new reforms. Labor con- 
ferences of Emperor William and Dr. Washington Gladden. 

IV. From the Standpoint of Capital and Labor, Continued. 

Labor problems should be studied historically rather than prophetically. 
Utopias of doubtful utility. The " independent farmer" of the individ- 
ualistic past as contrasted with the independent farmer of to-day. The 
new era of social production, introduced by the discovery of steam. 
Industrial " liberty " and political economy discredited by cruelties of 
British employers. Socialistic remedies of our century. Socialism 
defined. Weakness of its ultimate program. Its immediate program 
more favored. Arguments urged in behalf of government ownership of 
railroads. Cooperation of churches and labor unions in behalf of the 
Rest Day. 

V. From the Standpoint of Citizenship. 

Civil officers " ministers of God." The civil Kingship of Christ 
theoretically accepted by our people. American theory of Church and 
State. Sectarian appropriations. Sabbath closing of the World's Fair 
by Congress. " The Christian Amendment." I. Political reforms 
possible under existing laws : Exalting the ethical character of political 
action. The pulpit's true relation to politics. Political toleration to be 
preached. Impartial sermons on great political principles. The minis- 
ter's duty and rights as a citizen. Government of the people is through 
officers elected at the polls but selected at the primaries. Use and abuse 
"of parties. Primaries necessary to party action. To be improved rather 
than abolished. Good nominators necessary in order to good nomina- 
tions. New political machinery, such as ballot reform, not sufficient. 
The independent's right in the primary. Lawlessness compared with 



20 SYLLABUS OF LECTURES. 

anarchy. Law-makers as law-breakers. Law-breaking at the World's 
Fair. By the Sunday papers also. By New York bribers of police. 
Anarchistic governors. American mayors. City government by council 
favored. The sale of indulgences to law-breakers. Municipal reform 
must oppose the mixing, not only of national politics, but also of saloon 
politics, with city elections. The issue not legislative, but executive. 
Relative powers of mayor, sheriff, governor. Instances of law enforce- 
ment in spite of unfaithful mayors. How judges may aid social reforms, 
especially in naturalization. II. Political betterments through improved 
legislation : I. Laws needed for purifying citizenship. Negro suffrage. 
Indian suffrage. The immigrant vote. Chinese exclusion. 2. Laws 
needed to protect the purity of elections. Our large venal vote. New 
form of bribery under ballot reform. 3. Laws needed to guard the 
purity of public office. 4. Laws needed to protect the purity of legisla- 
tion. Election of senators by the people. State and city legislatures. 
Tariff. Currency. Income tax. Internal revenue laws. License laws. 
Proportional representation. The referendum. Constitutional amend- 
ment needed. " The Third House." The Sabbath as the weekly 
Independence Day. 



Dr. Benjamin Rush : He who shall introduce into public affairs the 
principles of primitive Christianity will change the face of the world. 

Professor Richard T. Ely, Ph. D. : The remedy for social 
discontent and dynamite bombs is Christianity as taught in the New 
Testament. 

Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner U. S. Department of 
Labor : I believe that in the adoption of the philosophy of the religion 
of Jesus Christ as a practical creed for the conduct of business lies the 
surest and speediest solution of those industrial difficulties which are 
exciting the minds of men to-day, and leading jmany to think that the 
crisis of government is at hand. 

William Ewart Gladstone : Talk about the questions of the day ; 
there is but one question and that is the Gospel. It can and will correct 
everything needing correction. 

Louis Kossuth : If the doctrines of Christianity which are found in 
the New Testament could be applied to human society, I believe the 
social problem could be got at. — Quoted, Christianity Practically Applied, 
I. 463. 

R. S. MacArthur, D. D. : We do not want an unchristian philan- 
thropy ; neither ought we to have an unphilanthropic Christianity. — In 
Christian Work. 

Pastor Frederick Neumann, Frankfort, Germany : I am convinced 
that if Jesus were among us now he would deal less with the blind than 
with the unemployed, for the misery of the workless is greater than the 
misery of the blind. 

In the desert of dry economic discussion we shall hear once more the 
cry of the Psalmist, "As the heart panteth after the water-brooks, so 
panteth my soul after thee, O God." Faith, long repressed, shall burst 
forth with a gladness as of long-locked waters. We shall know at last 
that we must be in Christ before we can work with Christ. — Quoted from 
1'he Outlook, March 30, 1895. 

Thomas Carlyle : The Speaking Function, this of Truth coming to 
us with a living voice, nay in a living shape, and as a concrete practical 
exemplar : this, with all our Writing and Printing Function, has a 
perennial place. Could he but find the point again, — take the old spec- 
tacles off his nose, and looking up discover, almost in contact with him, 
what the real Satanasand soul-devouring, world-devouring Devil, now is ! 
Original Sin and such like are bad enough, I doubt not ; but distilled Gin, 
dark Ignorance, Stupidity, dark Corn-Law, Bastile and Company, what 
are they? Will he discover our new real Satan, whom he has to fight ; 
or go on droning through his old nose spectacles about old extinct 
Satans ; and never see the real one, till he feel him at his own throat 
and ours ? That is the question for the world. — Past and Present, 
Book iv. Ch. I. 



PRINCETON LECTURES 



ON 



PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 



I. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 

§ i. The humanitarianism of the Sermon on the Mount 
was not proclaimed by Christ until the second year of his 
ministry. It was preceded, in the first Christ's hu- 
year, by the sermon on worship at Jacob's manitarianism. 
Well, and that was preceded by the sermon to Nico- 
demus on regeneration, and that was preceded by the proc- 
lamation of atonement at the very beginning of Christ's 
ministry in the greeting of John the Baptist, "Behold 
the Lamb of God, that taketh away the sin of the world." 
Note Christ's order: atonement, regeneration, worship, 
humanitarianism. We should neither begin with humani- 
tarianism nor end with worship. 

The Christian development of human individuality is 
the spinal cord in the history of civilization; but the 
hour is come for Christian sociology, which is the study 
of society from a Christian standpoint with a view to its 
Christianization. 1 

§ 2. The heart of Christian sociology is the King- 
ship of Christ. The individual is saved by his cross, but 
society is saved by his crown, that is, by Kingship of 
.the application of the law of Christ to all Christ, 
human associations — to the family, the school, the shop, 
the Church, the state. 

Note. — The figures in the text refer to notes in the Appendix. 
23 



24 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

§ 3. The law of Christ, which is to be thus applied, in- 
cludes more than that trilogy of love, the "new com- 
m , . mandment ," the Golden Rule, and the 

Law of Christ. ' ' 

Royal Law. Those two words of Christ, 
" My commandments," include many other New Testa- 
ment laws. The general opinion that there are only ten 
commandments is not more unscriptural than that equally 
common opinion that the Decalogue is not strictly a part 
of the law of Christ. It is his not only in that he indorsed 
it, 2 but also in that he originally proclaimed it. The 
Divine Person who gave the law on Sinai was seen 3 
and therefore the Son, for " No man hath seen God [that 
is, the Father] at any time; the only begotten Son who 
is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared [or 
revealed] him." 4 

But when the laws and law principles of the Old Testa- 
ment have been added to those of the New, we have not 
yet before us the complete law of Christ, which includes 
also the so-called " laws of Nature," " the Oldest Testa- 
ment," of which Christ is divinely declared to be the 
author. " In the beginning was the Word. The world 
was made by him, and the world knew him not." 5 
Nor does it yet know Christ as its Creator. Although 
John three times declares that "the world was made by 
him," who was " made flesh and dwelt among us"; and 
although the book of Hebrews twice declares the same; 
and although Paul in Colossians, which presents Christ 
as King of the Cosmos as well as King of the Church, 
proclaims that in him were all things created, and that 
with him all creation is filled, and that by him all things 
"hold together," yet how seldom to a child's curious 
questions about the great world does anyone answer 
"Jesus made it" ! He is known as the author of "the 
new creation," only — as Redeemer, but not as Creator. 
If the so-called "Apostles' Creed," which is partly 
responsible for the exclusion of Christ from the work of 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 25 

creation, is to be made truly apostolic, in view of the 
foregoing words of apostles we must change a word and 
say, "I believe in God the Father, Almighty, Maker of 
Heaven and earth through Jesus Christ His only begot- 
ten Son, our Lord." Natural science, by its evidences 
of design, order, and progress, proves mind in nature; 
Scripture proclaims that mind to *be "the mind of 
Christ," whom we disobey whenever we disregard a law 
written in our bodies as surely as if it were written in 
our Bible. 

§ 4. The most serious error that has come down to us 
from the Middle Ages, one of much greater harmfulness 
than many theological and ecclesiastical "Secular" 
errors more discussed, is the unwarranted, and"Sacred." 
unscriptural division of life into " sacred " and " secular," 6 
the double standard of piety, as unwarranted as the 
double standard o£ purity — the attempted withdrawal of 
the larger part of life from the crown of Christ, to which 
by right it is all equally subject. His Kingdom includes 
the mineral kingdom, and so silver legislation; the vege- 
table and animal kingdom, and so the county fairs; as 
well as the spiritual kingdom, to which, rather than the 
animal kingdom, man really belongs by right of his 
highest faculties. 

The venerable Emperor William I. of Germany, 
addressing school children, asked, "To what kingdom 
does this stone belong?" "To the mineral kingdom," 
was the reply. "And to what kingdom this flower?" 
" To the vegetable kingdom." "And to what kingdom 
do I belong ? " The children, wiser than their books, 
instinctively refused to classify their emperor with 
animals. After a brief silence a child said reverently, 
"To God's Kingdom, Sire," a fact of which our political 
leaders also need to be reminded. 

Let a little child lead us to effective protest against 
the unchristian and unscientific classification of man with 



26 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

animals. Vegetables have mineral elements, and animals 
have vegetable elements, but both are classified by their 
highest faculties. So man should be classified, not by his 
lower, animal qualities, but by his higher, spiritual 
powers. Science, as voiced in recent presidential 
addresses of the British Association, finds God in the 
universe, and must therefore add to its classification 
a spiritual kingdom, to which man also as the son of God 
belongs by right of his highest faculties. This spiritual 
kingdom includes all and only those who can know as 
well as obey the divine law. The fellowship of those 
who not instinctively but voluntarily adopt this law of 
our Savior-Lord is the essence of the Church, the stand- 
point from which we view social problems in this lecture. 

§ 5. In order to solve social problems, which call for 
social action, the Church needs to be reminded that the 
Saviorship Kingship of Christ as the salvation of 
and Kingship, society and the Saviorship of Christ in its 
relation to the individual, are equally and often together 
proclaimed in the Bible. 

That first gospel, the promise that the seed of the 
woman should bruise the serpent's head, and it should 
bruise his heel, pictures the promised Christ as a bruised 
Conqueror, a Savior-King. The later prophecies painted 
the Coming One sometimes as a sufferer, sometimes as a 
sovereign, which led some of the Jews that were unable 
to conceive of a king as a voluntary sufferer to expect 
two Messiahs. At the birth of Christ two cries rang out 
together: " Unto you is born a Savior." " Where is he 
that is born King ?" On the Mount of Coronation Jesus 
" spake of his decease." When we recall the cross at the 
Lord's Supper that very name should prompt us to look 
above his wounded feet and hands and side and brow, to 
the words above his head, "This is the King "; to which 
also points the word sacrament, whose original meaning 
is a soldier's oath of loyalty to his king. These double 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OP THE CHURCH. 27 

pictures of the Savior-King culminate in Revelation in 
the throne on which was a Lamb "as it had been slain." 
" The gospel of our salvation " is also " the gospel of the 
kingdom," the good news including not only pardon 
through Jesus the Savior, but also protection and direc- 
tion through Christ the King. 

At the portals of that same book of Revelation, which 
is preeminently the book of Christ's Kingship, stands 
the most impressive sign of his present earthly authority, 
" the Lord's Day," the profound significance of which in 
this connection I have never seen developed. One day 
in every week an invisible Lord commands us to halt in 
the most absorbing pursuits of our earthly life: in the 
pursuit of money and business ; in the pursuit of pleasure ; 
in the pursuit of politics and fame; in the pursuit of 
education; and we halt as a sign that we believe in that 
invisible Lord and are loyal to his law. There is no other 
sign of our faith and loyalty so impressive to a selfish 
world as this twenty-four-hour halt in our work every 
week at Christ's command. The Lord's Day is therefore 
the " sign," the ensign of our Lord Jesus Christ; its field 
of blue spangled with stars and sun; its stripes the black 
and white of night and day, and the many colors of sun- 
rise and sunset; and this flag of Christ is carried round 
the world every week and is saluted by some in every 
land by the laying aside of tools and toil, in token of 
their loyalty to a living Lord. Breaking the Sabbath, 
therefore, is tearing the flag of the Government of the 
universe, and so an offense kindred to treason. We have 
forgotten all the murderers of the Revolution, but not 
Benedict Arnold, because an offense against a good 
government the calm verdict of history adjudges to be a 
greater wrong than any that can be done to individuals. 
Desecrating the Lord's Day, in addition to any wrong to 
workers or to society that it involves, is high treason to 
'the Lord Himself. 7 



28 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

§ 6. The Kingship of Christ rather than the Saviorship of 
Christ, is the Bible 's ultimate theme. Saviorship has chiefly 

Bible's uiti- to do with the abnormal and temporary 
mate Theme, period of sin. Kingship is Christ's eternal 
and normal relation to the universe. It is only as 
Mediatorial King that Christ's Kingship ever ends. 
" He shall reign forever and ever." 

§ 7. But so far is the Kingship of Christ from being 
equal to the Saviorship of Christ in the current thought 
Kingship Neg- of the Church, that in Schaff's Propedeutic, 
lected - the standard catalogue of modern theologi- 

cal books, of which whole pages are required to give the 
mere titles of books of Christ as the atoning Savior, but 
one book is catalogued on the Kingship of Christ, and 
that a foreign sectarian argument for state support of the 
Church. 

The Kingship of Christ has been thus neglected in our 
day, partly because it has been involved in five sectarian 
conflicts, 8 which have made it in the past to many 
more suggestive of debate than of devotion; partly 
because this is a sentimental age, more inclined to love 
than law; partly because this is a democratic age, prej- 
udiced against the very name of kings; but partly also — 
and this is the profoundest reason — because, in the divine 
order of development, the salvation of individuals through 
the Saviorship of Christ precedes the salvation of society 
through the Kingship of Christ. It was necessary that 
Christ should first gather a great host of regenerated 
individuals, through whom the regeneration of society is 
now to be achieved. 9 

§ 8. The ideals of unselfish social reform were born of 
Christ, and can be fully realized therefore only through 
the leadership of those who have received his unselfish 
spirit. 10 

§ 9. Those who say society can be regenerated by the 
regeneration of individuals are equally in error with those 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 29 

who assume that it can be regenerated without that. 
Conversion to be a cure-all must convert all, which the 
parables of the wheat and tares and of the 

r Revivals. 

net forbid us to expect. Nor does individ- 
ual conversion give method 'of social regeneration, but only 
motive. A revival, in saving individuals, does not save 
society from social evils unless the chftrches, by wise social 
action, use their reenforcements unitedly against such 
evils." But the conversion of individuals has ever 
been the necessary preparation for such social action. 
Individual salvation was, therefore, the first work of 
Christianity. 

§ 10. Before Christ brought individuality to light, not 
only in pagan lands but also in Palestine the unit was the 
family, of which the husband and father was 

• 1 , . . . , . Old Testament. 

both brains ana conscience, in his own 
unquestioned estimation. His control of his wife and 
child and servants was almost as complete as his control 
of his cattle. The old prophets spoke, not to individuals — 
save in the case of kings, when they were really speaking 
to the government — but to families, tribes, cities, nations. 
Ministers should not forget that they are successors, 
not of priests but of prophets, who were statesmen as 
well as preachers.* The pastors of premiers and presi- 

* Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst says of the sermon which inaugurated 
municipal reform in New York City, in his book Our Fight with, 
Tammany: "I uttered only thirty minutes of indictment against the 
blood-sucking scoundrels that are draining the veins of our body munici- 
pal, and they were all set wiggling like a lot of muck-worms in a hot 
shovel. I am not such a fool as to suppose that it was the man that said 
it that did the work ; nor that it was what was said that did the work, 
for it had been said a hundred times before with more thoroughness and 
detail. It was the pulpit that did the work. Journalistic roasting these 
vagabonds will enjoy and grow cool over. But when it is clear that the 
man who speaks it is speaking it, not for the purpose of putting money 
into his pocket or power into his party, but is speaking it because it is 
true, and, in speaking it, appreciates its oracular authority as one com- 



30 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

dents, of law-makers and law-enforcers, should imitate 
Nathan and Elijah in the faithfulness of their private and 
personal admonitions. 12 A pastor who has a large 
number of such persons in his audience — in a capital city, 
for instance — may properly preach with a degree of 
frequency on what are called public questions, which 
should also be discussed by preachers in the press and on 
the platform and in Christian conferences and conven- 
tions; but in the average congregation the pulpit cannot 
wisely be used for such themes oftener than once a 
month, 13 except in the season of important elections, 
when the moral principles involved should be discussed 
repeatedly in a large, judicial way. 

The attitude of the Christian leader in discussing open 
social questions, such as the labor problem and the 
woman question, — the attitude we shall take in these 
lectures in such cases, — should be not that of an advocate 
but that of a judge, impartially submitting to the jury of 
the people, for their calm verdict, attested facts and 
unquestionable principles, stripped of all popular sophis- 
tries and class exaggerations. 14 The judge's personal 
views are in such case unimportant if not inappropriate. 
Time and space are better used in helping the jury to form 
their own opinions by giving them the facts and laws. 

Christ did not cancel the prophets' social duties in 
showing his new order of prophets their duties to in- 
dividual souls. Indeed the New Testament is hardly 
less sociological than the Old. The student of social 
problems should read the Bible sociologically, first of all. 15 
This will make it seem like a new book, as it has been 
read theologically, to so large a degree, in the past. 
There is more material for Biblical sociology than for 



missioned of God to speak it, there is a suggestion of the judgment day 
about it, there is a presentiment of the invisible God back of it, that 
knots the stringy conscience of these fellows into contortions of terror." 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 31 

Biblical theology. 16 Those who have read it with the 
eye set to the personal relation of the personal God to 
the personal sinner will be surprised to find how many of 
its messages are addressed to nations and cities; how 
many of them are about property and industry; how 
strongly they insist upon service as well as worship. 17 

§ 11. The central theme of both ^Testaments is the 
kingdom of God, 18 which is interpreted by the words 
of the Lord's Prayer: "Thy kingdom Kingdom of 
come; thy will be done as in heaven so on God - 
earth." 19 Could Christ have taught us to pray for 
what was not to be ? The prayer wraps up an implied 
promise and prophecy of its own fulfilment. That fulfil- 
ment is recorded in the closing chapters of the Bible, 
whose New Jerusalem our unbelief has led us to think of 
as not only a heavenly city but also a city in heaven, 
which is a very different thing. 

As the family, the holy family of Eden, is the point of 
departure in sociological study, 20 its goal is the new 
earth, the New Jerusalem "let down from God" — 21 
the kingdom of heaven, a divinely ordered, divinely 
promised, human and humane society of purity and justice 
and brotherhood and humanity, in which God's will is 
done on earth as in heaven. The perfect society is to 
be not rural and individual, but social — a "city." The 
proverb, "God made the country and man made the 
town," will then be outgrown. Cain built the first city, 
and his has been the leading spirit of cities ever since. 
But the City of Christ is now building on the earth. If this 
seems a hard saying, contrast the cities of Christendom 
not only with the New Jerusalem of the future but also 
with Rome of the past, where the most cultured men and 
the most pious women found their supreme pleasure in 
seeing beasts, gladiators, and martyrs "butchered to 
make a Roman holiday." 

Behold thy King cometh unto thee, oh, city of sin, the 



32 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

old Jerusalem, where even Christ is sold for silver; but 
by the leaven of his love and law thou shalt become the 
New Jerusalem, a Christianized society, whose traders 
and rulers shall no longer be confused and alarmed when 
asked, "Where is he that is born King?" If it should 
be asked at the City Hall among the politicians, and in 
Wall Street among the brokers, and in Fifth Avenue in 
the midst of society pleasures, " Where is he that is born 
King ? " there would be no less confusion to-day. There 
is little sign of his kingship in these places. But revela- 
tion proclaims a city on earth in whose streets Christ 
shall be wholly King. 

While Christ's immediate aim was individual conver- 
sion, his ultimate aim was the conversion of society from 
a selfish "body politic" to a Christian brotherhood. 
"Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself," he pro- 
claimed, as Dr. Josiah Strong reminds us, as the "prac- 
tical working principle," the law, not the ideal only, of 
Christian society. 22 In the parable of the good Samar- 
itan he made that law include all men. The law has not 
been a dead letter through these nineteen Christian cen- 
turies, but let us fearlessly ask what a full obedience to 
it would require, locally, nationally, internationally. 

As against the Jewish idea, which even the apostles 
held up to the time of the Ascension, that Christ was to 
be only a national deliverer, — who was to conquer the 
Romans, not convert them; to subdue the world, not save 
it, — Jesus said, "My kingdom is not of this world," a 
phrase to be interpreted in the light of this mistaken view 
of his Messiahship. So also his saying that his kingdom 
came not with observation. But if one puts all that the 
Bible says of the kingdom together it will be found that, 
while it was to begin its work invisibly in such individual 
hearts as should accept Christ as Savior and King, it was 
to eventuate in a new order of things; a new earth wherein 
dwelleth righteousness, 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 33 

" My kingdom is not of this world," must be inter- 
preted in the light of that other and later Divine word, 
" The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdom 
of our Lord and of his Christ"; and in the light of the 
latter text and others, the former is seen to be only a 
denial and rejection of the Jewish idea that the Messiah 
was to inaugurate his kingdom with the*sword and other 
political powers common to civil government. The other 
passage shows that he is to consummate his kingdom by 
dominating, from within the hearts of the citizens, the 
politics and trade of the world. 

Those who thought Christ's kingdom was to be wholly 
external and temporal were not more mistaken than those 
who in later days have thought it was to be wholly invis- 
ible and spiritual. 

§ 12. But Christ's most novel doctrine, which was to 
be first developed, was the sacredness of human individ- 
uality. The world had then not too little but individuality, 
too much social action. Christ has been Christ's Novel 
called "the discoverer of the individual." 
The sacredness of human individuality, because it was a 
new truth to the world's consciousness, though implied 
in man's creation, became the central truth of Christian 
history, which is the history of civilization as well. Christ 
made the world know and feel that each human being, 
even the woman, the child, the slave, the captive, the 
foreigner, the cripple, the pauper, the idiot, the insane, 
the criminal, is a soul, a Son of God, a brother or sister 
of Christ, a brother or sister of every other human being, 
to be loved and helped, not hated and harmed. 23 Slowly 
the earthquake might of that idea transformed Europe. 24 

§ 13. Here we enter the distinctive field of church his- 
tory. A professor of church history criti- 
cized my Outline of Christian Sociology as 
containing matter belonging more properly to church 
history. Strange that he did not take the hint, rather, 



34 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

to read church history sociologically. The most impor- 
tant element in church history, far more valuable than 
its uninspired theology, is its sociology, the Christian 
development of charity and humanity and liberty. 25 
Patristic theology has no authority, though interesting as 
constituting the earliest commentary on the New Testa- 
ment, written by men who were associates of the apostles 
or of their associates. But more light has broken forth 
out of God's Word, and we have left that theology behind 
as daylight leaves behind the morning twilight. But we 
have not outrun the Christian sociology of the early Church. 

§ 14. In the second and third centuries, when the Church 

was terribly persecuted, it nevertheless grew, as Ulhorn 

_. . .. _ shows, because of the wonderful love of 

Christian Love ' 

in the Early Christians for each other, and for their 
Church. fellows; a love that required for its expres- 

sion a word not found in classic literature, aya7rtj, mean- 
ing the love of sympathy and pity, which is distinctive 
Christian love. This love was due to the doctrine that 
each individual is a soul, a brother or sister of Christ, and 
so of every other human being. " See how these Christians 
love each other ! " exclaimed the heathen, who lived in " a 
world without love." 26 They were so fascinated by the 
love for each other of those who were kindred by the blood 
of Christ that they were willing to join the noble army of 
martyrs in order to share it. If we could restore that 
caste-destroying love, it would nearly, if not quite, settle 
the social problem. 27 Christians have mostly ceased 
from hating each other for microscopic differences of 
doctrine, but Christian love seldom goes beyond its own 
church walls, and does not always go beyond its own 
hired pew.* Not infrequently I introduce evangelical 



* General society is, of course, more Christianized, and the quantity 
of Christian sociology is much greater, but the quality of it inside 
the Church, we fear, has not improved. The heathen are not audibly 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 35 

pastors of the same city to each other, in arranging for 
a union meeting on reform, whereas the spirit of the 
early Church would lead the pastors of a. city, with their 
wives, to welcome warmly each new pastor as a brother 
beloved at the railroad station on his very arrival. 

§ 15. Let us now follow the doctrine of human indi- 
viduality through three periods of increasing theological 
shadows, whose sociological virtues have not "Twilight 
been sufficiently recognized by those whose Ages." 
gaze has been fixed on their theological errors. Theo- 
logically " Dark Ages," they are sociologically entitled 
to the milder name suggested by Dr. McCosh, ''Twi- 
light Ages." 28 And their twilight was that of dawn. 

§ 16. The fourth and fifth centuries I call the ante- 
papal period of the union of Church and state. Sixteen 
centuries of that mismating bids us pass the Sixteenth 
Amendment to make it forever impossible in form or fact 
in our land. 29 

§ 17. From the sixth to the tenth centuries extends 
the period properly known as the Middle Ages, in which 
came the beginnings of Papacy, followed in the eleventh 
to the fifteenth centuries by the Dark Ages, in which it 
was fully developed. During these periods religious in- 
dividuality was palsied by Popery. All Europe had but 
one individual will in religious matters. 

§ 18. But even in these three periods, which were 

exclaiming to-day, " See how these Christians love each other ! " 
They, and Christians also, are rather pointing to " the flagitious an- 
archy," the " Hadesian theology" of our sectarian conflicts, and to the 
well-defined Christian castes that radiate from the central high-priced 
pew of Deacon Dives to the inferior pews of Demos and Lazarus : the one 
next to the pulpit and the other next to the door. Not thus were the Chris- 
tian slaves and " the saints of Caesar's household " separated in the early 
Church. There were no class churches. Christian brotherhood was not, 
as often to-day, so nominal that, in the words of Professor Ely, one 
would rather be a second cousin by blood than a " brother," in the gen- 
eral sense, even to a Christian. 



36 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

theologically dark, darker, darkest, and morally bad, 
worse, and worst, while the Church in Rome declined in 
quality, Christianity on the whole gained in quantity, 
gained in charity and political liberty in its widened field, 
which now covered the whole of Europe, whose pagan 
and barbaric cruelties and despotisms it was undermining 
by the Christian idea of individuality. 

§ 19. Christian charities and humanities displaced 
slowly the pagan cruelties of classic Greece and Rome 
Medieval and the heathen barbarities of the Northern 
Social Progress, tribes. The kingdom of heaven, which is 
like leaven, leavened laws as well as hearts from the 
time of Constantine and Justinian onward, as Charles 
Loring Brace has shown in that greatest of recent books 
of evidence, Gesta Christi or Humane Progress, which 
proves, by numerous citations from European laws, that 
the humane transformation of Europe is a miracle of 
Christ, one of the " greater things" that the world was 
not able to bear while Christ was upon earth. 

The much-lauded Roman "justice" was justice for 
Romans only, so long as Rome was pagan. 30 The 
words of Terence, "I am a man; nothing pertaining to 
man is foreign to me," 31 often quoted to prove that 
the idea of "humanity" was not introduced by Chris- 
tianity, occurs in a play in which the very actor who 
utters this apothegm, being about to depart on a long 
journey, urges his wife to destroy their infant, soon to be 
born, if it should prove to be a girl, rather than expose it 
alive in the foundling square, which last the mother does, 
nevertheless, and the daughter is taken by a procurer, as 
usual, and brought up to an evil life, on which fact the 
plot of the play turns. 32 Other pretty sayings of pagan 
writers would likewise lose their luster if read, as they 
should be, in the light of their context. 33 

The Christian idea of human individuality expanded 
the idea of justice to include the foreigner and the child, 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 37 

and originated not only spirituality but also purity, charity, 
humanity, brotherhood, and liberty — all unknown words, 
in their present sense, in pagan lands. 34 

As a train progresses when in a dark tunnel as well as 
when crossing sunlit fields, so the world progressed 
humanely even in the Dark Ages. 

§ 20. It progressed also in the development of political 
individuality, because Christianity made every man the 
King's brother and so a sharer in the " divine right to 
rule." Despotism having been divided among petty 
kings by the fall of the Roman empire, was at last in a 
shape to be further divided with the nobles ; then with 
the cities, when their soldiers and money were wanted by 
King or nobles in their wars with each other; then with 
the Church, when its influence was called for on the one 
side or the other. The " divine right" to rule having 
been thus quartered, the people would be able, later, to 
kill it by establishing parliaments and republics. 35 

§ 21. Individualism, which had been developing in 
political and humane lines even in the Dark Ages, resumed 
its intellectual development in the Renaissance, and its 
religious development in the Reformation centuries, the 
fifteenth and sixteenth. 

God had held back our virgin continent until the great 
reformer was born, that here Christianity might have a 
new field to develop a more spiritual and The Reforma- 
more ethical type than would be possible tion - 
in nations habituated to the idea of state churches. 
For a while it seemed as if Roman Catholics would domi- 
nate the New World. A map of the American continent 
in the first half of the eighteenth century, if the Roman 
Catholic colonies be shaded black and Protestant colonies 
*white, will show only a narrow strip of white along our 
coast from Maine to Georgia, surrounded in black by 
Canada, Florida, Louisiana, Mexico, Central and South 
America. But Protestantism became dominant through 



38 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

its stronger ethical individuality, for the providential 
continuance of the Christian evolution of individualism 
into liberty, equality, fraternity. 

The Christian truth that every man is the King's 
brother, under the Fatherhood of God, led the people of 
Europe and America alike gradually to claim a part or 
all of the " divine right " to rule. And when the common 
people had been recognized as individuals by enfranchise- 
ment they passed the recognition down to the slaves by 
emancipation. 

The sacred individuality of each human soul is, indeed, 
the spinal cord in the history of civilization. 36 

§ 22. In the humane and political results of the leaven- 
ing of Europe by Christian ideas and ideals, as Charles 
Loring Brace tells us in the profound title of the book 
we have referred to, Gesta Christi, Christ " sees of the 
travail of his soul." Liberty, equality, fraternity, how- 
ever caricatured by infidelity, are children of Christ. 
Political equality having been realized in some lands, his 
travail is now for industrial equality, not of wealth, but 
of opportunity, and for social ethics in other forms. 

§ 23. The Reformation of the sixteenth century was 
not social, affectional, ethical, but individual, intellectual, 
doctrinal. 37 Drunkenness, as Dean Ramsay shows, 
dwelt harmoniously with devotion. Gambling to the 
glory of God was common in church lotteries. Slavery 
and sanctification were preached from the same pulpits. 
Purity was not essential to piety in Protestant princes, 
whatever was the case with preachers. Religion married 
politics instead of ethics, whose development was to 
come later as a century plant from Reformation seed. 38 
The primary work of the Reformation was to correct intel- 
lectual and doctrinal errors. Intellectual errors need first 
correction. "Asa man thinketh in his heart so is he." * 

* " Heart " in that passage, as in all the Bible, means intellect chiefly, 
rather than affections wholly. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 39 

But the time has come to nail the claims of the ninety- 
five and more current moral reforms 39 to the church 
doors as the signal for a new reformation in social ethics. 

§ 24. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have 
brought in a new social era, which really does not begin 
until the middle of the eighteenth century, New industri- 
and but feebly even then. The first words alism of EJ ght- 

/- 1 • tv ir 1 t 1 eenth Century. 

of the new time were Methodism and 
machinery — not a mere alliteration, for spiritual and 
industrial quickening have often been cause and effect. 40 
In 1776 there appeared three distinct streaks of dawn, 
one of them not unmixed with shadows : (i) the 
completion of James Watt's invention of the steam 
engine, which was to revolutionize production ; (2) 
Adam Smith's declaration of industry's independence 
of State control, which was to revolutionize distribution ; 
and (3) America's declaration of political independence, 
which was to revolutionize the relation of people to law, 
and so at last their relation to both production and dis- 
tribution. About these were other streaks of dawn. In 
1773 John Howard began his prison reform movement. 
In 1775 Benjamin Franklin founded the first American 
anti-slavery society. In 1780 Robert Raikes inaugurated 
the Sabbath-school movement. In 1785 Dr. Benjamin 
Rush began the modern temperance movement. And in 
1793 Carey sailed for India on the first modern missionary 
ship. 

But when the eighteenth century closed these move- 
ments were all faint and feeble. The twilight continued 
for one-third of the nineteenth century, Nineteenth 
including the year 1831. That first third Centui r- 
of the century was a time of awakening. It was every- 
where felt that dawn was near. But there was as yet no 
permanent popular government in Europe. In 1807 
Napoleon had crushed the few republics of the Old 
World and conquered all Europe save sea-girt Britain. 



40 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

Great Britain's Magna Charta had been secured long 
before by nobles for nobles only. The people were 
still politically powerless. Two-thirds of the so-called 
House of Commons were appointed by the Lords from 
their " pocket boroughs," so that Parliament was really 
a House of Lords and a House of lackeys. 41 The legis- 
lation was by capitalists, for capitalists. They put 
prices up and wages down and suppressed opposition by 
means of the courts. There was little popular education, 
for the rich rulers thought education would beget aspira- 
tion and so make the poor less submissive to their hard 
lot, with its hard bread and hard beds. Employers 
resisted all efforts to compel sanitation and the use of 
safety appliances in mills, and shorter hours for women 
and children. Royal courts still gave impurity such 
respectability in Christian lands as its place in the 
temples has always given it in heathen lands. 42 I have 
described the condition of Great Britain, but the moral 
and social status was even worse on the Continent in that 
first third of this century. 

§ 25. In 1832 the new era dawned. Christ came to 
the world for thirty-four years of greater words and 
works than men could "bear" when he was upon earth. 
That was the year of the Reform Bill in Great Britain, 
the people's Magna Charta, by which the House of 
Commons first became in reality what it was in name. 
Between that date and 1867, when British suffrage was 
broadened, popular government was established in some 
form throughout Christendom, except in Russia. In that 
middle third of our century emancipation also swept the 
Christian world free of slavery, save in Brazil, which 
reached emancipation soon after. It was also the period 
when American churches reached agreement on total 
abstinence and prohibition, under which last fifteen States 
were enrolled during that period. In that same period 
Christian union movements began with the inauguration 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 41 

of the Y. M. C. A. in 1844, the Evangelical Alliance in 
1846, and the National Reform Association in 1863. 
That middle third of the century was also the period 
of the greatest of Sabbath reform conventions, which 
rallied, it is said, seventeen hundred delegates in Balti- 
more, in 1844, under the presidency of John Quincy 
Adams. 

" Out of the shadows of night 
The world breaks into the light ; 
It is daybreak everywhere." 

§ 26. The daybreak that came with that middle third 
of our century has already been overcast with heavy 
thunder-clouds, especially in our own country. No doubt 
there has been moral progress since 1867 in the world at 
large, but it would be hard to prove moral progress in the 
United States since that date. Three black ''threes" 
stand out in our statistics of this third of the century. 
The consumption of liquors, by gallons, the divorces, 
and the murders (other crimes also) have each multiplied 
since then three times as fast as the population. 43 To 
this third of the century also belongs the whole career of 
the Louisiana lottery, not yet really suppressed. It is 
the period, also, of the Sunday paper, which, in most 
instances, is not only a sin but a crime. It is also the 
period of labor insurrections and of municipal corrup- 
tion ; the period, in the world outside, of the breaking 
down of total abstinence in the two great religions, 
Buddhism and Mohammedanism, which had taught it 
to half the world only to have their work undermined by 
so-called Christian nations. It is the period also of 
forcing opium upon the Orient. 

The House of Commons, in 1891, voted that the 
"system by which the Indian opium revenue is raised is 
morally indefensible," and urged the government of 
India to cease to grant licenses for the cultivation of the 



MAP SHOWING THE 

CONSUMPTION OF OPIUM 

IN 

THE INDIAN EMPIRE 



jUtngfol-V. 



=1 ^ v. OUDH > r ^"-r*""\ Dai 



LOWER 
BE N G A L 
CALCUTTA: 




The figures 



MAP FROM THE CHRISTIAN ARBITRATOR AND MESSENGER OF PEACE. 

The degree of shading indicates the lesser or larger consumption of opium. An 
average dose of four grains, administered to those unaccustomed to the drug, is suf- 
ficient to destroy life. The lightest tint represents, on that basis, an annual consump- 
tion sufficient to destroy the population of the province i.io times; the darkest, 
50.100 times. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 43 

poppy and the sale of opium except in quantities sufficient 
for medical use. But the evil is not yet suppressed. 
All Christendom should protest until Britain acts, paying 
no heed to the absurd report of the Indian Opium 
Commission in 1895, that a moderate use of opium in 
India is not injurious; that public opinion in India is 
not adverse to its use, and that prohibition of it is 
impracticable. 

§ 27. One reason why these evils have grown apace is 
because the Church has not adequately recognized per- 
sonal and social ethics as an integral and important part 
of its work. As Columbus discovered an unknown 
hemisphere, so we are just discovering a neglected hemis- 
phere of church work (see frontispiece), the hemisphere 
of social ethics. 44 Those critics of the Church are in 
error who assume that in British and American pulpits 
dogma has crowded out duty and creed has displaced 
conduct. All that can truly be said is that individual 
and social ethics have not had due emphasis in the 
utterances of the churches even in sermons, much less in 
creeds. They are a nineteenth-century development, 
not sufficiently recognized in the eighteenth-century 
creeds and disciplines of our churches, but only in more 
recent resolutions which are not law but only advice. 45 
The ink on the Presbyterian General Assembly's resolu- 
tion against admitting liquor dealers into church member- 
ship was hardly dry before a prominent Presbyterian 
church admitted a liquor dealer, taking the ground that 
church resolutions are mere advice. 46 Three great 
denominations, the Methodist Episcopal, the Presbyterian, 
and the United Presbyterian, resolved that no Christian 
man should vote for a license party, 47 immediately after 
-which resolutions came the Democratic landslide of 
1892. The only large denomination having a specific and 
binding ethical creed — in this respect to be commended — 
has not adapted it to the new ethical developments of 



44 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

this century, but in pledging its new members to avoid 
specific " sins most frequently practised " makes no 
mention of lotteries, which in the eighteenth century, 
when these rules were made, were considered a means of 
grace ; nor of Sunday papers; and in its temperance 
pledge, though a total abstinence church in practice, 
includes only "spirituous liquors," a fossil phrase from 
the eighteenth century when fermented and malt liquors 
were considered temperance drinks. 48 

Not one of the large denominations, so far as we know, 
recognizes any of the social reforms as a part of Christi- 
anity in its official schedules of benevolence. How the 
efficacy of other church collections is decreased by lack 
of adequate church support of social reforms, for example, 
Sabbath observance ! Offerings for church erection and 
ministerial education and home missions are of value in 
proportion as the people are on the Sabbath free to attend 
the churches thus erected and hear the preachers thus 
educated and supported. Mr. Puddefoot, the well-known 
home missionary secretary, informs me that there are in 
the frontier towns home missionary churches where the 
only man in attendance on Sabbath morning is the 
preacher; churches where the communion has to be post- 
poned from Sabbath morning until evening " because the 
deacons are all down in the mines." Surely, if only to 
increase the efficiency of other church benevolences, there 
ought to be in every church table of collections a column 
for Sabbath reform; better still if it is for Christian 
reforms as a whole, with wise division by church 
authorities. 

Christian conventions discuss the "relation" of religion 
and reforms. Judging by the slight attention and small 
contributions they receive from the churches as such,'' 
and from the rare bequests, one would suppose they were 
not only "poor relations" but also very "distant rela- 
tions " ; whereas Reform is the latest and best child of the 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 45 

Christian family, of which Charity is the first born. This 
latest and noblest child of Religion is left like a Lazarus 
to receive the dole of advisory resolutions and casual 
offerings "at the door." Reform is a Christ-Child for 
whom no room has yet been found in the ecclesiastical 
inn. Individual Christians and individual churches, 
especially institutional churches, have ftone much in pro- 
moting social ethics, but the national ecclesiastical courts 
and denominational standards have not yet recognized 
moral reforms as a department of church work. I do not 
say this by way of blame. If some in the Church need 
censure, others only wait for wise suggestion. 49 What 
is most needed is not heat but light. 

§ 28. Evils have of late grown apace not only because 
the Church has not yet recognized reform as its own 
child, but also because the Church has relied _. . _ 

' Christian 

upon the method of an individualistic age, societies Muiti- 
the conversion of individuals, to overcome p 1 ^ 111 ^- 
the new social evils that can be met only by social action. 
This is seen by many earnest Christians, and an unprece- 
dented number of Christian associations have therefore 
been formed since the beginnings of union work in 1844; 
but, with scant exceptions, they have no official relation 
to the Church, whose neglected social work they do with- 
out its financial aid or its supervision. About 1884 the 
man who annually catalogued New York City charities 
told me there was not then one charitable institution of 
ten years' standing in that city which had not been 
founded and chiefly supported by Bible men, Christians 
or Jews. And yet there was hardly half a dozen of the 
hundreds of organizations supported by Protestant 
Christians for which the Church got any credit. They 
-had been established, supported, and directed, in each 
case, by a few individual Christians, not by the Church as 
such, which had so far abdicated its opportunities of 
"divine service " that it had applied that large term to 



46 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

mere worship, which is but the preparation and prelude 
to real " service." 

§ 29. It must be confessed that those Christian con- 
servatives who most value individual conversion have not 
conservatives been as active in recent "forward move- 
vs. Liberals. ments " to save society, in proportion to 
their greater numbers, as the so-called "liberals." 50 
Let us not forget what all Christians now sadly admit — 
that Christian conservatives were not as unanimously 
active in the anti-slavery war as they should have been. 
Let us not lay up regrets for the future by lagging again 
in the anti-saloon, anti gambling, anti-monopoly battles 
and other like conflicts of our own day. Whatever value 
there may be in division of labor, in specialists, it is not 
wholesome to divide the work of spiritualities and humani- 
ties between conservatives and liberals. Conversion is 
mightier than environment, but it is helped before and 
after by favorable environment. However vigorous the 
life of a seed, it is not likely to bear to the utmost, or 
even to live, if there be not plowing before, and weeding 
after the sowing. 

§ 30. As I am about to suggest some practical modes 
of social action to the churches let me first of all urge 
consecrated that in doing so we hold fast all the 
individuality. power of consecrated individuality. 51 There 
are many Christian remedies of social ills that can be 
applied by Christians individually. As in rebuilding 
Jerusalem, whose ruin was caused by idolatry, intemper- 
ance, and Sabbath-breaking, every man was set to rebuild 
"over against his own house" — so in building the new 
Jerusalem of justice on the ruins that selfishness and lust 
and appetite have made, the largest results are to be 
achieved by every Christian building over against his own 
door, removing the nearest evil, promoting the nearest 
reform, by personal word and deed, by persuasion and 
prosecution. Curiously enough, while individualism, 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 47 

even in our social age, continues an excessive demand for 
"personal liberty," it has relaxed the sense of personal 
responsibility. History is said to be the history of 
individuals. 

" The world rang like a stricken shield 
When Webster's speech was done." 

Many another has found a way to move the world, 
single-handed. 

Never was the power of consecrated individuality 
greater than now. The moral capture of Nineveh by 
Jonah as " an. army of one " is a history that has repeated 
itself in the more permanent reforms of many a modern 
city. 

§ 31. But there are remedies for social ills that can be 
applied by local federations of churches, 52 duties which 
the Christian church owes to society, which Local Federa _ 
cannot be discharged by individual Chris- tions of 
tians, not even when they unite in unofficial Churches - 
Christian societies, nor by churches acting separately. 53 
The Church is the divinely appointed agency, not for social 
worship only, but also for charity and reform, and should 
not leave the work and the credit to voluntary societies, 
whose very establishment, in some cases, proclaims the 
Church's neglect. To outside societies may very properly 
be left such movements as are in advance of average 
Christian convictions, but such evils as Sabbath-breaking, 
the drinking usages, gambling, impurity, and harmful 
reading, and such matters as relate to charity, should 
surely be looked after in each community by official com- 
mittees appointed by the churches unitedly. 54 On such 
reforms as temperance, Sabbath reform, divorce, and 
purity, Roman Catholic cooperation may be in a measure 
secured. 65 In many cases it will be wise, at the initia- 
tion of a federation of churches, to undertake only the 
one reform on which the churches are most fully united, 



48 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

which will usually be Sabbath reform, 56 leaving the 
other reforms to be added to the plan when the federa- 
tion has achieved some advance in its first undertaking. 

§ 32. In some way the churches of each locality should 
become more directly and actively associated with the 
church's Duty new science of charity. The churches 
in charities. should officially unite to establish one or 
more humane and charitable organizations, or should 
officially join such organizations if already established. 57 
It is not enough to be unofficially represented by a zealous 
member or two, whose action is on his own motion or by 
an outside personal invitation. 

The Church, by putting undue emphasis upon alms-giv- 
ing in former ages, has had a large part in the creation 
of pauperism, and should feel a large responsibility for 
its cure. The Church of the Middle Ages made pro- 
miscuous alms-giving a virtue only second to beggary, 
which last it canonized. 58 The churches of to-day have 
not wholly freed themselves from the inheritance of 
the age-long error that promiscuous alms-giving is a 
virtue in itself, apart from the merit of the receiver ; 
apart also from the question whether such alms may 
not bribe the receivers into pauperism. 59 To this pro- 
longed error of the Church the saying is appropriate : 
" In this world a large part of the business of the wise is 
to counteract the efforts of the good." The "wise" 
who are doing the counteracting in this case are the 
leaders of the Charity Organization movement, which, of 
all reforms, ought not to have been left to outside 
societies, composed chiefly of Christians indeed, but act- 
ing individually, the Church getting no credit for their 
work, feeling no responsibility to support it, and having, 
therefore, no power to guide it. 60 We should feel less 
sensitive to the charge that the Church has not fulfilled 
its social and public functions if in each city we could 
point to a united charities 6I building which the united 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 49 

churches as such had erected for humane ministries, and 
in which deacons and other charity dispensers of the 
churches met regularly to study the very difficult art of 
poor relief and related reforms. 

§ 33- We fear that deacons are not yet entitled to 
what should be their special beatitude and motto, 
"Blessed is he that considereth the po^r." They should 
be regular attendants of charity conferences, and seek to 
bring the belated methods of the Church's "poor fund," 
which is sometimes in reality a pauperizing fund, because 
of careless and chronic giving from it, 62 up to the 
standard of scientific charity. As a promise of some- 
thing in this direction we note the recent organization 
of the East Side Federation of churches and charit- 
able Societies in New York City, whose work is indicated 
in part by its committees, "Religious," "Lecture," 
"Sanitation"; 63 also that Dr. S. J. Nicolls of St. Louis 
has secured the consolidation of all the deacons of 
the Presbyterian churches of that city in one board of 
relief, which will make the wealthy churches that have 
no poor available for relief in those that have no wealth. 
Such a body can hardly fail to take up also the study of 
the " new charity." 64 

§34. "Silver and gold have I none; such as I have 
give I thee; in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise 
up and walk." 65 That first charity of the scientific 
Christian Church is a perfect type of the charity, 
scientific charity of our day, that lends a hand: that 
gives not silver but a new spirit, humanely if not 
divinely imparted; that gives strength not to the ankles 
but to the spine to rise out of pauperism into self-sup- 
port and self-respect. 66 

History warns us that if we would not really curse 
those we assume to help, we should in every possible 
instance bestow our aid as wages for work rather than 
as a gift, even though direct giving would be much 



50 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

easier. 67 Throwing a dime to an unknown beggar is 
an evidence of laziness rather than benevolence. 68 To 
kill a man's body is bad enough; to kill his self-respect 
is worse. 69 Whole tenement houses occupied by self- 
supporting, self-respecting workmen are drawn into 
beggary because lazy benevolence, which is not benefi- 
cence, pays one of the tenants more for three hours' 
beggary than the others are paid for ten hours' work. 
One by one they "strike" for the shorter hours and 
higher wages of beggary. 70 

§ 35. The best feature of scientific charity is "the 
friendly visitors," persons of refinement who volunteer 
each to visit repeatedly, without charge, several families 
that are applicants for aid, to give them, when tem- 
porarily relieved, such sympathetic advice and encour- 
agement as will, if possible, restore them to self-help, 
and give them both work and hope. 71 There is neces- 
sarily so much of machinery in city charities that this 
living heart-throb is a most important element. As 
Phillips Brooks said profoundly: "We talk about 
men's reaching through nature up to nature's God. It 
is nothing to the way in which they may reach through 
manhood up to manhood's God." This work of the 
friendly visitor is peculiarly appropriate for deacons and 
other charity dispensers of the churches as a clinic as 
well as for ministry. 

In the friendly visitor the narrowed meaning of charity 
as alms-giving is being restored to its original breadth as 
self-giving. It is a psychic charity, not a physical charity, 
that is most needed, if not most craved, by the slums. 72 
Their occupants, according to the 1894 report on that 
subject of the United States Department of Labor, are 
neither less paid nor more sickly than average people. 
It is therefore inward coarseness of taste, rather than 
external conditions, that keeps most of them in swine- 
pens, and in order that they may have better conditions 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 51 

they must first be cultured to desire them. The most 
serious want is the lack of wants. Professor Ely shows 
that lack of goods for the higher wants is not so sad as 
lack of wants for the higher goods. Let the charity 
officers of the churches reenforce the King's Daughters 
and the "Slum Sisters" of the Salvation Army in 
arousing, by personal effort, nobler "wants in the too 
willing occupants of the slums. 

§ 36. This neglected hemisphere of the humanities, 
the institutional church movement seeks to annex to the 
spiritualities, with no loss to the latter. 73 institutional 
Contrary to the fears of conservatives, these churches, 
churches not only excel their own less humane past but 
also their less humane neighbors in their spiritual har- 
vest. Reaching more people helpfully on week-days 
they gather more worshipers on the Sabbath. More 
ministry results in more members. These churches will 
need ever to remember that, when we are increasingly 
attaching dynamos to the river of life for practical work, 
we need more than ever to see that its spiritual fountains 
are not cut off. Although all institutional churches have 
free pews, that is not an institutional mark, for such pews 
invite to Sabbath worship, which, in some measure, is 
a feature of all churches, while humane week-day minis- 
try is the peculiar grace of the institutional church. In 
the words of Rev. Dr. C. A. Dickenson of the Berkeley 
Temple: "Appliances do not make an institutional 
church, but rather the spirit of ministration, working 
itself out along whatever lines the environment of the 
particular church demands." It seeks by presenting a 
full-orbed Christianity to develop full-orbed Christians; 
to develop not only a spiritual but physical, intellectual, 
and social powers as well. The Y. M. C. A. has long 
done this on a union basis, using gymnastics, recreation, 
education, and good fellowship, as well as prayer, to win 
young men to Christ and "keep them there." Except 



52 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

in the large cities the only institutional church needed 
is a Y. M. C. A. and a Y. W. C. A., both splendidly 
equipped the first to attract both boys and men, the 
other for girls and women, supplemented by a Union 
Humane Society, through which the churches prevent 
cruelty and minister wisely to poverty, and a Reform 
League of like constituency. But down-town churches 
in large cities, situated where there are few homes and 
fewer home comforts, need to maintain separately or 
jointly a full line of institutional aids, such as reading- 
room, gymnasium, bath, club-room, and kindergarten. 
The most radical departure from old methods is seen in 
the People's Palace adjoining his Tabernacle in Jersey 
City, of which Rev. Dr. John L. Scudder is pastor. In 
it he has a reading-room, library, bowling alley, pool 
table, a bar (for sale of soft drinks and pies), baths, 
club-rooms for boys' brigade, etc., and a miniature 
theater, fully equipped. The spiritual results of this 
work are such as to make one slow to criticize, but in 
most cases the preventive work with the young, which 
he wisely makes his chief aim in fighting social evils, 
might be accomplished by following the Y. M. C. A. in 
its sufficient range of recreations, that have behind them 
the approval, after discussion and experiment, of the whole 
evangelical community, and so do not challenge contro- 
versy. 74 In this matter it should not be forgotten 
that there are no "innocent amusements" for adults, 
but that recreation is the duty of all. City churches 
among the poor are bound to provide and supervise 
recreations as a preventive of temptation to forbidden 
amusements and as an expression of the gladness of 
religion and its care for our physical as well as moral 
welfare. Still more must the institutional church stand 
for the reality of human brotherhood in all its forms of 
helpfulness. 75 

§ 37. There are also Christian remedies for social ills 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 53 

that can best be applied by State and national federation 
of churches. So far as the writer knows there is but 
one among the State and national and in- National Fed . 
ternational reform societies that was offi- eration of 
daily organized by the churches; this one churches - 
exception being the official institution, at his suggestion, 
of the American Sabbath Union, by fourteen evangelical 
denominations, through official votes at their national 
conferences. As no money was appropriated to enable 
the charter members thus appointed to attend the annual 
meetings of the Union, it was left wholly dependent on 
individual benevolence and individual direction, and this 
case is, therefore, only a suggestion of how such a society 
ought to be begun. Some day it is to be hoped the 
churches will be shamed or aroused to undertake a 
united campaign against social evils in some more effect- 
ive way than by the paper bombardment of mere reso- 
lutions. Churches are one in condemning lotteries, but 
the Hoar Anti-lottery Bill, which passed the United 
States Senate early in 1894, failed to pass the House at 
that session of Congress because there were only indi- 
vidual effort and individual contributions to arouse the 
country to demand its enactment. 76 For lack of State 
federations of churches to watch and defeat gamblers and 
other foes of society, race-track gambling was legalized 
in 1894, even in such States as Maryland and Rhode 
Island, as it had been legalized before, for like reason, 
in other States.* An official national federation of 
Christian churches in a strong and well-supported 
National Bureau of Reforms might be a most effective 

* Rhode Island repealed the law on the first day of its legislature of 
1895, and Minnesota and Kansas in that year passed anti-gambling laws. 
But that same year New York and Missouri granted gambling monop- 
olies to race-tracks, and in several other legislatures similar infamies 
were proposed and passed one House. Such bills are likely to be pre- 
sented in any and all our State legislatures. 



54 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

method of ethical home missionary work. The Bureau 
so named, that I have established unofficially, will be 
glad to yield the field to an official one." Let us hope the 
proposed Federal Council 78 of Presbyterian and Re- 
formed Churches will ere long become a national federation 
of all churches to save society as well as souls. Such 
federations of churches for the solution of social reforms 
were recommended by a conference of Christians, chiefly 
from Great Britain, representing many denominations, 
which assembled at Grindelwald, Switzerland, in the sum- 
mer of 1894. 

§ 38. Such a union in the form of a round-the-world 

chain of Christian reform conventions, which I proposed 

in 1893 as the most fitting celebration of 

I9OO-I9OI. ■, • r ™ • ■ 

the completion of nineteen Christian cen- 
turies in 1900-1901, has received the approval of many 
eminent Christian leaders. In special trains and boats, 
decorated with the banner, "In the Year of Our Lord, 
1901," it is proposed that at least three hundred, perhaps 
one thousand, Christian tourists shall make a six months' 
tour of the world, holding frequent conventions in the 
interest of those social reforms in which all Christians 
can unite — such as the crusades against intemperance,. 
Sabbath-breaking, impurity, divorce, gambling, indus- 
trial injustice, and political corruption — the chief gather- 
ings being in Calcutta, Jerusalem, Rome, Paris, and 
London, and the chief theme the application of our 
Lord's law to the whole of life. 79 

§ 39. We shall reach Christian union, or at least unity, 
sooner than by debate, sooner even than by singing 
"Blest be the tie that binds," by practical federation of 
churches for reform work. Theological unity is not to 
be expected, but sociological union is practicable. The 
great social evils about us, that look strong enough to 
thrive through another hundred years, might be routed 
in ten by a fighting federation of churches. Singing 



FBOM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 55 

alone will not exorcise them. The World's Fair Sabbath- 
closing Campaign, by petitions and letters and otherwise, 
convinced Congress that the friends of the Sabbath are 
not "a little band of fanatics" but America's regal 
majority. The six and a half millions of Christian voters 
in the United States, and proportionately large armies of 
Christian citizens in the British Empire, can doom any 
evil against which they will unite. 80 " When Greek meets 
Greek then comes the tug of war," we now know to 
be an erroneous rendering of the old proverb, which 
refers not to the common and foolish and disastrous civil 
strife among Greeks, but to the invincibility of their 
union against the common foe. "When Greek joins 
Greek, then comes the tug of war" — for the Persian. 
When Christian Church fights Christian Church then 
comes the tug of war — for Christianity. But when 
Christian Church joins Christian Church then comes the 
tug of war for the evils that assail us and the world vic- 
tory of Christ. 81 

" Oh, blest is he to whom is given 
The instinct that can tell 
That God is on the field 
When he is most invisible. 

" And blest is he who can divine 
Where the real right doth lie, 
And dares to take the side that seems 
Wrong to man's blindfold eye. 

" He always wins who sides with God, 
To him no chance is lost ; 
God's will is dearest to him when 
It triumphs at his cost. 

" Oh, learn to scorn the praise of men, 
Oh, learn to lose with God, 
For Jesus won the world through shame 
And beckons thee his road. 

" For right is right since God is God, 
And right the day must win ; 
To "doubt would be disloyalty, 

To falter would be sin." — Faber. 



56 



PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 



Potential Christian Voters in U. S. in 1890. 

From Tables by Rev. W. H. Roberts, D. D., LL. D., in The Independent, Feb., 1895. 



STA TES. 



North Atlantic Division 

Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

South Atlantic Division 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District of Columbia. . . . 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

North Central Division 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North Dakota 

South Dakota 

Nebraska 

Kansas 

South Central Division. 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Oklahoma 

Arkansas 

Western Division 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

New Mexico 

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho 

Washington 

Oregon 

California 

Alaska 



•|£ 



5>°55<239 
201,241 

118,135 

101,697 

665,009 

100,017 

224,092 

1,769,649 

4I3-530 

1,461,869 

2,015,578 

47,559 

270,738 

64.505 

378,782 

181,400 

342,653 

235,606 

398,122 

96,213 

6,202,901 

1,016,464 

595,066 

1,072,663 

6i7,445 

461,722 

376,036 

520,332 

705, 7 l8 

55,959 

96,765 

301,500 

383,231 

2,512,704 

45o,792 

402,476 

324,822 

271,080 

250,563 

535,942 

19,161 

257,868 

1,153,889 

65,415 

27,044 

164,920 

44,95i 

23,696 

54,47i 

20,951 

3 J ,490 

146,918 

111,744 

462,289 

32,052 






* 3 ? 



3,163,620 

90,294 

62,349 

61,495 

317,319 

49,590 

152,400 

965^59 

280,680 

*, 154,334 

3,028,656 

36,903 

233,698 

55,150 

555,509 

173,443 

682,060 

502,102 

665,393 

124,398 

4,501,854 

867,502 

570,043 

713,477 

339,437 

304,591 

258,663 

383,794 

564,320 

33,039 

59,682 

140,512 

266,794 

3,057,764 

512,389 

530,690 

542,181 

417,642 

184,624 

575,000 

3,704 

29**534 

252,741 

7,047 

3, I2 4 

36,627 

4,667 

1,472 

3,776 

i,397 

4,255 

37,192 

38,282 

113,613 

1,289 



111 



1,044,540 

30,098 

20,783 

20,498 

io5,773 

16,530 

50,800 

321,719 

93,56c 

384,778 

1,009,552 

12,301 

77,896 

18,383 

185,169 

57,8i4 

227.353 

167,367 

221,797 

41,466 

1,500,618 

289,167 

190,014 

237,826 

113,146 

101,530 

86,221 

127, 93 1 

188,107 

11,013 

19,894 

46,837 

88,931 

919,255 

170,796 

176,897 

180,727 

139,214 

61.541 

91,667 

1,235 

97,178 

84,447 

2.349 

1,041 

12,209 

i,556 

491 

1,259 

466 

1,418 

J 2,397 
12,761 
37,871 

429 



20.6 
14.9 
17.6 
19.8 

!5-7 

16. 1 

22.7 

18. 1 

22.7 

26.3 

50.1 

25.0 

28.7 

28.5 

48.9 

32.0 

66.4 

71. 1 

55-7 

42.9 

24.1 

28.4 

32.0 

22.2 

18.3 

22.0 

22.8 

24.6 

26.6 

19.6 

20.6 

15-6 

23.2 

3 6 -5 

37-9 

44.0 

55-7 

5i-3 

24.3 

17. 1 

6-3 

37-6 

7-3 

3-5 

4.2 

7.2 

3-4 

2.0 

2.3 

2.2 

4-5 

8.4 

11. 4 



* 8 



<j>« 



,941,171 
57,548 
39,920 
42,810 

615,072 
96,825 

!52,945 

,153,650 

223,274 

559,127 

254,883 

11,776 

141,410 

37,593 

12,356 

15,653 

2,640 

5,36o 

11,228 

16,867 

> I 73, I 45 

336,H4 

119,100 

475,474 

222,261 

249,829 

271,769 

164,522 

162,864 

26,427 

25,720 

51,503 

67,562 

45^701 

92,504 

17,950 

13,230 

11,348 

211,863 

99,691 

1,270 

3,845 

435,73* 

25,149 

7,185 

47,111 

100,576 

19,000 

5958 

3,955 

4,809 

20,848 

30,231 

157,346 

13,563 



an 



9 J 3,233 
17,869 
12,396 

13,293 

190,979 

30,063 

47,492 

358,208 

69,325 

173,608 

79,i4i 

3,656 

43,908 

",673 

3,837 

4,861 

819 

1.665 

3,486 

5,237 

674,761 

104,364 

36,980 

147,634 

69,013 

77,572 

84,384 

51,084 

50,569 

8,206 

7,986 

15,992 

20,977 

140,253 

28,722 

5,573 

4,108 

3,524 

65,785 

3o,954 

394 

i,i93 

135,294 

7,809 

2,231 

14,628 

31,229 

5,899 

1,849 

1,228 

i,493 

6,473 

9,387 

48,855 

4,212 






19.4 
9.4 

II. o 

13-7 
30.8 
32.0 
22.8 
21.7 
17.8 
12.7 
4.2 
8-3 
17-3 
20.0 
1.8 



0.2 
0.7 
0.9 

5-8 



24.2 

10.6 

7.6 

15-7 

8.8 

5-6 

6.0 

6.0 

6.9 

1.4 

i-3 

1-5 

28.3 

6.2 

2.2 

0.5 

12.6 

12.3 

8.8 

9.6 

75-5 

25.0 

3-6 

6-3 

5-o 

4.8 

8.9 

11. 2 

14. 1 



Total potential Christian voters, Protestant, 4,558,412 ; Catholic, 1,942,682. 
* The proportion of persons underage in the totals of male Protestant communi- 
cants given in the statement is probably about 10 per cent. Inasmuch, however, as the 
percentage of non-naturalized foreigners in the totals of potential voters is also about 
10 per cent., it follows that the percentages given in the fourth column have a political 
as well as an ecclesiastical value. The latter column indicates, therefore, the highest 
possible proportion of potential Protestant voters. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

§ i. What is the position of humanitarianism in the teachings of 
Christ ? What is the definition of Christian sociology ? 

§ 2. In what aspect is Christ the center of Christian sociology ? What 
distinction is made as to the means of social regeneration as compared 
with the means of personal salvation ? 

§ 3. What trilogy does the law of Christ include ? Are there other 
New Testament laws of Christ? In what two senses is the Decalogue 
the law of Christ ? What laws besides those of the Bible are included 
in the law of Christ, and why? 

§ 4. What is* the most serious error we have inherited from the 
Middle Ages? What sub-kingdoms does Christ's kingdom embrace, 
including one to be added to current classifications ? What is the peculiar 
characteristic of this last ? That part of it we call the Church is what in 
its essence ? 

§ 5. What form of Church action does the solution of social problems 
require ? Through what does the Bible promise the salvation of society, 
and to what extent is this way of social salvation revealed ? In what 
Bible passages? What is the regal significance of " The Lord's Day " ? 

§6. How is the Kingship of Christ rather than the Saviorship of 
Christ the Bible's ultimate theme ? 

§ 7. What evidences can be given that the Kingship of Christ is less 
considered to-day than his Saviorship ? Why has the Kingship of Christ 
been so little regarded in our day ? 

§ 8. How is man's natural selfishness an obstacle to social reform, and 
how is this obstacle to be removed ? What is the origin of our un- 
selfish social ideals, and what inference does this origin suggest as to 
their realization ? 

§ 9. What two fallacies are involved in the claim that social evils may 
be removed by individual conversions only ? With what form of action 
must revivals be followed in order to make them effective against social 
evils ? 

§ 10. Before Christ emphasized human individuality, what was the 
social unit ? Whom did the Old Testament prophets chiefly address ? 
To what social and personal elements of the prophets' work is the 
preacher of to-day a successor ? How can the social message of to-day 
be most effectively and wisely delivered ? Is the New Testament wholly 
individualistic in its plan of salvation ? What new methods of reading 
both Testaments are suggested ? Is the larger portion of the Bible 
theological or sociological ? Give samples of sociological passages. 

§ 11. What is the central theme of the New Testament, and what is 
Christ's most concise explanation of it and the implication of that expla- 
nation ? What is the sociological import of the closing chapters of the 
New Testament ? What was Christ's immediate, and what his ultimate 
aim as to man ? What law did he proclaim as the practical working 
principle of society, and how broadly did he apply it ? What are some 



5& PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

of the changes in the social life of to-day that a practical application of 
that law would produce ? To what error was the word of Christ, " My 
kingdom is not of this world," a reply ; and how does its historic occa- 
sion confirm or correct the use of these words by opponents of Christian 
politics ? 

§ 12. What is named as Christ's most novel doctrine, and how was it 
applied and with what result ? 

§ 13. Why should we read church history sociologically? 

§ 14. What quality of the early Church most impressed and attracted 
their pagan neighbors ? What might be expected from a restoration of 
this Christian grace? What approach to it has been made in recent 
years ? What are the evidences that it is yet largely lacking ? 

§ 15. What three periods theologically dark were times never- 
theless of sociological progress, and what new name for them has been 
therefore suggested ? 

§ 16. What practical lesson has the first of these periods for us ? 

^17. How was individuality on the religious side checked ? 

§ 18. In what respect did Christianity gain while theologically 
corrupt ? 

§ 19. How was individuality developed in charities ? How are char- 
ities shown to be of Christian origin ? What was the limitation of 
Roman "justice "? What does the context of the words of Terence, '* I 
am a man," etc., suggest as to the supposed humanitarianism of 
paganism ? 

§ 20. How did individuality work out in medieval politics ? 

§21. What effect did the Reformation have upon individuality? 
What seems to have been the providential purpose of the late discovery 
of America ? What was the relative position of Protestantism and Roman 
Catholicism in America early in the eighteenth century? How was this 
position changed by Protestantism ? How did the idea of individuality 
work toward popular government and emancipation ? What is the rela- 
tion of the idea of human individuality to the history of civilization ? 

§ 22. Charities and political progress are how related to Christ ? What 
new development of Christian ideas seems to be at hand ? 

§ 23. What were the characteristics and what the defects of the 
Reformation of the sixteenth century ? What new reformation is now 
needed ? 

§ 24. From what general and special dates should the beginning of 
our new social era be reckoned, and what were its first words and deeds ? 
What was the status of the new social movements at the end of the 
eighteenth century and in the first third of the nineteenth ? 

§ 25. What date is given as that of the full dawn of the new era? 
What were the chief achievements between that date and 1867 ? 

§ 26. In what three particulars have evils in the United States out- 
run the population in this closing third of the century, and to what ex- 
tent ? What other evils belong to this same period ? 

§ 27. What defect in the relation of the Church to ethics is named as 
one reason why it has not proved more successful in restraining these 
evils ? How are the utterances of various churches on ethics defective 
or ineffective? How do the official schedules of church benevolence 
indicate that the Church as yet regards all social reforms as ' ' outside 
matters " ? How are charity and reform related to each other and to 
religion ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 59 

§ 28. How is the lack of cooperation of churches related to the growth 
of social evils ? Why are there so many associations of charity and re- 
form apart from the churches, and by whom are they supported chiefly ? 
Is public worship the chief end of the Church ? 

§ 29. What is said of the relation of religious conservatives to recent 
"forward movements"? 

§ 30. What remedies for social ills can be applied by Christians indi- 
vidually ? What is the current feeling as to personal liberty and per- 
sonal responsibility ? Has the power of individuals decreased in this 
social age ? 

§ 31. What remedies for social ills can be applied by local federations 
of churches ? 

§§ 32—35. How should the churches cooperate in public charities ? 
How did the Church promote pauperism in the Middle Ages ? Does this 
evil to any degree remain in the churches to-day ? By whom are charity 
organization societies chiefly conducted ? By what means might deacons 
or other charity-dispensing church officers magnify their office? What 
Bible incident best pictures the "new charity"? In what respect is 
ordinary alms-giving most injurious ? What is the best feature of the 
"new charity " ? 

§ 36. Have institutional churches, in adding humanities, weakened 
spiritualities ? What is their most distinctive feature ? How does their 
work resemble that of the Y. M. C. A.? Where are institutional churches 
most needed? Describe the Jersey City People's Palace. How can con- 
troversy as to amusements for such places be best escaped ? 

§ 37. What incident in Congress illustrates the need of a national 
federation of churches ? Describe the Presbyterian Federal Council as 
to its sociological proposals ? 

§ 38. What union celebration of the completion of nineteen Christian 
centuries is suggested ? 

§ 39. How can church federation be best promoted ? What facts 
show the potential strength of the churches ? 



SOCIOLOGICAL THEMES FOR MINISTERS MEETINGS, CHURCH CLUBS, 
CONFERENCES, ETC. 

I. Have orthodox churches underestimated humanitarianism ? 2. Is 
doctrine given undue attention, as compared to ethics, in the examination 
of ministers and members ? 3. Should the Kingship of Christ be given 
a larger place in preaching and teaching ? Are the new views of the 
kingdom of God as a Christianized human society correct ? 4. Are indi- 
vidual conversions sufficient to correct the evils of our times ? 5. Should 
the Church have an ethical creed as exact as its doctrinal creed ? 6. 
To what extent should down-town city churches be institutional ? 7. 
Has the United States progressed morally since 1867? 8. Is a per- 
manent local federation of churches to promote social reforms desir- 
able ? 9. Is a National Federal Council of all Protestant churches to 
act for the churches in the promotion of moral reforms needed ? 10. Is 
it practicable to unite charity-dispensing officers of the churches in the 
study of scientific charity ? 11. Can the church sociable be made the 



60 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

means of breaking down class feeling and promoting brotherly love ? 12. 
How can busy pastors best obtain a practical knowledge of current social 
problems ? 



FIELD WORK. 

I. Visit charitable institutions within reach. 2. Study the causes and 
cure of poverty as "friendly visitor" of some charity organization society 
of poor relief. 3. Interview pastors as to church methods. 4. Find 
out names of church members who rent property for saloons, etc., and 
sign license petitions. 5. Visit, or study by correspondence, institutional 
churches and Y. M. C. A. 6. Read the Bible sociologically. 7. Study 
the local Christian vote. 



Units homo, nullus komo : Ancient proverb. 

Alfred Tennyson : 

The woman's cause is man's ; they rise or sink 
Together, dwarfed or godlike, bond or free. 

Dr. A. M. Fairbairn : If only the Church could rebuild the home, it 
would create the conditions that would, even in the face of our modern 
industrial development, make all the old chivalries and graces of religion 
still possible. — Religion in History, etc., p. 42. 

Alfred Marshall : The family relations of those races which have 
adopted the reformed religion are the richest and fullest of earthly feel- 
ing ; there never has been before any material of texture at once so 
strong and so fine with which to build up a fabric of social life.— 
Principles of Economics, p. 35. 

William Ewart Gladstone : The greatest and deepest of all 
human controversies is the marriage controversy. — National Divorce 
Reform League Report, 1888. 

Dr. Elisha Mulford : The family is the most important question 
that has come before the American people since the War. 

Dr. Joseph Cook : A dwelling that has not in it a family altar may 
be a house, but can never be a home. — Our Day, 1894, 345. 

Abram S. Hewitt : Students of sociology are agreed that the greater 
portion of the suffering in this world is due to preventable causes, among 
which the most potent is ignorance, and scarcely less powerful are 
environment and heredity. — Address on opening United Charities 
Building, Charities Review, 2 : 304. 

Graham Wallas ; If this generation were wise it would spend on 
education not only more than any generation has ever spent before, but 
more than any generation would ever need to spend again. — Fabian 
Essays, p. 183. 

President E. B. Andrews : Let the hard study which the last two 
generations have bestowed on physical science be applied for the next two 
generations to social science, and the result may be, if not heaven, at 
least a tolerable earth. — Wealth and Moral Law, 90. 

George W. Cable : It seems to me that the first thing for people to 
realize who want most efficaciously to help, intellectually and spiritually, 
those who need them, is that they must get to the homes of those whom 
they wish to aid. We must make the home the object of our endeavor, 
instead of the individual. Too many of our attempts at uplifting begin 
by extracting the individual from his home. — 7^he Outlook, June 8, 1895. 



W>5 




II. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE 
FAMILY AND EDUCATION. 

I. The Family. 

§ i. Purity and home, both words without meaning 
outside of Christian lands, 1 are respectively the root and 
flower of the family, which is the primary social group, in 
the order both of time and importance. It is the fault of 
much current sociological discussion, as of current legis- 
lation, that it makes more of property than of purity, 2 
more of money than of morals, and so assumes that the 
shop rather than the home is the sociological point of 
departure, and that larger having rather than nobler being 
is the sociological end. It degrades sociology to make 
it a mere extension of economics. 3 

§ 2. But surely there is no need to prove that normal 
society is an association of families. The opening chap- 
ters of Genesis teach not only monotheism Boarding Ab- 
but monogamy. Society is there shown to normal. 
have originated in a holy family. Historically, nations 
are but families expanded to tribes, headed by a father- 
king. 4 One reason why our modern cities are so abnormal 
morally is that they are abnormal socially, being largely 
composed of boarders, the fragments of broken families. 5 
Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst, the most illustrious of 
municipal reformers, declares that "the sorest spot in 
our municipal condition — in national also — is the de- 
cadence of the home idea." The home has very largely 
given place to the boarding-house, especially in the case 
of young men, who so madly rush to the cities at the 
very age of greatest moral peril. This causes the break 

63 



64 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

up, if not the break down, of family life. It is hardly 
less than a wrong to society when a family takes to 
boarding. 6 

§ 3. Society being composed of families, can be no 

better than its families. A corrupt family is a poisoned 

corrupted dro P of societ y's life blood. "Bad homes 

and Disrupted and heredity," if not, as claimed by Dr. S. 

Families. w Dik( ^ u the most potent single cause of 

crime," constitute at least one of the most potent. The 
perils of the home are the most serious, because the most 
fundamental perils of society. The betterment of the 
homes is the most radical method of improving society. 

§ 4. Christian sociology, in discussing the family, first 
of all is bound to defend its Christian foundation, monog- 
amy, against both Mormonism and unscriptural divorces, 
that is, against both contemporaneous and "consecutive 
polygamy." It is a curious fact that in 1877 these two 
evils were exhibited side by side in Utah, where there 
were among "the Gentiles" about half as many divorces 
as marriages during that year. 7 

§ 5. Some have cited against Christianity the polygamy 
of Old Testament believers. These accusers should con- 
oid Testament sider, on the other hand, that God's original 
Polygamy. Edenic plan was monogamy ; and that 

polygamy was never divinely sanctioned ; and that Christ 
brought to men the strictest of monogamous laws. 
Especially is it important to note in this connection that 
wherever the Bible prevails polygamy and impurity are 
both outlawed, while they are not so outlawed in any 
pagan or heathen code of morals. Stealing and killing 
are condemned in all codes. Natural morality forbids 
both. Purity (including monogamy) and Sabbath-keep- 
ing are the two distinctive features of Christian morality. 
In nothing is the superiority of Christianity more marked 
than in matters pertaining to women and children and so 
to the problem of the family. 



X 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 65 

Colonel Robert Ingersoll, in his most popular lecture, 
attempts to show that "Liberty of Man, Woman, and 
Child," so far as secured, is an anti-Chris- p agan M ai- 
tian or at least a non-Christian achievement, treatment of 
It is only necessary to point in reply to the Women - 
fact that the oldest and best of non-Christian civilizations, 
those that have tried long and thoroughly the agnostic 
ethical culture of Confucius and Buddha, have wholly failed, 
except as recently influenced by Christianity, to develop 
any "liberty" even for man, much less for woman 
or child. 8 The World's Parliament of Religions — on the 
holding of which I raise no question — has shown us some 
of the pretty sayings of heathen religions, a few gems 
gathered out of much mire ; 9 but no educated man should 
forget, as the sufficient refutation of all their claims to 
rank with Christianity, that all these heathen religions 
not merely tolerate but consecrate impurity. 10 None of 
them can stand the test, " How do you treat woman?" 
What we hide on back streets as a vice, they parade in 
their temples as virtue. 

§ 6. As to Mormonism, although the pretended "reve- 
lation" against polygamy which was promulgated by the 
Mormon chief was undoubtedly a trick to secure State- 
hood for Utah and so protection for polygamy, the anti- 
Mormon party has dissolved in the conviction that such 
an act can never be recalled. 11 

§ 7. Turning now to the subject of divorces, we find 
unusual facilities for this branch of the study in a govern- 
ment collection of statistics for the years 
1867-1886, covering both the United States 
and foreign lands. 12 These statistics are valuable and 
would have been more so but for great neglect in the 
official recording of marriages and divorces in our States, 
as compared with European countries, which excel us in 
this whole subject of family laws. 13 

The fact that divorces since 1867 have been multiplying 



66 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

in the United States nearly three times as fast as the 
population is generally regarded as the most ominous 
fact in regard to the family. In Connecticut in 1875 
there was one divorce to each eight marriages. In Dela- 
ware, at the other end of the line, for a period of years 
the ratio was one to thirty-six. Senator Kyle reports the 
recent average for the whole country to be one divorce 
to every twenty marriages. 14 It was such statistics that 
prompted Mr. Gladstone to write to Dr. S. W. Dike, 
"The facts caused me some alarm as to the future of your 
great country." 15 

§ 8. Hon. Carroll D. Wright, the skillful collector of 
these official statistics, in an address based upon them, 16 
seeks to prove that it is right and wise to grant divorces 
for other than " the one scriptural cause." 17 He says : 

"The purpose of marriage as a civil institution means 
the security of society, and the security of society de- 
pends upon the continued sacredness of the civil con- 
tract. Every one, with perhaps few exceptions, indorses 
the idea that marriage should be dissolved for the one 
scriptural cause. But why should marriage be dissolved 
by legal process for this one cause ? Simply because by 
it and through it the divine and the civil purposes of 
marriage have been perverted, happiness has been com- 
pletely wrecked, and the moral sentiment of society out- 
raged. This position is eminently sound, and will hold 
through all time. Bear in mind that it is because the 
civil and divine purposes of marriage have been thwarted 
that the scriptural cause is almost universally indorsed 
as a righteous one for the legal dissolution of marriage 
ties. In granting this position, those who adhere strictly 
to the ecclesiastical view of divorce abandon the whole 
question, for if the scriptural cause is good for the reason 
stated, then whatever cause eventuates in the same results 
must be logically as adequate for divorce as the scrip- 
tural one." 18 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 6j 

What is called in the latter part of this quotation " the 
ecclesiastical view," and in another part of the address, 
by a slip of the pen, " the Mosaic law," and in the earlier 
part of the above quotation more correctly " the one scrip- 
tural cause," refers, as the context shows in each case, to 
what may be more exactly described as the law of Christ, 
by whom, rather than "Moses" $r "ecclesiastical" 
authority, "the one scriptural cause" is proclaimed. 
When the Christian has before him a specific law of 
Christ, 19 he has something far better than his own or 
other human inferences. Our imperfect reason should 
be used, only on matters of which the perfect reasoner 
and universal king has not spoken. However much an 
individual here and there may be inconvenienced by the 
refusal of absolute divorce from an uncongenial marriage 
(I am making no argument against legal separation from 
bed and board), the divorce law of Christ will surely 
accomplish the greatest good of the greatest number. 
Certainly our weaker laws, which allow divorce for more 
than one cause and have so caused a phenomenal multipli- 
cation of divorces, have not proved their superiority to 
Christ's law by their results.* 

§ 9. It maybe true that divorces have multiplied in the 
United States partly because emancipated American 
womanhood will bear less treason and abuse than her 
sisters in other lands and her sisters of former generations 
in this land. There is force also in the claim that what 
becomes divorce in our land may become something 
worse in other lands. But whether or not our family life 
is really as much worse than formerly, as much worse 
than other lands, as statistics suggest, they show at least 
a status of the family that is far from satisfactory, one 
that loudly calls for speedy remedies. In 1886 there 
were 25,535 divorces involving 21,000 children. 20 

* The reader should not fail to read Mr. Wright's argument as given 
more fully in Appendix. 



68 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

Every section of the country was about equally involved. 
The largest ratio of divorces to marriages was in the 
North and West, but the largest increase in the ratio was 
in the South. 

What can be done about it ? 

§ 10. The remedy most urged — a uniform national law 

on polygamy, marriage, and divorce : that is, a constitu- 

„-■.,., tional amendment — has not been favored 

Remedies for 

Lax Divorce by the anti-divorce leader, Dr. S. W. Dike. 
Customs. Others also have hesitated in the fear that 

Congress would not pass a law equal to the best of the 
State laws. 21 But Senator Kyle makes a strong argu- 
ment for it on the ground that it would at least remove 
the scandal that a marriage may now be legal in one State 
and the children resulting from it legitimate, while in 
another State the same marriage is invalid and the chil- 
dren illegitimate. It will be a long time before State 
commissions can be expected to untangle all such cases, 
and with the added urgency of the Mormon problem a 
strong case is made in favor of earnest effort to secure 
a national constitutional law. Dr. Dike favors national 
action in the case of the District of Columbia and the 
Territories, in which last some of the worst abuses have 
existed; for instance, Oklahoma, with the silent con- 
sent of Congress, is offering divorces on ninety days' 
residence and for fourteen causes, to attract ''divorce 
colonies." 22 The Territorial Secretary, mistaking the 
motive of my inquiry, writes with the glibness of an auc- 
tioneer, "Courts grant divorces readily on good cause 
shown." 

§ ii. All defenders of the family favor the State com- 
missions on uniform marriage and divorce laws as a 
method which may at last accomplish the desired result, 
if the amendment should fail or be delayed, and which 
will accomplish beneficial results at once in many States 
in any case. Nineteen States, containing about half the 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 69 

national population, had appointed such commissions up 
to the date of the National Divorce Reform League's 
report for 1894. 

§ 12. Hon. Carroll D. Wright, in the address already 
quoted, suggests that when in divorce proceedings crimi- 
nality has been proved the guilty party shall be indicted 
in a criminal court and duly punished* 

§ 13. He suggests also that, as in some foreign states, 
the granting of divorces shall be resisted by a state officer 
appointed for the purpose, on the ground that the defense 
of the family is a duty of the state. 

§ 14. He further suggests that law might make divorce 
and remarriage thereafter more difficult. 23 People will 
" marry in haste " so long as they need not "repent 
at leisure." 

§ 15. He also suggests that methods of procedure and 
the administration of divorce laws might be improved. 
During the year covered by the National Divorce Re- 
form League's report for 1894, eleven States in this or 
other ways improved their laws of marriage and divorce. 
The divorce agitation led by Dr. Dike, by quickening 
public conscience, has apparently arrested the tendency 
to laxity in divorce laws, and turned tne tide somewhat 
in the other direction — so encouraging further agi- 
tation. 

§ 16. And let us remember with hope and joy, that 
nineteen-twentieths of the marriages do not end in 
divorces but are mostly unions of fidelity and affection, 
the husband, a house-band indeed, and the wife, as her 
name implies, a weaver of love cords. 

Wife means weaver, he said, 
And when hearts truly wed 

There is knitting of soul unto soul. 
Life itself is the thread, 
From the heart spool of red, 

Which a Will not our own doth unroll. 



70 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

Through the warp of heart cords 
Shoots the woof of sweet words, 

And the shuttle that weaves them is love. 
Fairer robes this affords 
Than have princes and lords ; 

Less only than angels above. 

Through the changes of life 
Stands the weaver, the wife, 

By the side of the love-driven loom ; 
Keeping out knots of strife, 
While the bright threads are rife, 

And she weaveth the beauty of home. 

Wilbur F. Crafts : Wife. 

§ 17. It is appropriate at this point, before leaving the 

subject of marriage, to note an alleged increase of what 

one of the magazines calls, "girl bachelors." 

Bachelors. TTT1 „ & ' to 

When few occupations were open to women, 
no doubt many women married without even esteem, 
much less affection, merely for support. This was 
prostitution in disguise, of which another case is marry- 
ing for luxury without love. Self-supporting women are 
becoming more numerous, 24 and so fewer women marry 
unloved and unworthy men. This prevents many ill- 
assorted marriages, few happy ones. Its remedy is not 
lectures to the "girl bachelors," but the betterment of 
the young men, many of whom are both physically and 
morally unfit to be husbands. 

§ 18. But there is an increasing tendency to bachelor- 
hood, it is declared, even among reputable men, said to 
be due to the extravagant style in which girls expect to 
live. (A heavy tax on bachelors has been seriously pro- 
posed in several legislatures to correct this tendency.) 
The tendency and its alleged cause we believe should 
be opposed: the tendency as unwholesome, the excuse as 
untrue. For every worthy man there is a worthy woman 
ready to make a humble and happy home. Neither man 
nor woman can usually attain to life's best possibilities 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 7 1 

single — not even in health and length of life, says Dr. 
Pomeroy 25 — and one should be very sure he has a good 
excuse who refuses an opportunity to mate worthily. 

§ 19. Society's chief interest in preserving and purify- 
ing the family is doubtless that the child of to-day is the 
citizen of the future. Married men are 

Child-Training. 

relatively less numerous in the criminal 
class than bachelors, verifying the foreign proverb, 
"The man without a home is more dangerous than an 
asp or dragon." In the words of Bacon, "He that hath 
wife and children hath given hostages to fortune." He 
is likely* to be more temperate, more industrious, more 
stable, more public-spirited, than the mere boarder. But 
the state's chief concern for the family is due to the fact 
that it must depend so largely upon home training for its 
supply of healthy, intelligent, upright citizens. 26 

§ 20. In the upbringing of childhood, as between 
heredity, training, and conversion, the greatest of these 
is conversion; but it is greatly promoted before and after 
by heredity and training. 27 

§ 21. Let the White Cross be raised everywhere. 28 
When a military officer, about to tell a foul story, said, 
in the presence of General Grant, "I 

f «• 1 , ,. ,, ^ 1 White Cross. 

believe there are no ladies present, General 
Grant replied emphatically, "There are gentlemen pres- 
ent." The story was not told. In like case preachers 
even have sometimes failed to protest — alas, in some 
cases, it is the preacher who tells the story. 

Colonel T. W. Higginson was a contributor, with other 
officers, to a symposium in the Chicago Inter-Ocean con- 
cerning the most striking instance of bravery observed by 
them during the late war. He says: " On mature reflec- 
tion, passing by some hairbreadth escapes, I should award 
the palm to something done by a young assistant surgeon 
of mine, not quite twenty-one years old, Dr. Thomas T. 
Miner, then of Hartford, Conn. It was at an exceed- 



72 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

ingly convivial supper-party of officers, at Beaufort, 
S. C, to which a few of my younger subalterns had been 
invited. I saw them go with some regret, since whisky 
was rarely used in my regiment, and I had reason to 
think that it would circulate pretty freely at this enter- 
tainment. About Dr. Miner I had no solicitude, for he 
never drank it. Later I heard from some of the other 
officers present what had happened. They sat late and 
the fun grew fast and furious, the songs sung becoming 
gradually of that class which Thackeray's Colonel New- 
come did not approve. Some of the guests tried to get 
away, but could not; and those who attempted it were 
required to furnish in each case a song, a story, or a 
toast. Miner was called upon for his share, and there 
was a little hush as he rose up. He had a singularly 
pure and boyish face, and his manliness of character was 
known to all. He said, ' Gentlemen, I cannot give you 
a song or a story, but I will offer a toast, which I will 
drink in water, and you shall drink as you please. That 
toast is, Our Mothers.' Of course, an atom of priggish- 
ness or self-consciousness would have spoiled the whole 
suggestion. No such quality was visible. The shot 
told; the party quieted down from that moment and 
soon broke up. The next morning no less than three 
officers from different regiments rode out to my camp, 
all men older than Dr. Miner and of higher rank, to 
thank him for the simplicity and courage of his rebuke. 
It was from them I first learned what had happened. 
Anyone who has had much to do with young men will 
admit, I think, that it cost more courage to do what he 
did than to ride up to the cannon's mouth." 

Such courage as that is daily needed among young men ; 
not for their own sakes only, but also for the defense of 
the very foundations of the family. In one of the Ger- 
man universities, where unclean stories were formerly 
expected on convivial occasions, a corps of the students 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 73 

have adopted white caps as a symbol of the purity of 
word and deed on which they have resolved. 

Such heroes, rich in noblest heredity, can say with the 
ancient knight : 

" My strength is as the strength of ten 
Because my heart is pure." 

There are many such knights of purity among our 
young men. The Kentucky lawyer who, in a Washington 
Court, to excuse his foul client and himself, raised the 
usual plea of detected villains, "They all do it," ought to 
have been sued for slander by the pure men of his own 
city. 'Let us cherish no unfounded suspicions, but be 
sure this evil is so great that there is no danger of doing 
too much either in prevention or cure. 29 

§ 22. Not only our tobacco stores and picture stores 
and theater bill boards but our homes are becoming 
decidedly Frenchy in their "art." 30 Dr. 
Parkhurst tells of paintings in the parlors 
of some of his church people that no one would venture 
to look at except when alone. The pictures on the home 
walls should be not merely innocent but a power for 
good ; scenes of heroism and self-sacrifice, such as, " The 
Huguenot Lover," " Christ or Diana," " The Rich Young 
Ruler," which in photographs, if not in engravings, come 
within range of even the cottager's purse. The pictures 
that surround childhood are a vital part of its training. 31 

§ 23. Hygienic education, including both information 
and exercise, important in all schools, should be especially 
insisted on in schools for girls. In this age of " rights " 
a child's right to be well born should be jealously 
guarded by society, for its own sake as well as the child's. 
The ancients were not wholly wrong in connecting dis- 
ease and sin. Sin often causes disease, and disease often 
occasions sin. Dr. H. S. Pomeroy, referring to the 
habit of walking among British women, says : " This cus- 



74 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

torn must come in vogue here if we are to have strong 
and healthy women among the upper classes." 32 

§ 24. Intemperance, beyond its hygienic and moral 
menace to the victim, is a social peril, not only in its 

intemperance relation to politics and pauperism and dis- 
as Related tothe order, but especially in its relations to 

ami y ' heredity and home training. Not only the 

drunkard but the tippler also gives to society defective 
progeny, predisposed to disease and immorality ; and, by 
the father's evil example in the home, if not by divorce or 
separation due to his cruelty or shiftlessness, also pre- 
vents proper family training. 33 

§ 25. In the department of heredity, far above the 
negative quality of physical purity towers the positive 

„ , , power of true motherhood. Professor 

Motherhood. L 

Drummond, who makes evolution "a. proc- 
ess not a power " and so theistic, although he has not 
canceled the Scotch verdict against all forms of evolu- 
tion, 34 has given us in his Ascent of Man, a true and 
beautiful distinction between the selfish masculine 
struggle for life and the unselfish feminine " struggle for 
the life of others" — selfish nutrition being the chief 
function of the male ; unselfish reproduction, of the 
female, in all forms of life. He finds in the earliest 
motherhood of the animal world the germs of its loftiest 
self-sacrifice. 35 But in the controversy between Pro- 
fessor Drummond and Mr. Benjamin Kidd, while the 
latter may well stand corrected as to his claim that ani- 
mal evolution has no element of self-sacrifice, he is pro- 
foundly right in claiming that the altruism that has 
developed social ethics was effectively introduced by 
Christ, nineteen centuries ago. 36 Even cultured mother- 
hood in Greece and Rome exposed and killed unwelcome 
offspring. It is Christian mother-love only that fully 
realizes that apostrophe in the thirteenth chapter of 
Corinthians to the love that "seeketh not her own, 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 75 

beareth all things, believeth all things," and "never 
faileth." What we think of as natural family love is 
largely the outcome of centuries of Christian teaching as 
to the sacred right to life of every human soul. Chris- 
tianity has "turned the hearts of fathers to the chil- 
dren." 37 

§ 26. While family heredity counts for much, family 
training counts for more. Mr. W. M. F. Round, of the 
New York Prison Association, shows very Training 
clearly, from the experiments of child-sav- Mightier than 
ing institutions, that good training can in ere x y " 
most cases checkmate bad heredity. 38 As a rule the 
best blood can be overmatched by bad training, or the 
worst by good training. Hence, right home training is 
even more important to the individual and to society than 
heredity. 39 

Home is the divinely appointed training school of 
obedience, self-control, and unselfishness. Parents who 
do not insist on strict obedience in their children are the 
enemies not only of their children but also of society. 
Visiting Sing Sing Prison the warden said to me, 
"Obedience is the first lesson we have to teach here." 
Many have to learn it there because they did not learn it at 
home. Of 1120 convicts in Michigan in four years ending 
1881, 617 are said to have come from homes where one or 
both parents were professedly pious.* It is wise, to a 
certain degree, to win childhood to study and obedience 
by kindergarten attractions, but in a child's earliest years 
he needs also to be trained to do things, even when he 
does not wish to, because he is told to do so ; to obey 
authority, and subordinate pleasure to duty. The kin- 
dergarten itself, I believe, should introduce at times 
such discipline, as well as plays ; cultivating the will as 
well as intellect and emotion ; and much more should the 

* This is stated in Rev. Dr. Clokey's Dying at the Top, p. 81. 



76 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

home, beginning at the cradle. 40 The demand for the 
curfew is the modern parent's confession of lost 
authority. 

§ 27. Labor questions, many of them, are at their roots 
largely questions of the family, affecting both heredity 

child Labor anc ^ training. In 1760 manufacturing in 
and woman's England was done by hand in and about the 
homes, family by family. When the inven- 
tion of the steam-engine took men from their homes to 
factories, it not only gave the father a less healthy place 
of work, but also separated him nearly all day from his 
household, and so from opportunities for training his 
children. What was far worse, as machinery took the 
place of muscle, the mother and child 41 were also sum- 
moned to the unhealthy factory, with further loss in 
home training and new temptations to social vices. In 
its own defense the state should seek to prevent wages 
from sinking to the point where mothers must be wage- 
earners instead of child-trainers. Labor statistics show 
that even in the United States wages have so fallen in 
many cases. 42 Because the home is the social unit, 
the most fundamental elements of labor reform are 
those which aim to prohibit child labor and to surround 
women's work with hygienic and moral safeguards. 43 
§ 28. Providing suitable homes for families is a theme 
that belongs here. Christian training and crowded 

Tenement tenements 44 are contradictions. As Rev. 
House Reform. Tj r . j± j p Behrends has said, " Over- 
crowding is first lieutenant in the army of paupers and 
criminals, whose captaincy belongs to intemperance." 
Mr. Jacob A. Riis says, " The family home is the basis on 
which our modern civilization rests." One of the most 
serious difficulties in improving the morals of the negroes 
is their one-room cabins. So also a prominent difficulty 
in civilizing Indians is the lodging of the whole family 
together in the tepee. For the best moral culture there 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 



77 



should be one room for each, not one room for all the 
members of a family. But in the crowded tenements of 
the New York slums there are single rooms that serve in 
each case not only as the only living room of a whole 
family, but also as a boarding-house and sweat-shop. 45 

" There amid the glooming alleys Progress halts on palsied feet, 
Crime and hunger cast our maidens by the thousand on the street." 
Tennyson : Locksley Hall Sixty Years After. 

In Mexico the traveler is shown the lofty altar of stone, 
where in ancient times the Aztec priest at the hour of 
worship cut the heart from some beautiful maiden who 
had been selected for sacrifice, and laid it, all throbbing, 
on the altar as an offering to the Sun-god. So, in the 
crowded tenements, which are maintained by miserly 
greed, and occupied by prodigal lust, innocent girlhood 
and boyhood are daily sacrificed. (See map in Appen- 
dix on this lecture.) 

§ 29. The investigation of the slums of New York, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Chicago, by order of Con- 
gress, under supervision of that skilled statistician, Hon. 
Carroll D. Wright, in 1894, spoiled much of the slumming 
literature. For one thing, it shows that the slums are 
not as unhealthy as supposed, 46 which is doubtless 
due to the fact that the occupants of the crowded, 
unattractive dwellings spend more time in the open air 
than those whose homes are more attractive. Another 
equally surprising fact shown by the investigation is 
that the average earnings of the occupants of the slums 
are quite up to the average earnings of the people at 
large. They prefer fewer rooms and more rum. 47 
The investigation shows that in the slums there are not 
only more lodgers to a building than elsewhere, but also 
more saloons in proportion to the population than else- 
where — and a larger percentage of foreigners, of course, 
than in the remainder of the city, in each case. 



78 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

§ 30. But in the discussion of social problems the slums 
have had too large a place. They are mostly confined to 

the largest cities, and are not the customary 
sociattonf S " habitat of working men, whose homes in the 

smaller cities usually have an air of frugal 
comfort. Except in New York City, where land is of 
great value, the industrious workman may, if he will, 
secure a little home of his own, usually in the suburbs, 48 
through small weekly payments to a Building and 
Loan Association. The motto of the United States 
League of Building Associations is, "The American 
home the safeguard of American liberties." The Ninth 
Annual Report of the U. S. Department of Labor, issued 
late in 1894, is devoted wholly to these associations, 
which are accurately defined as cooperative banks. It is 
an interesting fact that Hon. Carroll D. Wright shduld 
have issued almost simultaneously this volume on labor's 
self-help and his Chicago strike report, which advocates 
as strongly state help. The former report calls these 
building associations "a unique private banking busi- 
ness," and declares that it secures to the workmen who 
unite in them "not only all the benefits of a savings 
bank, but the benefit of constantly accruing compound 
interest." These associations help people of small earn- 
ings, by constant saving, to build little homes of their 
own, as 290,803 have done. An insurance feature is 
sometimes added to secure the association and the 
member against any loss in case of death. The insurance 
pays whatever balance may be due on a house at one's 
death, and leaves it unencumbered to his wife and chil- 
dren. The total of dues and profits which workmen 
have invested in these associations is $450,667,594. Of 
5838 associations, only 35 showed net loss for the year, 
and this amounted to a total of only $23,322. Those 
who belong to these associations are powerfully stimu- 
lated not only to thrift, but also to sobriety and sta- 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 79 

bility. * The fact that less than one-third of a million have 
yet acquired homes by them shows that they are not as 
yet a large element in the solution of the problems of 
poverty, but the facts of this report, wisely used by 
philanthropists, ought to make them much more so. It 
would seem that only those who have something more 
than a "living wage" could avail themselves of these 
associations, but many a workman's family spends more 
on rent and rum, 49 or upon tobacco 50 and knickknacks, 
than would be necessary to build a home through one of 
these associations. 51 

§ 31. The multiplication of social clubs is an important 
sociological study, not only because some of them promote 
the drink habit 52 and gambling by giving 
them seeming respectability and social 
attractions ; not only because some of them promote 
impurity by their pictures and conversation and a lack of 
women's refining influence ; not only because the purest 
of them often take time which should have been given 
to churches, now much less numerous than lodges in 
American cities ; 53 but also because, to a multitude of 
fathers and sons, these social clubs interfere with their 



* Pessimists and optimists in their opposite uses of mortgage statistics 
afford us valuable data, if not for hope or fear, at least for studies in 
logic and statistics. (See American Magazine of Civics, January and 
March, 1895.) There are mortgages and mortgages, as different from 
each other as blessings and curses. When the people of both East and 
West looked upon the West as an Arabian Nights wonderland whose 
beanstalks would grow fortunes in a fortnight, the East was too ready to 
lend, and the West to borrow at high rates of interest ; and the mort- 
gages then made became, in many cases, curses to both borrower and 
lender. But in statistical studies such mortgages should be distinguished 
from the cooperative or other mortgages by which the poor are becoming 
owners of their homes or farms. As a basis of all such studies, send to 
Census Bureau, Washington, D. C, for Bulletin 98, which shows that of 
every 100 families in U. S. 52 hire homes or farms, 13 own with encum- 
brance, 35 without. 



8o PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

primary duties to the home. 54 Many a man finds time 
for almost every ''society" except the society of his wife 
and children. Clubs that are social in the sociological 
sense, that is, altruistic, however, are a power for good, 
and helpers, not enemies of the home. 55 

§ 32. Many an hour which fathers spend in societies 
and mothers in "society" might be better spent in 
Home Teach- patriotic home teaching of civic duties to the 
ing of civics. prospective citizens of their household. 56 
Mothers especially should give more attention to civic 
matters, if for no other reasons, in order to keep step 
with their husbands and so prevent their temptation to 
seek intellectual and political comradeship elsewhere, 
But mothers need to study statesmanship also in order 
to train their children for citizenship. I have sometimes 
assumed to prove that women are really less fond of gos- 
sip than men by showing that they do not so generally 
read the newspapers. But while all might with profit 
skip the gossip, women, especially mothers, should more 
studiously than they do, as a rule, follow the important 
news, pondering not only the facts but also the political 
philosophy underlying them ; for instance, the frequent 
riots of recent years have taught all who read the papers 
carefully the relative powers of mayor, sheriff, governor, 
and President, as responsible in that order for the sup- 
pression of lawlessness in our cities. 

§ 33. Patriotic Christian women should arouse their 
sisters to greater interest in the social problems that so 
urgently call for their aid. That even " society women " 
are susceptible to such interest I found at a summer 
hotel in 1894, where, having shown the New York society 
ladies present a ballot on reform, 57 I was eagerly re- 
quested by them, after a two hours' morning discussion 
to hold an afternoon conference for them especially, 
at which they showed themselves uninformed indeed but 
eager to understand and help moral reforms. They 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE FAMILY. 8l 

apparently agreed with me that if, instead of giving their 
philanthropic efforts wholly to charity — as is too much the 
custom with women of wealth — they should devote a part 
of them to the preventive work of reform, they would 
render yet greater aid to charity by reducing the neces- 
sity for it. 

§ 34. There is not time to set in array the arguments 
for and against woman suffrage, 58 which is receiving 
unprecedented attention from legislators woman suf- 
the world over ; but certainly our suffrage frage. 
laws need radical revision in many respects, and since 
1890 I have been suggesting that a higher standard be 
decided upon to take effect at the beginning of the new 
century, close at hand. Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe — 
whose great book was really " the first draft of emancipa- 
tion"; to whom, said a Confederate general, Lee sur- 
rendered at Appomattox ; who could not drop a vote 
into the ballot box but who put a book into politics which 
outweighed what was then the majority vote — Mrs. Stowe 
is reported to have said to an unlettered negro servant in 
her Florida orange grove, who had at least a legal right to 
suffrage, " Sambo, don't you think I ought to have a right 
to vote as well as you?" " La, missus," was the reply, 
"does you think women has sense enough to vote ?" 

§ 35. As conversion is more to a child than heredity or 
training, home religion is the primary sociological requi- 
site. The writer, when asked what are the 

. . -1 j- j • Home Religion. 

most serious social perils discovered in 
more than eighty thousand miles of traxel as a student 
of social reforms, is accustomed to answer, Not intemper- 
ance or impurity or gambling or Sabbath-breaking, but 
the fact that nine-tenths of the Christian families of our 
»cities do not maintain daily home worship, while many par- 
ents in the same also fail to take the children regularly to 
public worship, depending on the Sabbath-school teacher 
to do in half an hour per week the work in a child's soul 



82 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

which God has committed chiefly to parents and pastor. 
While parents are at fault, church authorities are also to 
be blamed, since those churches that plan for it and 
expect it secure both a general observance of family 
worship and a general attendance of children at church. 
As daily dew is more influential upon the harvest than 
occasional rains, daily home worship, with Christian 
example and conversation, is more influential toward 
producing the nobler society of purity and justice and 
brotherhood, which is the kingdom of God, than any 
improvement in church worship and work. Although 
family religion should not end with the family Bible and 
the family pew, it should begin there ; and those who lack 
these usually lack the Christian example and the Chris- 
tian conversation that should support them. There is 
nothing by which society would be more radically bene- 
fited than by promoting home worship ; not by multi- 
plying it only, but especially by making it more attractive 
and helpful. This has been done in some churches by 
the authorities furnishing a list of daily readings for 
united use in all the families of the congregation, the 
readings being lighted up by sermons and prayer-meeting 
talks just preceding, 59 and also by such correct Bible 
pictures as those of Holland's Bible, which, unlike those 
of "the old masters" of misrepresentation, are not 
" flustrations " of the text. We could tell of a house- 
hold where, even before the use of such pictures, by 
selecting the narrative portions of the Bible and accom- 
panying the reading with brief words of explanation, 
lively boys of six and four years of age were so interested 
as to be unwilling to have the reading stopped, even 
with a second chapter — so interested as to be able to 
give account of the preceding reading at the opening of 
the next, in response to questions. 

Because family religion is the primary sociological 
requisite, 60 the Sabbath as the Home Day should be 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 83 

sacredly guarded, not only against work and dissipation, 
but also against Sunday visiting. That only day in all 
the week when in these times complete family life is pos- 
sible, should not be invaded by outsiders. 61 Statistics 
contain no sadder, no more serious fact than that the 
Greed Brothers, the two sons of selfishness, the miserly 
greed for gold and the prodigal greed for pleasure, in- 
vade every sixth home in our land more or less regularly 
on the Sabbath, and drag away father or son or daughter 
to unmerciful and unnecessary Sunday work. A child in 
such a home, when the mother read the story of the seven 
days of creation, said pathetically, "Mamma, we will 
have to get God to make an eighth day, so that father 
can be home sometimes, like the fathers in other homes 
that have a loving day." God has made "the eighth 
day," as Ezekiel, and John, and the " Fathers" call the 
Lord's Day, — the Sabbath that was " made for man," for 
every man, — and let us see to it that no selfishness or 
thoughtlessness of ourselves or others deprive him 
of it. 62 

On the Home Day we see combined at their best the 
two surviving institutions of Eden, the family and the 
Sabbath, the Tacin and Boaz pillars of _. . . ... 

J L The Sabbath 

strength and beauty which stood before that as the Home 
temple of innocence; and though scarred by Day< 
the fall, still they stand, like majestic pillars amid sur- 
rounding ruins and hovels at Rome, and behind those 
pillars, in the Christian Sabbath at home, we find, nearer 
than anywhere else on earth, our Paradise regained. 

II. Education. 

§ 36. The chief educational forces at work on social 
problems are child-saving institutions, common schools, 
the Sabbath, university extension, the university settle- 
ments, and the press. Those who sneer at "paternal 
government " would be the first to object if government 



84 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

were to withdraw from its most paternal function, educa- 
tion, in which, preeminently, the state stands in loco 
parentis. It is found that society needs to supplement the 
educational and training functions of the home not only 
by public schools but also by additional institutions. 

§ 37. The first serious problem encountered in this con- 
nection is the increasing disposition of parents among 
Parental the poor to shirk their God-given respon- 

Shirking. sibilities by turning over to child-saving in- 
stutions children who are not orphans — not even half or- 
phans, in many cases — merely to relieve themselves of care 
and cost through "child storage at public expense." 63 
This is done not only in case of reputable asylums, but also 
in the case of reform schools, which put a stigma for life 
upon their inmates. One of the saddest sights I ever saw 
was a reform school kindergarten, containing seventy- 
seven children from half a State, eight-year-old boys and 
girls, some of them really younger, but all sworn by their 
parents or guardians to be eight and 'incorrigible. In such 
cases a just administration would hold the parents to be re- 
formed and send the children to adopted parents of a 
nobler type. Many of these children, under kindly and 
firm mothering by the kindergarten teacher, proved to be 
as tractable as average children. It is doubtful if any 
child of eight can properly be considered " incorrigible "; 
and if any such there be, their parents or guardians are 
the guilty parties, save where society has allowed wages to 
fall so low that the mother must work away from home. 

It would at first thought seem that in any case children 
should be taken from such parents as seek to be rid of 
them, but it should be remembered that " evil is wrought 
for want of thought," and that proper rebukes from the 
bench and the pulpit and the press would shame many 
of those who cast off their own children, would at last 
shame society itself into a better course. 

This parental shirking is not confined to the poor, 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 85 

but appears in the alarming tendency of well-to-do-parents, 
who have both leisure and money, to evade their duties 
to the bodies and minds and souls of their children, and 
throw the whole responsibility upon nurses, schoolmasters, 
and Sabbath-schools. 64 

The exiling of children by their own parents is aggra- 
vated when the child-saving institutionsialso have a finan- 
cial interest in such transfers; as in New York State, for 
instance, where the state government appropriates such 
a stated sum for each inmate, which, by economy in feed- 
ing and dressing, can be made to leave a profit on each 
child for the sect which has them in charge. 65 

§ 38: This not only puts a premium on the unwhole- 
some exiling of children from their own homes, but also 
prevents their transfer from the institution 

r Congregate 

to homes that would adopt them; which last vs. piacing-out 
is now deemed by the masters of the art of plan< 
child-saving to be the chief function of all children's aid 
societies. They should not be " homes," but only home- 
finders. 66 

Not that the street waifs should be shipped at once to 
country homes, as in the reaction from the congregate to 
the placing-out plan was in some cases attempted ; since 
many children need a few weeks or months of physical, 
or mental, or moral training to put them in condition to 
be adopted with a chance of permanence in the new home. 

It has also been found, by the Philadelphia Children's 
Aid Society, that in order that the child thus adopted by 
some farmer shall not be skimped in education and recre- 
ation, and overworked to make good the expense of his 
living, it is best to pay the child's board for a while in 
the new home at a rate corresponding to the actual 
cost of his former support in the institution. This en- 
ables the society to secure for the child a better grade of 
homes and a more complete enjoyment of such privileges 
in the new home as would be given to those born into it. 



86 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

§ 39. While children are in child-saving institutions it 
is of utmost importance that moral education shall be 
more than incidental, rather central as most needed, 67 
especially in the case of those who have missed the bene- 
diction of Christian homes. One of the arguments 
against state aid is that, when it is received, Christian 
teaching is embarrassed or endangered. Private charity 
is Christian, and those appointed to dispense it are likely 
to be, if free. But state aid means political superintend- 
ence or supervision, with less chance of thorough teach- 
ing of Christian morals, for fear of the saloon vote, or 
some other vote. There is a common Christianity that 
can be taught, that is taught in some institutions, to 
Protestant and Roman Catholic children together without 
offense; but in public institutions there is danger of in- 
terference. For this reason, among others, child-saving 
institutions, so far as possible, should be supported 
wholly and so controlled fully by Christians. 

§ 40. But when voluntary charity has done its best, 
even if it should provide for all children whose guardians 
state Schools were willing for them to receive its aid, 
for Dependent there would remain a larger list of the lit- 
chiidren. ^ e W aifs and strays unprovided for, because 

their guardians would not willingly allow them to be res- 
cued from the crime school of the street. For such are 
needed non-sectarian state schools, such as the State Pub- 
lic School for Dependent Children at Coldwater, Mich., 
which has been copied by Minnesota, Wisconsin, and 
Rhode Island, to which superintendents of the poor, un- 
der approval of probate judges, may commit boys and 
girls, not as incorrigible, but as uncared for. 

§ 41. Industrial education, important in all schools, is 
especially so in all institutions for dependent, defect- 
ive or delinquent children. 68 Trade 

Trade Schools. ■ x 

schools put needed and deserved honor 
upon mechanical skill, and partly correct the injustice of 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 87 

those labor unions which, in the interest of imported 
labor, make it difficult for American boys to enter upon 
apprenticeships. 70 

It must be confessed that American boys are not 
overeager for manual work. They think that girls pre- 
fer soft-handed clerks who do girls' work at eight dollars 
per week rather than strong-handed, skilful mechanics 
who earn three times as much. When a carpenter shop 
is a part of every school we shall perhaps be rid of the idea 
that it is more honorable to measure taps than to follow 
the Founder of Christianity in the work of a mechanic. 

§ 42. One of the most commendable forms of child- 
saving* work, though related to education only as recess 
to study, is the Fresh Air Fund, including summer char- 
not only the two weeks' outing in the coun- ities - 
try given to thousands of poor city children, but also the 
seaside homes for children and bathing pavilions and 
picnic grounds and free excursions. 71 This science 
of summer charity is now so perfected in New York City 
that mothers who can spare but an hour or two are sup- 
plied systematically with ferry tickets for boats having 
a long crossing, that they may get a breath of air with 
their babes. The yard in the rear of the King's 
Daughters' Tenement House Station in New York City, 72 
to whose scanty shade and plays the neighboring chil- 
dren come eagerly, is beautifully called, "The King's 
Garden," a reminder that the little visitors, ragged as 
they are, are the King's children. Altruism, which started 
at the cradle in Bethlehem, has at last reached " chil- 
dren's rights." Jesus said, "Inasmuch as ye did it unto 
one of the least of these, ye did it unto me." In Rome 
untold wealth in jewels is bestowed upon the Bambino, 
the wooden image of the Christ-child. Better far to 
bestow it upon his living images, the children of cradles 
as lowly as his. It is surely a sign not only of growing 
humanity but also of increasing wisdom that even child's 



88 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

play is receiving such large attention. We may hope 
that, when the charitable movement for child's play is 
complete, the more important problem of child labor 73 
will receive the serious attention which it has so long 
demanded in vain. 

§ 43. Turning now to such homes as expect no chari- 
table help in the up-bringing of their children, but only 
Home and sucn a id as they are entitled to receive in 
School Coop- return for taxes or tuition from the schools, 
eration. ^ - g i m p 0r tant to emphasize the fact that 

when, in the division of labor, the teacher comes into a 
child's life it is not as a substitute for parental education, 
but only to supplement it. A child spends more of its 
childhood and youth at home than at school, and is learn- 
ing good or ill every hour in both. The child learns 
more in the first five years, before school life begins, 
than in any other five years of life, 74 sometimes more 
of bad grammar and worse morals than it can unlearn in 
all the rest of its life. Even if women had all been called 
to motherhood, the most liberal education might well be 
bestowed upon them as their children's first and best 
teachers, who begin the teaching of each child by heredity 
before its birth. If a mother has missed a liberal educa- 
tion, the first whisper of motherhood should call her to 
mental preparation. Mothers should read something 
besides novels, that they may be not only intellectual 
companions for their husbands, but intellectual leaders 
to their children. And fathers for like reasons should 
know something besides news. 75 The home circle should be 
a literary and scientific circle, not a mere boarding-house 
and sewing circle, a dreary round of eating and chatting. 

§ 44. The newspaper, which Lowell called the "goose- 
pond of village gossip," 76 must bear a part of the responsi- 
Newspapers bility for parental neglect of child-training. 
in the Home. it lies on the doorstep when the family 
awakens, and crowds out not only morning worship but 



1 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 89 

also family conversation at breakfast. If a few headings 
are read aloud, the father is too eager for more to so 
explain the news as to make it of educational value. The 
father returns at night having read another afternoon 
instalment of horrors that are better not told at all, 
especially to children. 77 The newspaper has crowded 
out all reading of books or even magazines, and he knows 
nothing save the partizan falsehoods and sensations of the 
paper, and so talks of these or, better, of nothing. 

Parents should make themselves capable of cooperating 
effectively with the schools in the education of their chil- 
dren by frequent visits to the schools. 

§45. But the school question is, "Shall we maintain 
the American common school essentially "The school 
as it was when it played so large a part in Question." 
the making of the Republic ? " 78 

The official withdrawal, by the Roman Catholic authori- 
ties in the States of New York, New Jersey, and Mary- 
land, in 1893-94, of the demand for an immediate legis- 
lative division of public-school funds, was manifestly only 
a postponement, for their official claims that the fund 
ought to be divided have not been withdrawn. 79 The 
public having been tested by these proposals — which, 
even if not made by, are surely in accord with, the high- 
est Roman Catholic authorities — it was found inexpedient 
to press the matter. The following statement of these 
proposals, made by The Catholic Review so recently as 
December 9, 1893, sounds almost humorous in its last 
sentence, in view of the Protestant protests they aroused 
everywhere. " Let our neighbors who are satisfied with 
the present secular system keep it for themselves, and let 
us have the denominational system ; the State paying for 
the secular studies and we paying for the religious train- 
of our young. Everybody will be satisfied." "Every- 
body" was not "satisfied" — not by sixty millions or so ; 
and the plan must therefore wait for a more favorable 



90 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

season. But the debate should go right on, if only to 
unite the friends of the public schools, including 
many, if not most, of the Roman Catholic laity 80 and 
some of the clergy, on some defensible, impregnable 
position. 

The Roman Catholic clergy, though it manifestly in- 
cludes two parties in this country, is generally — not unani- 
mously — united on the following plan (as stated by The 
Catholic Review of February 12, 1893), and the frequent 
recent protests of Roman Catholics, that they are "not 
opposed to the public schools," are to be interpreted 
accordingly : (1) Children of Roman Catholic parents are 
to be sent to public schools when no other education is 
available, and in such cases efforts are to be made to 
eliminate any teaching that would displease Roman 
Catholics, whether in histories or other books. (2) In 
the absence of any better scheme the Faribault plan — a 
failure in Faribault, but in operation in many other places 
— is commended as a good one, since by it Roman 
Catholic schools, in Roman Catholic buildings, taught by 
Roman Catholic sisters in costume, 81 are supported by 
public funds on the easy condition that the sectarian in- 
struction, though given in the same buildings, shall be 
given after or before school hours. (3) But neither of 
the before-mentioned plans is allowable where a parish is 
able to support, or (4), best of all, the nation or State 
or city can be induced to support regular parochial 
schools, in which religious teaching is always to be unre- 
stricted, and in which secular education, though open to 
civil inspection and bound to reach a certain standard in 
case of state support, is to be in any case independent 
of state control. In the words of The Catholic Review, 
February 26, 1893 : "Let the State imitate the example 
of Catholic Belgium and grant aid to any school where 
twenty bona fide scholars can be gathered, without refer- 
ence to the question of religion." 82 This last is the 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 91 

goal to which both clerical parties in the Roman Catholic 
Church press forward unitedly. 

§ 46. Can we find a basis for equal unity on the other 
side of the school question ? 

The school question is, Can the common Christianity 
be taught in the common schools in an unsectarian manner 
as the necessary basis of common Christian morals ? 
And the answer is : It can be, for iUhas been — has been 
from the first to this day in our rural schools ; has been in 
our cities until they were recently foreignized ; in both 
cases without offending "the consciences of parents " save 
as priests sometimes stirred them up ; has been for many 
years by united action of Protestants and Roman Catho- 
lics in a case which it is our present purpose to present 
at length — a case which seems to the writer to point to 
such a conclusive solution of this warlike agitation as all 
fair-minded persons in both camps can accept. 

§ 47. But, first of all, let us state the logical basis on 
which the Roman Catholic claim for state support of 
parochial or sectarian schools is based. I shall now put 
into logical order the substance of propositions, lying 
before me as I write, in the speeches of archbishops and 
others at the recent Catholic Congress in Chicago; in 
recent editorials of The Catholic Review, the foremost 
Roman Catholic periodical in this country, which I have 
read with care for years; and in the addresses of Mon- 
signor Satolli. 

1. In order to social security and good citizenship the 
state must see to it that the young receive moral as well 
as mental education. 83 

2. The Sabbath-schools cannot be depended on to 
furnish this moral education, for many of our youth do 
not attend any Sabbath-school, Protestant or Roman 
Catholic, and those who do attend get only one hour per 
week, which is wholly insufficient. 

3. Nor can parents be relied on to furnish this neces- 



92 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

sary moral education, for many of them are not able, and 
many more are not disposed to give it. 

4. Private schools (including parochials, Protestant 
and Catholic) include less than half a tithe of the children 
of school age. 

5. The day schools must therefore be enlisted. 

6. The morality taught, in order to be effective, must 
be, not a powerless pagan morality, without authority, 
but a morality with God and judgment behind it; and 
in this country, declared by the National Supreme Court 
to be "a Christian nation," it should be a Christian 
morality. 

The foregoing propositions— from which the Roman 
Catholic authorities leap to the "lame and impotent 
conclusion " that denominational schools are the only 
kind in which Christian morals can be adequately taught 
in a land of many sects, and that "the public school" 
should therefore, in the words of Archbishop Ryan — see 
Catholic Revietv, May 6, 1893 — "be placed on its true 
plane in this country, the denominational system " — the 
foregoing numbered propositions, I repeat, have a won- 
derfully familiar look. In fact, these guns, now turned 
against our schools, are the very ones we used in defense 
of the Bible in the schools a score of years ago, and then 
surrendered them for the sake of peace. On examination 
they are found to be of American, not of Roman make. 

§ 48. It is not enough to reply to the Roman Catholic 

attack on the "godless schools" of our cities — I have 

"Godless found by circular of inquiry that the Bible 

Schools." i s generally retained in the rural schools — 
I repeat, it is not enough to reply that those who attack 
our schools because they are "godless" made them so. 
We were as foolish in consenting to banish the Bible from 
our schools as they were unfair in asking us to make the 
schools "godless" in order to strengthen their argument 
against them. We ought to have seen that when they 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 93 

cried, " sectarian schools," because of the reading of the 
Bible, without note or comment, in a version differing 
scarcely at all from their own, it was not the Bible they 
were attacking but the public school itself, whose atmos- 
phere they deemed too unsectarian for children whom they 
had taught to believe that there is only one true Church. 
We ought to have seen that compromise, instead of bring- 
ing peace, would only encourage the foes of our schools 
to continue the war. 

But our "godless schools," so far as they are "god- 
less," however made so, cannot be defended on Ameri- 
.can principles. We must retake those surrendered guns 
and reoccupy the only defensible position for an Ameri- 
can Christian nation, namely, that our public schools 
shall again teach Christian morals 84 in an unsectarian 
manner as a necessary basis of social security and good 
citizenship. 86 

Christian morals can be so taught, for they were so 
taught in all our public schools in the making of America. 
The school-teacher of New England, as I remember him, 
was only second to the pastor as a moral force in the 
community. He showed as much solicitude for the 
morals as for the minds of his pupils. He sought to 
make them not only smart but good. He did not forget, 
what Roman Catholics so often remind us of since they 
have banished moral education from the schools, that 
mental education only prepares those of undeveloped or 
depraved morals to be the more dangerous criminals ; 
that ignorance may furnish the bank-breaker, but only 
education can furnish the bank-wrecker; that an educated 
criminal may embezzle more in a day than a retail thief 
can steal in a lifetime. 86 The teacher imparted moral 
force as he read reverently from the Bible as the moral 
law; as he prayed, not only in the words of the Lord's 
Prayer but in those days often in his own words also, with 
reference to the special needs of pupils, but never in a 



94 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

sectarian spirit ; and as he met wayward pupils after 
school for earnest admonition. 

In these days of a more complex and more critical 
population, it might be wise in some cases to put in place 
of the extemporaneous freedom of former years and the 
timid secularity of recent times, carefully prepared 
schedules of Bible readings 87 and text-books of morals 
from which controverted points had been excluded, so 
far as practicable, by mutual agreement of Protestant and 
Roman Catholic authorities, six-sevenths of whose creeds, 
as we shall show, is "common Christianity" 88 that 
can be taught in unison for six days per week, leaving 
the Sabbath for sectarian teaching in the case of those 
who do not believe that even then it is better to teach 
the "common Christianity." 

§49. Such apian is practicable, for it is practised. The 
case I am to cite, though not itself the solution of the 
cooperation of sch ° o1 question, points straight to it. It is 
Protestants and the case of the Pennsylvania Reform School 
catholics. at Morganza, where our "common Chris- 

tianity," with special reference to Christian morals, has 
been taught daily to the whole school for many years by 
Protestant teachers from an unsectarian Christian text- 
book, written for this purpose by a Roman Catholic 
priest, Father Canevan of Pittsburg ; a text-book which 
has been approved by his bishop, approved also by a 
Presbyterian editor on the board of management and by 
other Protestants ; and which is used, under the priest's 
approval, in conjunction with the daily study of the 
International Sabbath-school Lessons, as expounded in 
the undenominational lesson leaves of The American 
Sunday School Union, and impressed by such hymns as 
"Rock of Ages." These lessons have been studied more 
than sixteen years, long enough to traverse the whole 
Bible, by selections, twice and more. These studies 
occupy fifteen minutes of each week-day evening, and a 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 95 

longer time in the Sabbath-school, in which last, also, the 
whole school unites. The work is largely memorizing 
the form of sound words. For denominational teaching 
a priest meets Roman Catholic children on Monday 
evenings. Extended conversations with Father Canevan 
and with the superintendent of the institution, Mr. J. A. 
Quay, show that the plan has been highly satisfactory to 
all concerned. The bishop'* very suggestive letter of 
approval is as follows : 

"Allegheny City, December 20, 1890. 
" Mr. J. A. Quay : 

" Dear Sir : The book, Easy Lessons in Christian Doctrine, is the 
only book of religious instruction that has come under my notice, which 
claims to keep within the lines of belief common to all who profess faith 
in Jesus Christ. It is, therefore, well suited for a text-book in public 
institutions where Catholics and Protestants cannot, at all times, receive 
separate religious instructions. Catholics can accept all that the book 
contains ; and the important truths of the Catholic religion which it does 
not contain can readily be supplied by the priest who conducts the special 
services for the Catholic inmates of the institution in which your book is 
issued. 

" Respectfully yours, 

" R. Phelan, Bishop of Pittsburg." 

The fact that this harmonious cooperation of Protes- 
tants and Roman Catholics in teaching Christian morals 
is found in a reform school does not in any way affect the 
main argument of this topic. The school is also a 
public school, supported and controlled by the State, and 
there is not one word in the text-book that makes it any 
less appropriate for other public schools. Indeed it is 
avowedly prepared for " mixed schools," wherever found. 
The bishop's letter and this long experiment prove that 
there is a "common Christianity " which can be taught 
to Protestant and Roman Catholic children in unison, 
and that " the important truths of the Catholic religion," 
not included in this "common Christianity," can be sup- 
plied in " special services " on one day of each week. 



96 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

My own examination of this significant text-book shows 
that it is a fair expression of the common beliefs of those 
who severally claim to be " Catholic" and " orthodox," 
and who, with their families, make up seven-tenths at 
least of our population. In public schools, attended by 
children of good parents, the moral education might well 
include less theology and more of the Bible. I am not 
advocating the use of this particular text-book, although 
I have seen no better catechism anywhere. But this 
book and its use 89 do prove that so far as Roman 
Catholics and evangelical Protestants are concerned 
there is no " school problem," only a case worked up for 
the sake of argument and appropriations. 90 

§ 50. The only real problem concerns the rights of the 
minority whose views of religion are opposed to both the 

As to the " Catholic " and the " orthodox." Cer- 
jews. tainly this minority cannot rightly ask the 

majority in a Christian republic to omit for their sakes 
that teaching of Christian morals which the majority 
believe essential not only to individual good but also to 
the welfare of the state. Better than such omission to 
permit the minority to keep their children out of school 
during the time devoted to Christian morals on guaran- 
tees to provide for their moral training otherwise. Few, 
if any, would do this. 

Some would be disposed to make a text-book of morality 
with God behind it but not a divine Christ, in order to 
conciliate this minority of Hebrews and "liberals," fol- 
lowing the precedent of our State Constitutions and most 
of our Thanksgiving proclamations. 91 This would be 
far better than to continue our "godless schools"; but 
those who believe, with the National Supreme Court, that 
""This is a Christian nation," may consistently insist, 
"with malice toward none and charity for all," that the 
public schools of a "Christian nation" shall teach an 
authoritative Christian morality, 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 97 

When our nation is outstripping the world in divorce 
and crime, and outstripping its own growth in both these 
and in drink, surely moral education of the young must be 
counted a necessity of life to the Republic. 

§ 51. Who will say that our future citizens would not 
be as profitably employed in studying Christian morality 
as in studying Greek mythology and Roman wars and 
French phrases ? Why may not*he school children of a 
Christian nation study the life and works of Christ as 
well as those of lesser men ? In the words of Archbishop 
Ryan at the Catholic Congress: "Are chastity and 
honesty and obedience to law less important than arith- 
metic and grammar?" In that reform school, which 
provides for but half a State, I heard these lessons in 
morals recited by a kindergarten class of seventy-seven. 
If we would stay the appaling growth of reform schools 
we must reform our common schools by introducing 
moral teaching, in which prevention is far better than 
cure. 92 

Whatever may be thought of moral text-books, the 
facts we have cited prove that there can be no reasonable 
objection made by Roman Catholics, or in their behalf, to 
the American custom of reading the Bible without note 
or comment in the public schools. Protestants and 
Roman Catholics have cooperated in our great national 
conflicts with slavery, intemperance, divorce, impurity, 
gambling, and Sabbath-breaking. Let Roman Catholics 
also cooperate with us to restore and increase the teach- 
ing of Christian morality in our public schools. That 
some of them will do so is foretokened by the following 
words from one of their ablest papers, the New York 
Tablet:* "The pretense of the enemies of our public 
schools that the schoolroom is a point of attack against 
the faith of Catholic children is preposterous, and is 

* Quoted in The Congregationalist, February 16, 1863. 



9 8 



PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 



calculated to excite the indignation and resentment of 
non-Catholics, who know it to be untrue. Neither is it 
true, as pretended, that there is any attempt made in the 
public schools to lead the young into indifference with 
regard to all religion, which is sure to end in infi- 
delity. . . The separate education of the youth of the 
country tends to destroy the principle of homogeneity 
in our population, creates suspicion and distrust in its 
ranks which is often perpetuated after the youth attains 
to manhood, to the injury of the individual and the 
community." 

§ 52. We may soon expect larger interest in several 

moral reforms as a result of the scientific temperance 

_ . ... education which Mrs. Mary H. Hunt and 

Scientific J 

Temperance the W. C. T. U. have introduced in nearly 
Education. all our StateS- sixteen millions of children, 

in January, 1895, were under these scientific temperance 
education laws. 93 




This compulsory hygienic education, "with special 
reference to alcoholics and narcotics," shows that health 
and strength as well as morals and religion call for total 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 99 

abstinence not only from alcoholic beverages but also 
from tobacco, 94 and the impurity which both provoke 
and promote. And the hygienic necessity of Sabbath rest 
also to the best health and longest life is soon to be added 
in connection with Dr. A. Haegler's chart. (See page 98). 

Dr. Haegler calls attention to the chemical facts of 
expenditure and repair in constituents of the blood, as 
demonstrated by Pillerkofer ami Voit, who showed that 
the nightly rest after the day's work did not afford a com- 
plete recuperation of the vital forces and was insufficient 
to keep the mind and body in tone ; but that, if this 
reparation is not supplemented by an occasional longer 
period of rest, the system is subjected to a gradual 
falling in pitch. 95 

Other evils should be made the subject of compulsory 
moral education; for instance, gambling, our national vice, 
in which we exceed all other nations. Even 

11 11 ! 1 1 Gambling. 

collegians are not all educated to under- 
stand that betting is the brother of burglary, whether the 
betting be on the pace of animals or on the price of 
vegetables, on the ground that in both cases there is a 
commercial transaction in which one gets something for 
nothing. 96 A few years ago, I met a college president 
who had not learned that only "a fair exchange is no 
robbery." He submitted to me, as a question of casuis- 
try, the fact that a Governor had sent him, for educational 
uses, fifty dollars won at cards from a well-known mer- 
chant, and asked whether I would have kept it. To my 
emphatic, " No, "he replied, " I kept it and gave twenty- 
five dollars each to two poor girls to help them through 
college." As I have no doubt he would have rejected 
fifty dollars offered by a thief as something which, in 
thief parlance, the giver had " won," and as I am equally 
certain he would not approve even the highwayman who 
robs the rich to help the poor, I infer that the education 
of this Christian college president had been neglected as 



IOO PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

to the meaning of " value received," on the one hand, 
and of robbery, on the other. 97 

In a republic, whose very existence depends on public 
morality quite as much, if not more, than upon public 
intelligence, moral education becomes a patriotic as well 
as a Christian duty. 

§ 53. And in this moral education the colleges should 
have a large part. They have too much assumed that 
Colleges and such education has received sufficient atten- 
Ethics - tion in the homes and Sabbath-schools, and 

in the elementary and preparatory courses. Even Chris- 
tian colleges, until recently, have given little attention 
to the English Bible, on this assumption. But examina- 
tion shows that the average freshman does not know 
enough of the Bible to understand the references to it 
that are woven all through English literature and make 
such knowledge a prerequisite to intelligent reading. 98 
Examination would show a like deficiency, no doubt, in 
scientific knowledge of temperance, purity, gambling, the 
Sabbath. A letter just received brings information that 
Mrs. Hunt has made a beginning in the introduction of 
scientific temperance education in the colleges, the pro- 
jected American University at Washington having 
acceded to her petition that it should become a teacher 
of teachers on this subject. 99 

Colleges should not only teach, but actively aid social 
reform. Paul, Luther, Wesley, each wrought their great 
reformations from the vantage ground of the best educa- 
tional institutions of their times. Our nation has in two 
years past lost, in depreciated value and otherwise, more 
than the cost of our four years' war — so it is claimed — 
and all for lack of economic wisdom in handling the tariff 
and currency issues, on which our universities should 
have rendered decisive aid. Students, too, will study 
social reforms the more effectively if they study them 
actively. In this last there is need only of leadership. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. IOI 

In my reform campaigns in behalf of the Sabbath and 
temperance and purity at the World's Fair, I often asked 
colleges to send out petitions to the towns of the whole 
State, or to do some like work, and never in vain. Oberlin 
College, appealed to to make itself once more a leader in 
reform, gave the money and work needed to invite all the 
colleges of the land and all the towns of Ohio to active 
participation in the World's F&ir Sabbath-closing war. 
Lawrence and Monmouth and College Springs did like 
work in other fields. The Allegheny Theological Semi- 
nary proved itself a power in that fight and also in defense 
of the Sabbath law of the State. Such a Sociological 
Institute as has been organized here at Princeton Semi- 
nary, studying social problems with the impartiality and 
zeal of Christian scholars, may have a large influence in 
bringing them to a just and peaceful issue. 100 

§ 54. University extension is a movement of cultured 
men, in sympathy with the higher needs of the poor, to 
socialize higher education, to make its out- university 
look at least, — its facts, not its discipline — Extension. 
a common possession. Its projectors realized that man 
cannot live by bread alone; that the worst poverty is of 
the mind; and that it is a shallow philanthropy that 
enriches the larder but not the library. Therefore it was 
proposed, by free or cheap lectures and brief books, to 
put the outline of university studies within reach of all. 

The movement seems to have started independently 
and coincidently in the English universities and in our 
Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. The latter 
branch is by far the greatest, and it is a curious fact that 
Bishop J. H. Vincent, who conceived this chief agency 
of university extension, is not a university graduate, but 
was led to establish it by the memory of his own struggles 
for self-culture and by his own felt want of college train- 
ing, which he has more than made good, but at great 
odds. The class of 1895 ^ n this people's university, of 



102 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

which class your speaker has the honor to be president, 
enrolled, at the start, fifteen thousand readers. This 
reading gives a broad, inspiring view of the history and 
literature of Greece, Rome, England, and America, with 
glimpses of physical and economic science. Men and 
women with such an outlook will not be forever wrangling 
over spoils, whether political or industrial, as their all. 
History will broaden their homes and literature lighten 
their labor.* 

University extension might increase its usefulness by 
giving a larger place to social ethics, even though that 
might make it necessary to be less literary. Its readings 
and lectures include some brief studies of the labor 
problem. Why not add an extension of scientific temper- 
ance education in the form of health talks in public halls 
on the nerves, the blood, the digestive system, each given 
by a doctor 101 or by some other person of unquestioned 
scientific standing, with illustrative experiments and 
charts, and each showing the effect of alcohol on the part 
of the body under discussion; so reviving the somewhat 
jaded interest in temperance by connecting it with the 
current tendency to out-of-school scientific studies ? 

§ 55. University settlements, though suggested by 
university extension, are a much intenser philanthropy, 
university University extension contemplates only 
Settlements. bright sallies of cultured thought into the 
lives of the poor, but the university settlement means 
almost a new incarnation of Christ; a coming down of 
cultured wealth in his name not from heaven to earth 
but from heaven to hell, to the very slums, for per- 
manent, or at least continued abode. It means neigh- 
borly, yea, brotherly fellowship 102 of the most cultured 

* The Review of Reviews reported that more than one hundred sum- 
mer schools were held in 1895. Most of these are outgrowths of 
Chautauqua. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. IO3 

with the most ignorant ; of refinement with coarse- 
ness; of virtue with vice. A company of university 
men or women or of both make a home in the slums 
and identify themselves as kindly neighbors with all the 
local interests, with the probability that their motives 
will be impugned or misunderstood by some, that oppo- 
sition will be met as well as gratitude — all this without 
earthly reward and at their own* cost every way. Some- 
times the "head worker," because his continued leader- 
ship for years together is needed, has his expenses 
provided for by a "fellowship," endowed by university 
friends ; but the rule, and to a great extent the practice, 
is that each "resident" pays his own board as well as 
gives his time for the six months or more he devotes to 
this humanitarian work. He visits a certain number of 
poor families regularly or frequently. He conducts 
clubs of boys, of girls, of adults. Labor and other 
problems are discussed in parlor conferences. A library 
is provided. He seeks to improve the sanitation of the 
neighborhood, to secure the building of model tene- 
ments, the opening of parks and playgrounds.* Usually 
the settlement does not dispense charity, but sends appli- 
cants to other societies devoted to that work. But the 
settlement's work is itself one great embodiment of true 
charity — that highest charity that says, to use the express- 
ive suggestion of Dr. Josiah Strong, not " Here is my 
check; send someone else," but " Here am I; send me." 
Such I knew to be the Christian scope and plan and 
ideal of university settlements when, one Sabbath morn- 
ing, in New York, I made my first visit to a real one. 
It was about church time, but instead of a service I found 
the gymnasium in use. The pool-room was also open, 

* By far the most complete social settlement is Hull House, Chicago, 
whose head worker, Miss Jane Addams, is known in Chicago for her 
wise and good works as " Saint Jane." Send for Outline Sketch. 



104 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

but on its walls I found the only recognition of the Sab- 
bath — the most unique recognition it ever received since 
the world began — a notice that whereas this pool-room 
was open until 10.30 p. m. on other evenings, on Sunday it 
would closeat 10. That particular morningthe pool-room, 
though open, was idle for the reason, as I was assured, that 
the boys' club had gone to a Sunday ball game on Staten 
Island. I was told that every Saturday night there was 
a general dance, and that in the boys' club smoking was 
allowed but not card-playing. Somewhat startled by all 
this I was yet able to credit with a Christian spirit the 
founder of that "Neighborhood Guild" who had made 
his home in the " Typhus Ward, " the " Crooked Ward," 
the most crowded ward of the world, for the " improve- 
ment " of his fellow men. 103 Let us be very charitable 
and generous as to motives, but very careful as to 
methods. Of course the ground for devoting the Sab- 
bath at this settlement to amusement is that its 
constituency is largely Jewish and almost wholly Con- 
tinental; but the American managers should at least 
regard the fact that Sunday amusements, such as they 
provide and promote, are violations of civil law, and the 
further fact that there is nothing that more needs to be 
taught in the "Crooked Ward" than strict obedience to 
law. This settlement in its use of the Sabbath is an 
extreme case. Other settlements which exclude the 
spiritualities of Christianity while seeking to promote 
its humanities, instead of using the day for amusements 
make it mostly an empty day, whereas, as the one day of 
leisure, it ought to be made in some proper way the most 
influential day of all. At the New York College Settle- 
ment, carried on by graduates of women's colleges, we 
were told that except a club meeting on Sabbath evening 
and sometimes a children's song service, with Christ left 
out to avoid offending the Jews, nothing was done on the 
Sabbath except by such of the residents as were religious 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 105 

enough to work in some of the neighboring Sabbath- 
schools. The "agnostic girls," we were informed, had 
no part in such work. "Agnostic girls," indeed, from 
Wellesley and Vassar and Smith and Bryn Mawr! But let 
us rejoice that they are not agnostic on Christian hu- 
manities. Agnostics in heathen lands have no university 
settlements. 

Although the university settlement idea is plainly a 
child of the Incarnation, and has been carried out mostly 
by Christian people, yet a fear of offending Jews and 
Roman Catholics, who together have constituted the 
most numerous beneficiaries, has made the question of 
religion one of the most perplexing with which the set- 
tlements have had to deal. Some of the settlements have 
concluded, no doubt from conscientious motives, that 
the Bible should be excluded from the library, and the 
name of Christ from the singing, and that no direct effort 
should be made for personal conversion. Even in the 
realm of ethics such positive measures as pledges are 
usually not introduced either in the department of tem- 
perance or of purity. 

Among the settlements that do not think it necessary 
to hide their Christian motive and purpose, we do not 
find less success in philanthropic lines because spiritual 
work is also introduced. For instance, the Epworth 
League House of Boston, a settlement managed by 
Boston University, chiefly by its School of Theology, 
has made itself a power among the Jews and Italians of 
the North End. It differs from nearly all other settle- 
ments in that it is not a bachelors' hall but a home : one 
resident bringing his mother, another his wife, another 
his sister, to make the full round of home influences. 
The policy is neither to smuggle religion out nor to 
smuggle it in. It is not introduced unexpectedly at 
gatherings professing to be industrial or social or educa- 
tional only; but the beneficiaries are frankly told by their 



lo6 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

benefactors what love constrains them to their distaste- 
ful work, and invited to religious services in the settle- 
ment and at neighboring churches. One result is an 
Italian Methodist Church of over a hundred members, 
whose pastor is regarded all over Boston as the champion 
of Italian working men in their fight with the padrones. 104 

To denominational institutional churches, each of 
which should be liberally sustained by the up-town 
churches of its own denomination, should be attached in 
each case a denominational university settlement in order 
to combine the benefits of both institutions, each of which 
needs the other. The settlements all stand for humanity 
and happiness. 105 They need to be brought in some way 
into direct and avowed connection with the Christianity 
from which both humanity and happiness spring. 

§ 56. In such a case the Sabbath will be found the 
greatest of educational forces at work on social problems. 
The Sabbath It is university extension, for in twenty- 
as an Educator, eight years of well-kept Sabbaths one has 
as much time for thought and self-improvement as in a 
college course. Twenty-eight years divided by seven 
gives four years. The Sabbath is the working man's 
college, by the aid of which the workmen of Great 
Britain and America have been fitted for successful self- 
government. For lack of it the Sabbathless French and 
Spanish republics are forever engaged in petty civil 
strife, too ignorant to govern themselves. The Sabbath 
also makes it possible for a multitude to apply the uni- 
versity settlement idea at least once a week, by going 
from homes of wealth and culture to the slums, to give 
them what they need more than charity — what will do 
more for them than any merely financial reform — the 
uplift and outlook of brotherly fellowship. 

§ 57. The newspaper is the nation's common school, in 
a wider sense than anything else can be. The average 
citizen in a lifetime spends more time with his newspaper 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EDUCATION. 107 

than in school, and his mind inevitably grows like what 
it feeds on. It is passing strange that this age of un- 
paralleled mechanical and mental achieve- 
ments is so befogged with doubts when- pape r as & ^' e 
ever anyone suggests that there might be People's coi- 
successful newspapers that were also clean ege ' 
and correct in their news-telling. An experiment or 
two on a charity basis proves nothing. What is needed 
is that some rich men shall get out of the ruts in their 
giving, and instead of adding to the already too numerous 
colleges, establish a syndicate of daily papers across the 
land, twenty-four hours apart, financially strong and 
morally pure. 

I have noted the proverb that whatever a nation would 
have appear in its citizens it must put into its common 
schools. It might also be said that a nation cannot be 
expected to be permanently better than its newspapers. 

I am not arguing for a newspaper whose columns shall 
read like a church service, but only for one that shall read 
like a gentleman's conversation ; one that will print no 
gossip or scandal that a gentleman would not speak.* 

* The following sonnet from William Watson's new book, Odes and 
Sonnets, fitly rebukes the levity " in tragic presences," which the aver- 
age newspaper represents and promotes : 

I think the immortal servants of mankind, 

Who, from their graves, watch how by slow degrees 
The World-Soul greatens with the centuries, 

Mourn most Man's barren levity of mind, 

The ear to no grave harmonies inclined, 

The witless thirst for false wit's worthless lees, 
The laugh mistimed in tragic presences, 

The eye to all majestic meanings blind. 

O prophets, martyrs, saviors, ye were great, 

All truth being great to you ; ye deemed man more 
Than a dull jest, God's ennui to amuse ; 

The world for you held purport ; Life ye wore 

Proudly, as kings their solemn robes of state ; 
And humbly, as the mightiest monarchs use. 



108 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

It is not sufficiently known that our current daily papers 
are not counted clean enough even for prisons. When 
the Elmira Reformatory, which is still the model penal 
institution of the world, in spite of recent newspaper vili- 
fication, reached the point in its development when its 
manager, Mr. Brockway, felt that the educational influ- 
ence of the world's important news ought in some way 
to be brought to bear on the prisoners — agreeing as he 
did with the universal law excluding both police ga- 
zettes 106 and daily newspapers from prisons because they 
describe crime in a way to multiply it — he was driven to 
the necessity of originating a newspaper clean enough for 
a prison, which is called The Summary. Some day soci- 
ety will give equal protection to its parlors, will exile 
crime-provoking reading from its youth before it sends 
them to prison. There are some leading papers that 
come so near the standard that they might easily be 
raised to it by a wave of public sentiment. But it is a 
sad comment on the individualistic methods of the 
Church, that with one-third of our population Christian 
communicants — one-fifth of the population evangelicals — 
there is not even one metropolitan daily paper which does 
not invite its readers to races or to rum. 

We know of few educational investments for Christian 
funds so promising of vast influence for good as the es- 
tablishment of a national syndicate of newspapers so 
edited, endowed, and conditioned as to be able to tell all 
the news correctly, concisely, completely, and cleanly. 

§ 58. But, after all, if we may express in a closing sen- 
tence the importance of preventive work for the young, 
which is the central thought and theme of this lecture, it 
is easier to form than to reform; and so, if I may extend 
Mrs. Hunt's motto, " the star of hope of the temperance 
reform " — of every reform — " is over the schoolhouse " — 
and over the home, as at Bethlehem— over the child, over 
the Christ. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

§ I. What is the primary social group? How does the protection 
afforded by law to purity compare with that afforded to property ? How 
are property considerations unduly emphasized in sociological teaching ? 

§ 2. What are the associated units in normal society ? What is the 
historical origin of society, and what its mode of development ? The 
abnormal moral condition of our cities is partly due to what abnormal 
social condition ? 

§ 3. Howls the corrupt family related to the body politic ? 

§ 4. Against what two evils should the Christian foundation of the 
family be defended ? 

§ 5. What is the status of monogamy and polygamy in the Bible and in 
the lands that base their civilization upon it ? What are the two dis- 
tinctive features of Christian morality ? How is woman treated in the 
best of heathen lands ? What has been the attitude of all pagan religions 
toward purity ? 

§ 6. What is the present status of the Mormon problem ? 

§ 7. What official investigation of divorces is the chief aid to statistical 
study of that subject ? To what extent are divorces multiplying? What 
is the best, what the worst State average, and what the national ? 

§ 8. What is the substance of Hon. Carroll D. Wright's argument for 
absolute divorce for more than one cause ? What reply is made to it ? 

§ 9. What qualifications of our seeming inferiority to other nations in 
the matter of marriage are suggested ? How many divorces, involving 
how many children, were issued in 1886 ? 

§ 10. In the way of remedies, what are the arguments for and against 
a national marriage and divorce amendment? What can Congress do by 
statute law to check lax divorce ? 

§ 11. How many State commissions have been appointed wholly or in 
part for the purpose of harmonizing State laws on marriage and divorce ? 

§§ 12-15. What other checks upon lax divorce are suggested? What 
has been the effect of recent anti-divorce agitation ? 

§ 16. What proportion of families are not rent by divorce ? 

§ 17. How is the increase of girl bachelors explained ? 

§ 18. How is the increase of bachelorhood among men explained ? 

§ 19. What is society's chief interest in the family? 

§ 20. What is the relative influence of heredity, training, and con- 
version ? 

§ 21. What facts show the need and power of the White Cross ? 

§ 22. What should be avoided and what sought for in pictures for the 
home ? 

§ 23. Why should hygienic education be provided for girls especially, 
and how ? 

§ 24. How is intemperance especially harmful to the home ? 

§ 25. In the controversy between Professor Drummond and Mr. 
Benjamin Kidd as to altruism in nature, how far is each right? 

109 



tl6 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

§ 26. Is heredity or training the stronger force ? What facts are 
cited to show that even Christian homes are not always training schools 
of obedience ? What addition to the kindergarten is suggested ? 

~§ 27. What labor questions are also questions of the family ? 

I 28. How is overcrowding "first lieutenant in the army of paupers 
and criminals " ? 

§ 29. What surprising facts were developed as to the slums by a 
government investigation ? 

§ 30. What facts are officially reported as to building associations ? 

§31. What objections are made to social clubs? What kind of clubs 
are commended ? 

§ 32. What suggestions are made as to patriotic home teaching of 
civic duties ? 

§ 33. Is it possible to interest " society women " in social problems? 

§ 34. What is said of woman suffrage and related suffrage reforms ? 

(See note in Appendix.) 

§ 35- What facts and suggestions are given as to family religion ? 
How is a quiet Sabbath of value to the home ? 

§ 36. What are the six chief educational forces ? 

§ 37. What facts are given as to parents needlessly exiling their 
children to charitable and reformatory institutions? How do many of 
the rich shirk their parental duties ? How is the transfer of children 
from families to institutions abetted by government action in some 
States ? 

§ 38. What is the relative value and what the functions of the con- 
gregate and placing-out plans ? What is the Philadelphia placing-out 
plan ? 

§ 39. Why is moral education especially important in child-saving 
institutions, and how is it hindered and how promoted ? 

§ 40. Why is it desirable to supplement private institutions with public 
ones ? Where are the best State schools for dependent children to be 
found ? 

§ 41. How is industrial education of value in child-saving institutions, 
and how in public schools ? 

§ 42. What summer charities are enumerated ? 

§ 43. What are the educational duties of the home ? What modern 
hindrance to home teaching is mentioned ? 

§ 45. What is the school question ? What claims have recently been 
made and postponed ? What, exactly, is the whole Roman Catholic 
plan as to schools and school funds ? 

§ 46. What is the historic American plan of moral teaching in public 
schools ? 

§ 47. What is the Roman Catholic argument? How does it resemble, 
and how differ from, the American Protestant argument? 

§ 48. How may the charge that our schools are " godless " be wisely 
met ? How was moral culture promoted in the schools in the making of 
America ? Why should moral as well as mental education be provided 
for in public schools ? What changes in school devotions are suggested 
for our new conditions ? 

§ 49. What instance is given of the harmonious teaching of the com- 
mon Christianity in a mixed school ? 

§ 50. W T hat is said as to the rights of the Jewish and antichristian 
minority ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. Ill 

§ 51. What is the relative value of Christian morality and other school 
studies ? What is the conclusion as to reading the Bible in the schools 
without note or comment ? What evidence is given that some lay 
Catholics will stand with us for the common schools ? 

§ 52. To what extent has scientific temperance education been intro- 
duced in the public schools? What additional subjects of moral educa- 
tion are suggested ? What fundamental principle underlies all forms of 
gambling? 

§ 53. What aid might colleges appropriately give to moral reforms in 
the way of education and agitation ? 

§ 54. W T hat is the purpose and what the most popular form of uni- 
versity extension ? What new class of* themes for extension lectures is 
suggested ? 

§55. What is the ideal of the university settlement? What difficul- 
ties are encountered in the field of religion, and what course is taken as 
to them in representative settlements ? 

§ 56. How is the Sabbath of educational value to working men ? 

§ 57. What plan is suggested to develop newspapers that will be a 
mental and moral force in public education ? What standard is presented 
as to its tone ? What is the usual rule in prisons as to admitting news- 
papers ? How is it suggested that news should be told ? 

§ 58. On what is it suggested we should concentrate our hopes of 
reform ? 



Subjects for Debate, Discussion, Investigation, in Women's 
Clubs, Teachers' Institutes, College Societies, etc. 

(See other questions at close of other lectures and Ballot on Reforms 
in Appendix.) 

1. Should women be held to a higher standard than men in moral 
conduct as to purity, drink, tobacco, conversation, etc. ? 2. Should crimes 
against purity be punished as severely, at least, as crimes against prop- 
erty? 3. Should the "age of consent" for the person be as high, at 
least, as for property ? 4. Would the proposed high tax on bachelor- 
hood be justifiable and efficient? 5. Is family affection mostly a natural 
or a Christian grace ? 6. Is boarding for families justifiable ? 7. Is 
cooperative housekeeping practicable? 8. Should the whipping-post be 
revived as a punishment for wife-beaters and others who have inflicted 
physical suffering ? 9. Should full divorce with privilege of remarriage 
be granted for one cause only ? 10. Is a national, constitutional marriage 
and divorce law desirable ? II. Ought social clubs for men only to be 
discouraged? 12. Is the opposition to secret societies justifiable? 
13. Can the four-in-hand, religion and reform, the dance and the theater, 
be driven successfully together ? 14. Is equal suffrage woman's right 
and duty ? 15. Is training more influential than heredity in the mold- 
ing of character? 16. Are more stringent laws needed against child 
labor? 17. Should married women be forbidden to work away from 
home? 18. Can the payment of lower wages to women than to men for 
like work be justified ? 19. Are women to-day generally inferior to men, 
intellectually and educationally ? 

20. Does the Boys' Brigade cultivate the war spirit ? 21. Should the 
approval of a probate court be made a necessary prerequisite to placing 



112 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

children in charitable institutions ? 22. Is the withholding of State funds 
from all towns that neglect to enforce the compulsory education law, as 
in New York State, a proper and efficient method of securing obedience 
to the law? 23. Is the kindergarten the best form of elementary educa- 
tion at the beginning of school life ? 24. Should attendance at devotions 
be compulsory in schools and colleges? 25. Can American public 
schools consistently teach Christian morals by Bible reading or otherwise ? 

26. Is it just to refuse to divide the school fund with parochial schools ? 

27. Is it an excessive paternalism for the State or City to provide free 
text-books for school pupils ? 28. In the poor districts of cities should 
free lunches be provided for school children? 29. Has Massachusetts 
gone beyond proper paternalism in requiring every town to furnish a high- 
school and industrial education to all pupils asking for either in its own 
schools or by payment of tuition and transportation in schools of other 
towns ? 30. Is it proper for taxes to be used to provide college educa- 
tion in State universities ? 31. Should college faculties turn over to civil 
courts students guilty of hazing ? 32. Is it desirable that college profes- 
sors of economics should take a leading part in the solution of economic 
questions which are in politics ? 33. Should the current form of football 
be abolished ? 34. Is it desirable in university settlement work to be 
agnostic in practice toward religion? 35. Is it for the public good to 
have public libraries open on Sunday ? 36. Can any reading except of 
novels, newspapers, and magazines be made popular ? 37. Is it practica- 
ble to establish clean newspapers ? 38. Has Sabbath rest an adequate 
scientific basis ? 

(We commend The Lyceum League of America, I Beacon Street, 
Boston, as a helpful agency for the establishment of debating societies in 
preparation for good citizenship.) 



Field Work. 

I. Examine county or town statistics of marriages, births, and divorces 
for a period of years to ascertain if average age of marriage has 
increased, average number in family decreased, and whether divorces are 
proportionately greater. Causes given publicly for divorce are not real 
ones. Offensive causes like drunkenness are often hidden to make 
divorce easy. It would be of value to ascertain what percentage of a 
county's cases, in opinion of neighbors, is correctly stated. 2. Visit all 
local schools ; ascertain as to observance of compulsory education law 
and temperance education law. 3. Secure analysis of so-called " temper- 
ance drinks" and "bitters" locally sold. 4. Tabulate local papers 
as to relative space given to important and unimportant news ; note 
omissions, etc. 



Ralph Waldo Emerson : Truth is the summit of being ; justice is 
the application of it to affairs. — Essays, id Series, p. 81. 

George Dana Boardman, D. D., LL. D. : Bravely obey Jesus 
Christ, and Utopia, ideal land of Nowhere, becomes actuality, real land of 
Everywhere. — Address on The Disarviament of Nations, before C/iristian 
Arbitration and Peace Society, 1890. 

JosiAH Strong, D. D. : We shall have no industrial peace until 
political economy becomes a department of applied Christianity. — The 
New Era. 

Professor John R. Commons : Christianity is the cause of our social 
problems. There would be no problem at all, were it not for our 
Christian ideals, which abhor injustice and inequality. — Social Reform 
and the Church. 

Professor Geo. D. Herron : Not God and the people, which the 
Italian Revolution inscribed upon its banner, but God in the people, is 
the power that is overcoming the tyrannies and slaveries, the falsehoods 
and hypocrisies in the world. — The New Redemption. 

Hon. T. V. Powderly, Ex-Master Workman, Knights of Labor : 
If every member . . . would boycott strong drink ... for five years 
and would pledge his word to study the labor question from its different 
standpoints, we would then have an invincible host arrayed on the side 
of justice. — Quoted, Roads' Christ Enthroned in the Industrial World. 

James A. Froude : That which notably distinguishes a high order of 
man from a low order of man, that which constitutes both human good- 
ness and greatness, is not the degree of intelligence with which men pursue 
their own advantage, but it is disregard of personal pleasure, indulgence, 
gain, present or remote, because some other line of conduct is more 
directly right. 

A. M. Fairbairn, D. D. : The ethical is the strongest and most 
significant tendency in social and political thought. And so men are 
coming to see more clearly that, for moral rather than economic reasons, 
questions between classes are never merely class questions, and that what 
depresses the standard of living in any one class lowers the level and 
worth of life throughout the community as a whole. And this idea is so 
penetrating the community that we see it daily becoming more distinctly 
conscious that it is as responsible for safeguarding the skill which is the 
sole property of the artisan, and, as far as possible, securing his happiness 
also, as for protecting the employer in the use and enjoyment of his 
capital. — Religion in History and in Moderti Life, p. 8. 



III. FROM THE STANDPOINT 
AND LABOR. 2 



OF CAPITAL 



§ i. The message of the Chur<*h, when confronted with 
the problems of poverty in the past, has been, to the 
poor, 3 Patience ; to the rich, Charity. At last, from 
the standpoint of Christianity, as well as from that of 
labor, we are learning to write above both words, 

Justice. 4 

Here is a point of general agreement, such as should 
be found as common ground to start upon together in 
every controversy. That the present industrial system, 
which in its maturity is not a competitive system but a 
monopolistic system, 5 works great injustice to the poor 
and to the public, and that not in rare exceptions but on 
a large and increasing scale, 6 and should therefore be 
at least modified, will hardly be questioned, however 
widely even good men may differ as to remedies. 

Plato taught that justice is moral health ; injustice, 
disease. The industrial sickness of the body politic to- 
day is injustice. Only by justice can it be cured. Only 
the equitable is practicable. 

Labor appeals for justice, not for pity. Many preachers 
ask better wages for labor from compassion, on the basis 
of that misquotation of Henry George, "The rich are 
growing richer and the poor are growing poorer." 7 
Labor's real claim is that, of the great increase of wealth 
caused by modern machinery, labor has not had its 
fair share. 8 "The grievance point of view," says the 
organ of the American Railway Union, "is this: Labor 
is habitually wronged by the employer and not sufficiently 

"5 



n6 



PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 



protected by the state." Workmen will not be silenced 
by statistics that show they are paid more than 
formerly, 9 but, having learned the meaning of justice 
from Christianity, 10 they will be content only when it 
is proved that they are getting their fair share of the 
modern comforts and luxuries they have helped to create. 
§ 2. The main contention between labor and capital 
was most exactly presented in the strike of 1892 at 
Homestead, four miles from my Pittsburg home at that 
Homestead time. The world's most famous, if not most 
strike. wealthy manufacturer proposed a slight 

reduction in the wages of his best paid mechanics, the 
best paid in the world. They struck, not, as too hasty 
preachers and politicians and agitators declared, in resist- 
ance to "starvation wages," but. in defense of the claim 
that labor already received less than its just share of the 
joint product of capital and labor, and, as a matter of 
principle, should not submit to further reductions. These 



DIAGRAM SHOWING RELATIVE PRICES, WAGES, AND PUR- 
CHASING POWER FROM 184O TO 1892. 
(From The Voice, March 7, 1895. Prepared by George B. Waldron, of The Voice 





1840 




1850 




editorial staff.) 

I860 1870 


1880 


1890_ C 














t— *^ N ^' 


/ 


ISO 










•'' \ A- 


! 1 






140 








\\ A j 


~ y 


^ 












\ 


N I J 


/ ' \ 


•""N 




100 


A 
B 




«75 


~>~-t ,.* 




^\ ' d 


V 


\ •"> 


—-.A 


80 


C 














6* 




IS4.0" 




1850 




I860 * 


1870 











A, Relative prices in gold ; B, relative wages in gold ; C, relative purchasing 
power of ten hours' labor. 
The average ten-hour wages will command to-day, or would in 1892, about three 
times as much in the comforts and necessaries of life (barring rent) as in 1865, and 
nearly two and one-half times as much as in 1840. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 117 



workmen were in not more danger of being pauperized 
than our Revolutionary fathers would have been if they 
had paid the small tax on tea. The contest in each case 
was for rights, not for bread. The reduction affected 
only 321 men, of whom the highest grade were receiving 
$271 per month, which was cut down to $230, being at the 
rate of $2760 per year; while the lowest grade were to 
receive $45 per month after the reduction, which is more 
than some ministerial salaries. 11 The strike on the 
part of the other workmen was a "sympathetic strike." 
All agreed that even the thousand a year workmen must 
not be cut down to swell their master's million a year. 



7/mcmm 

THEWEALTHOFTHFMTIQN 



OWNED BY f PER CENT 
OF THE F/H1I LIES 



s?mm. 

OmMLTH 



OWNED BY 
^PERCENT. 

QFTHlTAHIB 



mm 
Qmm 

OPTHE 

fllNUB 



II 



Voice Chart, prepared by George B.Waldron, based on an article, "The Conce: 
of Wealth," by Geo. K. Holmes, U. S. Census Expert, in the Political 
Quarterly \ December, 1893. 



Science 



AVERAGE WEALTH OF PEOPLE 

OF U. S. 

i860, $514. 
1870, $780. 
1880, $870. 
1890, $1000. 

Total wealth 1890, $62,610,000,000. 

— U. S. Census Bulletin. 



PROPORTION OF PRODUCT RE- 
CEIVED BY LABOR IN U. S. 



1850, 23 per ct. 
i860, 21.2 " 
1870, 19 



1850 to 1880 the aver- 
age product increased 
83 per cent.; average 
wages, 43 per cent. 



880, 17.8 j (Great Britain 31.50, about.) 

\ (Continental Europe, 30.) 

— Mulhalfs History of Prices. 

While labor probably gets higher wages in the United States than in Europe, as 
Mr. Carnegie claims, the disproportion between labor's share and capital's share is 
here greater than abroad, so that European capitalists in reality make a fairer divide 
of the joint products. 



Il8 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

It is unfortunate for labor's cause that its main con- 
tention, that there must be no further reductions in 
labor's proportion of the joint product of capital and 
labor, even where wages are highest, but rather increase 
wherever they are too low, was not fought out in that 
representative case in lawful agitation. If the war had 
been one of ballots instead of bullets, there might have 
been by this time, or in the near future, a victory for the 
contention that the paternalism of protection should be 
so adjusted as to include the workman's wage as well as 
the manufacturer's profit, either by a high tariff on im- 
ported labor as well as upon goods, or by some form of 
arbitration * to which corporations asking the public for 
the benefits conferred by charters, and receiving tariff 
protection also, should be required to submit in cases of 
such serious labor conflicts as would otherwise endanger 
the public peace or cause. a congestion of commerce. 

In other strikes also it has usually been the best paid 
mechanics that have demanded higher wages or resisted 



* A concise and comprehensive discussion of arbitration is contained 
in a pamphlet published by the Civic Federation of Chicago, entitled 
Congress of Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration, which contains the 
views of most of the specialists of this theme. See also in Appendix, 
Part Second, the Arbitration Bill passed by the National House of 
Representatives in 1895. A most valuable series of symposiums was 
published in The Voice during April, 1895, on the long tried and success- 
ful plan of conciliation in use among the bricklayers of New York City ; 
a permanent court of arbitration in which employers and employees have 
peacefully settled all disputes for many years. Just before this book went 
to press a novel and a radical plan of compulsory arbitration was pro- 
posed in the University law Review in these words : 

" The next step, we trust, will be to discover that the existing courts 
of equity are adequate and ready prepared tribunals for this purpose ; 
and a short statute would be ample which should require that the regula- 
tions and dealings of every corporation enjoying a franchise from the 
State or nation shall be just and fair, and that courts of equity shall have 
jurisdiction to enforce this rule by the ordinary proceedings." 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. II9 

reductions, 12 not the poorest paid laborers, who are 
seldom organized. 

In other lands " starvation wages " are common enough, 
and they are found in our land in many sweating dens 13 
and in numerous mines, 14 and in times of panic,* and 
wages generally are too low, no doubt ; but no one 
who has noted the array of good clothes in American 
labor parades and picnics will be won to labor's cause, 
but rather repelled, by any appeal that rests upon exag- 
gerated and exceptional pictures of its poverty. Those 



* The Netu York Tribune estimated that in 1893-94 wages were 
reduced in the case of 4,700,000 mechanical and manufacturing workers 
in 355,000 establishments. The same paper in July, 1895, reported that 
315,000 in 430 establishments, so far as published records showed, had 
received a partial restoration of wages in the return of good times up to 
that date. Allowing that the real number whose wages had been par- 
tially or wholly restored to the former standard was really much larger, 
it was nevertheless declared to bear no satisfactory proportion to the 
number of reductions. About the same time The Chicago Inter-Ocean 
(July 18, 1895) gave the first annual report of the Chicago Bureau of 
Charities, the philanthropic department of the Civic Federation, which 
showed that in the year beginning with the spring of 1894 one-tenth of 
Chicago's population had asked for charity, which, the report intimates, 
calls for such a searching out of causes and remedies as only a bureau 
of charities can make. The report continues : " It is a painful fact that 
the individual near the line of subsistence must pay the highest prices 
for all he obtains ; even if he wishes to borrow money he must pay 
twelve to twenty times the legal rates of interest. There is too often 
little room for thrift in his lot, and he needs the encouragement of such 
philanthropic enterprises as will enable him to make the most of his 
time, powers, and resources." It is pertinent to quote here from The 
Voice of August 1, 1895: 

•' Every time a ten-dollar bill goes to the saloon instead of to the 
merchant the farmers and wage-earners are getting about $4 less than if 
the money went for furniture and carpets. There are about 100,000,000 
of these ten-dollar bills that go into the saloon every year. This means 
that the working men and farmers are getting about $400,000,000 less 
than they would if the saloons were closed and the money spent in 
fixing up houses. This does not take into account millions more that 
would go to railroad men, etc." 



120 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

are not intelligent friends of American labor who dress 
it in borrowed rags and make it a corner beggar intrigu- 
ing for pity.* Its true attitude — exceptions aside — is 
that of the self-respecting, self-supporting citizen appeal- 
ing to his fellow citizens as a jury for justice.™ 

§ 3. It is not capitalists but capitalism that is accused 
of injustice. 16 As no European nation can safely dis- 
Two Kinds of arm until a general disarmament is agreed 
Capitalists. orij s0 th e warring corporations and capi- 

talists, so far as they are competitors, cannot lay down 
their weapons, long hours and low wages, unless by law 
or agitation such disarmament shall become general in 
the competing territory, which in most cases includes the 
whole country, 17 and in some the world. Not a few 
capitalists would like to substitute for selfish competition 
and combination, brotherly cooperation. The ablest 
attacks on the capitalistic system, including the writings 
of Owen and Bebel, and Marx's "Das Kapital" itself, 
have been made by men of wealth. 18 Most of the 
numerous gains of labor's cause during this century have 
been achieved under the leadership of such capitalists as 
Lord Shaftesbury, through the votes of the privileged 
classes, who have yielded, as Benjamin Kidd has shown in 
Social Evolutioii y to the pressure, not of force but of 
justice. 19 Even in the French Revolution, if justice 
had not first conquered the hearts of royalty and nobility, 



* The organ of the American Railway Union recently said : " Within 
the last generation Lazarus' plaintive cry for mercy has been changed 
into an imperious demand for justice. . . He who never labored gets the 
largest portion, while the most exhausting bodily labor cannot count 
with -certainty upon earning the very necessaries of life. With this 
feeling deeply rooted, Lazarus does not thank you for the public aid 
which you dispense. He considers himself entitled to it. . . Public 
charity dries up the fountains of his gratitude. This is but a beneficence 
of calculation, founded in selfishness and springing from a sense of 
terror," 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 121 

making earnest defense of their inheritance of tyranny 
impossible, the mob would have found force of no 
avail. 20 

Let materialistic advocates of labor reform, who set 
before working men no higher motive than physical com- 
fort, and rely upon majority votes to win it ; who ignore 
their mightiest ally, God in conscience, learn from his- 
tory that selfishness never waged a great crusade. 21 
The victorious watchword must be, "Justice — God wills 
it." In the words of an Oriental proverb, "Our swords 
must be bathed in heaven." 22 

§ 4. The logical outcome of a materialistic propaganda 
in behalf of labor is seen in the two mayoralty campaigns 
of Henry George in New York City. Mr. Selfish Mo _ 
George is a thinker and writer of great tives inst- 
ability, but treats poverty as a greater evil cient - 
than vice and the cause of it, and so fails to give due 
prominence to moral reforms. The first year, politicians 
considered his candidacy hardly more than a joke. But 
when it was found, to the surprise of all, that he had 
polled seventy thousand votes, the politicians determined 
to deal with his vote as a serious foe, and accordingly 
the next year they almost annihilated it — no doubt with 
various forms of bribery. This was a logical death for a 
movement that appealed chiefly to selfishness, and almost 
ignored moral motives and ends. When the politicians 
offered selfishness a bird in the hand, it was preferred to 
the promise of two in the "land." That experience 
drove labor leaders swiftly to the support of moralists in 
the agitation for ballot reform, which accordingly swept 
the country in a quadrennium. But selfish bids for votes 
in other forms than technical bribery will again draw 
from labor's ranks, as they grow formidable, those whose 
motives are wholly materialistic. Workmen can achieve 
even happiness for their class only as they aim at justice. 

As the steamer that in crossing the Atlantic in cloudy 



122 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

weather was unable in the entire voyage to get an observa- 
tion of the heavens, to correct the variations of its com- 
pass, was wrecked on the coast of Nova Scotia when its 
captain supposed he was entering the harbor of New 
York, so any reform that does not look up is doomed to 
go down. We commend to labor leaders the advice of 
Emerson, " Hitch your wagon to a star." 

§ 5. Justice is to be achieved in prices, in wages, and 
in work. I have noted that wages (and the same is true 
just work, of prices) can be adjusted to perfect justice 
Wages, Prices, only by wide cooperation among competi- 
tors, but both can be made much less unjust than they 
now are through a more equitable division of the margin 
of profit by the individual capitalist or corporation in the 
increase of wages directly or by " profit-sharing," which 
itself increases profits by increasing good will. Instances 
of profit-sharing thus far have hardly more than pointed 
the way for this reform, since the percentages of profit 
allowed the workmen have been very small. It is no 
doubt difficult, perhaps impossible, to decide exactly 
what proportion of an industrial product should be 
distributed in wages, what part in salaries, and what part 
in rent and interest ; 23 but it is not difficult to see 
that justice is outraged when, as the official Chicago 
Strike Report says was the case at Pullman, a corpora- 
tion cuts down wages in hard times, but does not cut 
down its charges for house rent or its salaries for super- 
intendence or its dividends. 24 

In the large and increasing field of monopoly, where 
prices are not determined by competition, there is no 
excuse for not including just wages in the cost of pro- 
duction. 25 The withholding of such wages in such cases 
will hasten the downfall of private monopoly, which is 
socially as unsafe as absolute monarchy. 

§ 6. In discussions of workmen's wrongs, it is too much 
forgotten that they are overcharged in prices as well as 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 12^ 

underpaid in wages. They are paid starvation wages for 
mining coal and then charged starvation prices for it. 
Prices, formerly crowded down by competition to a nat- 
ural profit, are now crowded up by combinations to an 
unnatural usury. This is especially unjust when the 
necessities of life are involved; for instance, when a few 
"coal barons,' at the edge of winter, raise the price of 
coal by their own will, regardless of its cost ; and when 
the bread trust charges eight cents a pound for bread 
that costs it but two cents. In a small city, one earnest 
sermon, showing the excessive profit of its bakers on 
bread, led to a general reduction, but the bread trust has 
proved the soullessness of corporations, and especially 
of monopolies, by resisting the crusade of public opinion 
in New York City in 1894 against this injustice; so hasten- 
ing the day when government shall in some way prevent 
unjust charges for the necessities of life at least.* 

§ 7- Wage-earners should remember that justice means 
good work as well as good wages. One of their wisest 
leaders, Mazzini, urges that in place of the selfish, mate- 
rialistic cry of " rights," the workmen's duties should re- 
ceive first attention. 28 Only when the workman has 
himself done his duty can he reasonably ask the employer 
to do his. Good work first; then a just demand for good 
wages. The ultimate aim should not be riches, or 
" rights," but right. If it be merely a contest of selfish- 
ness, why should not the employer keep all he can ? 27 
History shows that the talented and privileged minority 
are usually more than a match for the ignorant majority, 
except when the consciences of the minority are on the 



* In April, 1895, there was a sudden rise in the price of both oil and 
beef, which the people at once attributed to the trusts controlling those 
necessities. The trusts declared it was all due to " short supply," but the 
investigation of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in the case of 
beef discredited this excuse. The other needed no discrediting. 



124 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

side of the majority. Duty must therefore be appealed 
to. And duty must first be done. 

That organized workmen do ;w/devote their full powers 
to their employers, as their acceptance of employment is 
an implied contract to do, is often stated by labor leaders 
and justified on the ground that the employer pays too 
little. 28 Such workmen have learned the Golden Rule 
as imperfectly as that liquor dealer whom I heard repeat 
it in court, "Do as you have been done by." The 
skimping of work is in some labor unions required by 
rule: for instance, a hod-carrier in Leeds must not carry 
more than eight bricks to the hod ; in London not more 
than ten ; in Liverpool not more than twelve. Such 
skimped work aggravates employers, and seems to them 
and many others to justify skimped wages. 29 No head- 
way can be made on the false theory that two wrongs 
make one right. The wage-earner must come into court 
with a clean record. It was to unpaid Colossian slaves 
that Paul wrote, "Whatsoever ye do, do it from the 
soul." * The workman should give money's worth and 
then demand labor's worth. 30 

The workman must be loyal to conscience not only in 
doing proper work well, but also in refusing to do any 
other. 31 A few years ago some tenements fell in New 
York with great loss of life. It turned out that the 
builder had, for economy, used worthless mortar, but the 
workmen, who knew they were building death-traps, 
wickedly made no protest. They assumed that only the 
employer was to blame. A distinguished doctor of divin- 
ity, usually wise, writes to workmen, " It may be you 
are in the employ of those who require you to do dishon- 
est work. If they do, I suppose the fault is theirs and 



* Dr. E. E. Hale tells of a hotel at Lake Mohonk where all the serv- 
ants are King's Daughters and Sons — a hotel whose service is based on 
the Golden Rule. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 125 

not yours." In the Union Signal a temperance woman, 
who is a hop-picker, makes an equally lame excuse for 
supplying material for beer, namely, that she is poor and 
needs the money. Even church members make like ex- 
cuse for doing Sunday work in disobedience to both 
divine and civil law. We have no reason to expect that 
God will revise for such cowardly employees his word, 
" Every man shall give account of himself to God." 32 

It is one of the just criticisms made upon labor unions 
that, while they seek to punish by strikes 33 and boycotts 
any alleged injustice done to their members, they do not 
even fine their members, as did the medieval gilds, for 
dishonest or bungling work. " Walking delegates" 
should look after low work as well as low wages. The 
gilds kept up the quality of their membership and its 
work by handing over to the courts members guilty of 
crime. 34 But the Chicago Strike Report of the Na- 
tional Strike Commission notes as a defect of American 
labor unions that they have no provisions in their rules to 
prevent or punish acts of lawless violence during strikes. 

§ 8. No capitalistic injustice is surer to have become a 
horrid fossil in the better day of industrial justice than 
the so-called " sympathetic strike," the sympathetic 
folly and wickedness and doom of which strikes, 
were writ large in letters of fire and blood in the Chicago 
strike of 1894. Not that strike only, but all sympathetic 
strikes, all strikes of violence in republics,* have been 
weighed and found wanting, numbered and finished, labor 
leaders themselves being judges. 35 Lest wage-earners 
should think injustice a monopoly of their employers, 
they should probe the real meaning of the sympathetic 
strike, which, though doomed, may appear a few times 
more ere it becomes extinct. 



* Both* strikes and secret societies originated under despotism as 
weapons of those who had no ballots. 



126 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

The workmen in the Pullman car factories, in the 
Illinois town bearing that name, struck for higher wages. 
The National Strike Commission has adjudged that strike 
a just one, but it was a purely local issue. The reckless 
officers of the new American Railway Union * neverthe- 
less ordered its members to strike on all railroads that 
would not at once discontinue Pullman cars, which they 
were under contract to use. As the railroads refused to 
make themselves liable for criminal breach of contract, 
the members of the Union, many of them in breach of 
their own contracts, not only left the service of railroads 
against which they had no grievance of their own, but 
also prevented by force the operation of the roads by 
other men, so making losses of millions of dollars to work- 
men and employers all over the land, causing deaths of 
men, women, and children, and of delayed live stock, and 
inaugurating an insurrection which had to be put down 
by federal troops. 

The claim of labor leaders — made in all such cases — 
that the acts of violence were not done by strikers but by 
the mob, which, if true, would have little weight, since 
such a strike always invites a mob, is discredited by the 
official Strike Report, which, while declaring, "There is 
no evidence before the commission that the officers of the 
American Railway Union at any time participated in or ad- 
vised intimidation, violence, or destruction of property," 
also says, "The strikers' experience was to be seen in 
the spiking and misplacing of switches, removing rails, 
side-tracking, derailing," etc. "The commission is of 
opinion that offenses of this character, as well as consider- 

* Mr. Eugene V. Debs, the president, is reported to have declared, 
since the failure of the strike, in a great meeting at Chicago, that work- 
men can gain nothing by strikes, but should anchor their hopes to the 
ballot-box. In view of this declaration we should be glad to omit criti- 
cism of the strike, were it not manifestly needed to save oiher labor 
leaders from imitating the acknowledged folly of his course. 



PROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. I27 

able threatening and intimidation of those taking strikers' 
places, were committed or instigated by strikers." 

All for what? To compel innocent parties, by assault 
and battery, to take the part of Pullman strikers in a 
purely local quarrel, of which they knew too little to pass 
a just judgment. The so-called " sympathetic strike," 
of which this is a fair sample, is accordingly a most 
effective sympathy-killer. A quarrels with B, and B seeks 
to enlist C, D, E, F, to the end of the list in his behalf 
by robbing some of them and murdering others. 

In this wonderful century of interlocking industries 
one reckless creature can do unprecedented harm, as was 
strikingly illustrated by the case of the Baltimore rat that 
carried one thousand horse power of damage through his 
body as he leaped from a positive to a negative electric 
knob — illustrated again by the Debs rebellion. Fortu- 
nately the strike order of the chief of the Knights of 
Labor proved a non-conductor. There is one further fact 
to be added to our Baltimore illustration that will need 
little application : namely, that meddling with the con- 
nections killed the rat. The labor leaders that attempt 
sympathetic strikes, only to deprive their followers of 
positions, will one by one join Martin Irons in ''innocu- 
ous desuetude." 

§ 9. It is too much overlooked that the main purpose 
of the Chicago strike was to form suddenly a national 
labor trust. Not railway employees only fc proposed 
but all labor unions were to be united in a Labor Trust, 
resistless monopoly of labor, and then it would have 
appeared that the Pullman episode was only a pretense, 
such as nations find when bent on conquest, for the 
inauguration of the long-expected industrial revolution. 
"The time has come " said Socialist labor leaders in sig- 
nificant interviews, East and West ; in manifest reference 
to the books and speeches of those who had urged work- 
men to unite in a revolution and dictate terms to the nation. 



128 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

When the evil of trusts is seen more clearly than ever 
before in that they have annexed to their service the 
Cabinet and Congress, we should subdue or destroy the 
trusts that exist rather than allow to be added to their 
number a labor trust, larger and more dangerous than 
any other. The Knights of Labor, with many excellent 
ideals in their original platform, 36 adopted a dangerous 
and un-American principle when they sought, fortunately 
in vain, to unite all labor unions in one secret order and 
so "corner" the labor market. The Federation of 
Labor, now the most influential labor organization in the 
United States, made another unsuccessful attempt at a 
like monopoly. These attempts to unite labor by per- 
suasion having failed, the head of the American Railway 
Union, feeling the stirrings of Napoleonic strategy, 
thought to accomplish the desired union suddenly by 
more brilliant tactics. 

No one who knows human nature and history, if unprej- 
udiced, can doubt that a labor union large enough to 
control wages would abuse that power to make them too 
high as surely as British lords, when that employing 
class ruled, made them too low. 

But workmen have just ground of complaint that the 
only trust against which the anti-trust laws are enforced 
is the proposed labor trust. The agents of other lawless 
trusts are sent to Congress when they ought rather to be 
with Debs in jail.* 

Such a labor trust is not to be feared, however, for 
only a small minority — one-twentieth or so — of the 
breadwinners of the country are connected with labor 



* At the Oberlin Sociological Institute, in June, 1895, Dr. Washing- 
ton Gladden and Hon. Carroll D. Wright concurred with the author 
in the statement that neither the Interstate Commerce law nor the Anti- 
trust law had had any enforcement worth mentioning except against laboi 
unions, to which they were not intended to apply. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. I 29 

unions,* which had in all, in 1894, about one million 
members. 37 

Labor unions lose much in quality and quantity of 
membership by holding their meetings on the Sabbath. 
The Methodist and Baptist Churches contain more wage- 
earners than all the unions. The term ''working man " 
is commonly used .in much too restricted a sense, in leav- 
ing out of view not only brain-workers but also that large 
majority of wage-earners who are not unionists but inde- 
pendents. We believe it would be better for the latter to 
unite in labor unions built on the pattern of the best of 
those of England, which in labor organization and labor 
legislation alike leads the world. 38 

§ 10. That workman and employer will some day be 
just to each other, not universally but usually, no one can 
doubt who believes the promises of God ; S j gns f Prog- 
no one indeed who has noted in history how ress - 
far we have been led already toward that " kingdom" of 
justice and brotherhood which Christ proclaimed and pre- 
pared. 39 The church member who says, "The law of 
Christ is all right, but it will not work in business and 
politics," is the worst of infidels. The song he sings so 
piously and thoughtlessly, "Jesus shall reign," being in- 
terpreted, means, Justice shall reign. 40 

" My will fulfilled shall be, 
For in daylight or in dark 
My thunderbolt has eyes to see 
His way home to the mark." 

Emerson : Boston Hymn. 

§ 11. But no sane student expects that justice will fully 
dominate industry in this generation or the next. 41 

* Hon. Carroll D. Wright informed the author, on the occasion 
referred to in the foregoing note, that his estimate of the membership of 
labor unions in 1894 was 1,400,000, a little more than one-third of the 
four millions then employed in mechanics and manufacturing. 



130 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

The catastrophists of Christ's day expected the kingdom 
of God to come suddenly with a sword and "sign from 

Evolution, not Heaven." Christ taught that it would rather 
Revolution. De a growth. In labor reform the evolution- 

ists have sent the revolutionists and the idealists to the 
rear. Slowly the leaders have learned that the world 
cannot be raised to a better life by dynamite. 42 The 
industrial Utopias (literally, Nowheres), which like epi- 
phytic orchids have no roots, but live on air, are by none 
more severely ridiculed than by mature labor leaders, such 
as the authors of the Fabian Essays.™ The lofty level of 
justice is to be attained not by a tidal wave, but as in canals 
— by small uplifts, lock after lock. These locks began 
with the century in the first of the British Factory Acts in 
1802. A larger lift came at the lock of 1833, and the cause 
has been moving forward and upward, though too slowly, 
ever since. It is no longer expected that society will sus- 
pend its law of growth, and its continuity of history and 
custom, to accept at the hands of a riot a scheme of per- 
fect righteousness. The Fabian British policy is seen to 
be swifter than the French. Haste is slow. The French 
revolution of blood did not so rapidly advance the cause 
of the people there (while hindering it elsewhere) as the 
slower but surer British evolution. The tortoise of argu- 
ment outruns the hare of insurrection. J. N. Corbin, 
District Secretary of the Knights of Labor in Denver, in 
refusing to go out at the command of Master Workman 
Sovereign, during the Chicago strike, said: "Labor 
advances by evolutionary, not by revolutionary, moves. 
The true leader of labor now is the one who seeks to keep 
reason enthroned, who tries to keep the masses from 
striking." 44 

§ 12. Profoundly impressed by physical evolution, labor 

Patience with leaders now expect to achieve justice only 
Aspiration. D y instalments, and do not anticipate its 

complete dominance in our day. Therefore, while aiming 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 131 

at justice, our poor must hold fast to patience and our 
rich to charity. 

Workmen rightly resent the injunction of patience when 
it comes from a pulpit or palace that is doing nothing 
to achieve justice for them ; or when the injunction 
to patience is based on the assumption that present 
injustice can never be cured and so must be forever 
endured. 45 

But workmen should hold fast to the watchword, 
" Patience with Aspiration." In the words of Mr. Henry 
Holt:* "What is really advocated is the guiding of 
discontent away from miasmatic pools of worry, into the 
power-giving streams of action." 

In the last century workmen were more patient than 
they had any business to be. They slept in huts that 
were hardly more than kennels, on literal "ground floors," 
with rushes for carpet and bed, and a log of wood for 
a pillow, blockheads themselves, without education or 
aspiration. There is a contentment that is not better 
than wealth but worse than poverty, and the cause of it. 
They were so content, not knowing enough to ache when 
they were hurt ; to protest when they were wronged. 46 
Labor's present unrest is better than such content. As 
a mother whose child has been lying comatose, more 
dead than alive, rejoices to see him revive, although he 
straightway gets into mischief, so we should rejoice that 
labor has ceased to. be content with injustice, even though 
its righteous impatience sometimes goes to excess. 
" Labor troubles " are " growing pains." 

But now when labor's appeal is receiving attention, and 
labor reform is hopefully, though too slowly, progressing, 
progress should promote patience. 47 

§ 13. Impatience is likely to hinder more than help. 

*See a valuable series of articles on " The Social Discontent," in 77ie 
Fortim, during first third of 1895. 



I3 2 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

Labor leaders are generally admitting, at last, that vio- 
lent strikes have put back the cause of labor by alien- 
Manufactured ating the confidence and sympathy and 
Discontent. respect of the great public, without which 

nothing can be gained. Riots can no more hasten 
labor's day in a republic than dynamite can hasten the 
dawn. Whenever a labor conflict has become a civil war 
it has straightway become a 'Most cause." The use of 
bullets by those who had a majority of the ballots is now 
seen to have been both a blunder and a crime. 48 

A blunder at least is the culture by certain labor leaders 
of an artificial discontent, which frowns on every instal- 
ment of justice as if it were a substitute for it, demand- 
ing all or nothing. 49 A socialist, who had been criti- 
cising Henry George, added: "There is one good thing 
he has done. He has stirred up a good bit of discon- 
tent." Socialists in Germany were alarmed at the con- 
tentment which followed the insurance by the govern- 
ment of twenty millions of servants for old age, as if 
improvement were not a better incitement to progress 
than misery. 50 Such contentment is but encourage- 
ment to press forward to the achievement of complete 
justice, while chronic discontent is like lack of hope in 
an army, inviting defeat. Artificial discontent will not 
hasten but hinder the better day because it will promote 
disorders, and so discredit labor's cause with that great 
class of thoughtful Christian men who are neither capi- 
talists nor laborers but the final arbiters between them, 
the jury from which the verdict must finally come. 

§ 14. But patience does not mean passivity. Lawful 
agitation is essential to progress. There is in history, 
Lawful Agita- whether in nature or not, " expedited evo- 
tion - lution," and God is manifestly back of it. 

In the expedited evolution of history man's will and word 
have also a large part. The psychical dominates the 
physical, 61 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 133 



The evolutionary analogy between social progress and 
physical law must not be carried too far. It was the 
fundamental and fatal error of the deceased political 
economy of Adam Smith and Ricardo that it assumed 
economic law to be merely " natural law," no more to be 
affected by human will and conscience than the move- 
ments of the planets. Such materialistic, evolutionary 
socialists as Karl Marx are repeating that very mistake 
of the earlier physiocrats, only they think that natural 
economic law is socialistic rather than individualistic."" 
There is a half truth in this, but it is also true that social 
evolution has often been expedited by the efforts of some 
earnest individual more than by an age of general tend- 
encies preceding. Not the sun but Shaftesbury was the 
cause, under God, of the high tides of British labor 
reform in the earlier years of this century. Every one 
of us may hasten the advent of justice by appeals to the 
reason and conscience of our fellows. 

§ 15. But when we have done our best to improve the 
future, chiefly for our descendants, let us not make our 
own present condition worse by useless True content- 
impatience. Professor Ely suggests that ment - 
the talk of ''the submerged tenth" should make us 
grateful that nine-tenths are not submerged. The most 
that can be expected for the average man in the industrial 
millennium is competence, not affluence. The average 
annual production of "the United States, if equally divided, 
with no reserve for repairing capital, would allow only 
$2.00 per day to each family of five. A better industrial 
system would increase production, but the increase is 
likely to be used mostly for public, rather than private 
purposes. 

Patience with aspiration constitutes that true content- 
ment that is better than wealth. 53 Intelligent and self- 
respecting workmen, who do not define man as "a 
stomach with appendages," should resent any labor propa- 



134 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

ganda that makes too much of mere physical comfort,* 
as if manhood were not better than money. 54 "Not 
things but men," the motto of the World's Fair Con- 
gresses, is a good one for both capital and labor also. 
The millionaire who knows nothing but the art of making 
money ; who never opens the beautiful books he buys by 
the square yard to upholster his walls ; who cannot talk 
of the beautiful pictures in his parlors without showing 
his ignorance ; whose conscience is like the eyes of 
Mammoth Cave fishes, a dried up vacancy ; should be 
pitied rather than envied 55 by the workman whose 
work is not his world ; who goes from it at sunset to 
spend his evenings in the company of Longfellow and 
Tennyson, and Curtis and Motley, and Isaiah and John 
and Jesus. Such a man will tell the devil of materialism, 
who bids him make bread out of the stones of riot, that 
man doth not live by bread only. 56 He is not like the 
man who has nothing but riches and so is dependent on 
one thing, and that uncertain, for happiness. 

" Let us be like the bird, one moment lighted 
Upon a twig that swings ; 
He feels it yield, but sings on unaffrighted, 
Knowing he has his wings." 

Victor Hugo : On Faith. 

The poor may have not only the wings of faith but also 
those of culture in these days of cheap standard litera- 

* The organ of the American Railway Union represents the spirit of 
many working men in the following extract: " Edward Atkinson, the 
Boston baked-bean statistician, for years has been engaged in finding out 
just how little would suffice to keep the soul of a working man or woman 
in their bodies. At last accounts he had it down to about ten cents a 
day, possibly four cents a meal." Instead of so resenting the information 
by which the most nutrition can be secured for the least money (see 
also Professor Atwater's pamphlet published by the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture) working men should welcome it as making way for gratifica- 
tion of their higher wants by the wastes prevented, and base their demand 
for higher wages on those higher wants. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. I35 

ture and cheap transportation. In the words of The Out- 
look : "One pair of eyes, one pair of legs, one open mind, 
one honest heart, a few hours of leisure, a bit of country, 
and a dozen books supply the elements of deep and 
genuine culture for anyone who knows how to use them.. 
It is not a question of privilege ; it is a question of mak- 
ing the most of what you have." There is a crown 
hovering above the head of the*man with the muck rake, 
if he would only look up. 

It is not through the disgruntled, discouraged workmen 
who have allowed themselves to be worked up into an 
artificial discontent that betterments of labor are secured, 
but through workmen who are contented but aspiring, 
and so do battle hopefully for their class. 

Since the passage of the first of the British Factory 
Acts in 1802, the oppressors of labor have been driven 
from breastwork to breastwork, and although the citadel 
of injustice is not yet taken, every stage of progress 
made in the siege and assault gives fresh courage for a 
new charge. The victory will come not through those 
who ever lament in idle discontent that labor is so far 
from the citadel, but through those who take courage by 
noting how far we are in advance of the last century in 
labor reform and so hold fast to the banner of patie?ice 
with aspiration. 

§ 16. And the rich must for a while longer hold fast to 
charity. There is a "new charity" and a newest. The 
"new charity " is that of the charity organi- The New 
zation movement, which brings to the poor, Charity and 
"not alms but a friend." The newest charity, the Newest - 
as yet mostly an ideal, is justice in work and wages, which 
would make other charity mostly unnecessary. 57 This 
newest charity is also the truest. Many an employer 
has caused by unjust wages or overwork 58 the poverty 
he has afterward patched up with charity. The " new 
charity " is now the subject of much earnest and intelli- 



136 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

gent study, and is approaching the rank of a social science. 
Among its students are many of the wealthy. This is 
encouraging, for the rich have been too much content to 
master the art of production, and let distribution take 
care of itself, 59 after the fashion of the old political 
economy. But charity conferences should give larger 
place to the newest charity, the ideal charity, of just 
wages. 60 Prevention and cure should thus join hands. 

Although competition, in many cases, makes complete 
justice in wages impossible, individual capitalists might 
in many cases reduce the injustice, for instance by omit- 
ting dividends in hard times rather than reduce wages. 
" His need is greater than mine " is a fitting watchword 
for business as well as for the battle-field. 61 Courts 
have already voiced this principle in the name of justice, 
and Christian capitalists can hardly lag behind with their 
banner of brotherhood. 

In May, 1894, Receiver J. E. Barnard asked the United 
States Circuit Court for permission to reduce the wages 
of the employees of the Omaha and St. Louis railway in 
accordance with a schedule which he had prepared, to 
which the employees concerned filed a protest. Judge 
Woolson at Omaha rendered a decision denying the 
receiver's request. In this decision the judge cites with 
approval the doctrine laid down by Judge Caldwell that 
"the employees must be paid fair wages, even though no 
dividends may be paid," and adds : " The receiver shows 
that a large number of railroad men are now out of 
employment, so that the places could be filled for less 
money. The court cannot regard this as having much 
weight. The retention of faithful, intelligent, and capable 
employees is of more importance than a temporary decrease 
in earnings, and the court would not be justified in dis- 
charging satisfactory employees because of present ability 
to employ others at reduced wages, thus perhaps render- 
ing the road liable to accidents for which the court would 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. I37 

be legally and morally responsible. The evidence shows 
that some employees are hardly able to maintain their 
families on the present wages. The highest and best 
services cannot be expected from men compelled to live 
in a state of pinch and want." 

This is Christianity proclaimed by a court as good 
business policy. It makes the few surviving advocates of 
laissez faire rave, while the advocates of brotherhood in 
business rejoice. If this is a fair sample of government 
control of railroads, all just men will want more of it. 
The case is cited here, however, in order to suggest to 
capitalists how and why just wages should be maintained. 

§ 17. But, for the most part, the individual capitalist, 
who is bound in the bundle of life and death with com- 
petitors far and near, of whom the meanest Rebates from 
"cutthroat" cuts the pattern that all must the Rich, 
follow in prices and so in wages and hours, can at present 
only mitigate the injustice done to his workmen and to 
the public by slight rebates in early closing and profit- 
sharing 62 and in charity; which last is best bestowed in 
social benefactions, such as libraries, museums, baths, 
playgrounds, benefit societies, self-supporting model 
tenements, which are increasingly provided for their 
workmen and for the public by American capitalists, 63 
partly in recognition of the Bible doctrine of steward- 
ship, 64 which has become the people's doctrine also ; 
partly because conscience requires of these capitalists 
large rebates from their unjust share of the joint product 
of capita] and labor. Workmen do well to criticize these 
public gifts as "conscience money" when the giver is 
making no effort to secure for labor the nobler charity of 
justice; but when it comes from friends and advocates of 
justice it should be applauded as an earnest of the newest 
charity. Professor Samuel Harris, in his book on The 
Kingdom of Christ on Earth, says nobly and truly: 
" Covetousness is the desire for gain for selfish ends and 



I38 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

not for its uses in the service of man. If a man is doing 
business simply to make money, he is covetous." 65 
Thus he shows that business and benevolence are not two 
but one, and that the kingdom of God antagonizes not 
only Satan but also selfishness, the latter with the Chris- 
tian law of service. 

§ 18. Turning now to the ministration of charity to 
individuals, first consideration is due to industrious work- 
men who are out of work by no fault of their own. 66 

In 1893, when forty per cent, of the manufacturing 
establishments of the United States were closed, the 
The unem- problem of the unemployed swelled to very 
ployed. serious proportions. The unemployed in 

this case were entitled to more consideration from the 
public than common "out-of-works" because it was 
public action that had deprived them of their jobs — reck- 
less financiering in Argentine and Australia, the suspension 
of silver coinage in India, and congressional tinkering with 
silver and tariff legislation in this country. No Christian 
scholar should have been fooled by the afterthoughts 
of unfair labor advocates, who treated this wholly excep- 
tional panic as the normal fruit of the competitive system, 
or by the political demagogue who ascribed it to high 
tariff or low tariff, whereas commercial agency reports 
showed little recognition of the tariff issue, and that 
related chiefly to uncertain and unstable tariff. 67 

But great as the problem of the unemployed was in 
1893-94, it was not so great as labor extremists and 
politicians found it to their purpose to paint it. When 
a Mr. C. C. Closson made a census of the unemployed 
in 1893 he found they would not exceed a million in num- 
ber, which was astonishingly below expectations. Dr. 
Edward Everett Hale explained that very many of those 
thrown out of work had sensibly gone back to the old 
farm, 68 and many more, we add, had gone back to the 
old country Dr. Hale reminded us also that this coun- 



PROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. I39 

try has an average of 256 acres for each one of its people. 
This seems to point the way to one partial remedy of 




Belgium : 536 persons to 
the square mile. 



America : 8 persons to 
the square mile. 



[I. Holt Schuseling, quoted in The Literary Digest, March 23, 1895, from The Strand 

Magazine^ 



this problem of the unemployed who crowd and imperil 
our cities. One way out is the way back to the farm. 69 

§ 19. Of course it is to be recognized that a very large 
proportion of the men thrown out of employment by any 
temporary suspension or contraction of busi- Return to the 
ness will be wanted again when trade resumes Farms, 
its normal course ; but before the panic there were many 
thousands of the unemployed, who were not then needed 
in the cities, where they insisted on staying, that 
could at least have kept themselves from dependence on 
some of the many deserted and unopened farms, to 
which they were unwilling to go. 70 

One cause, though not the only cause of the congestion 
of labor, is that present world-phenomenon, the mad rush 
to the cities. 71 In the opening pages of the Bible sin in- 
troduces us to the city. God made the country, but Cain 
made the town. It is commonly said by sociologists that 
cities originated in ancient times in the need of protection, 
and in modern times in the needs of production. But 
neither of these needs explains Cain's city, for there were 
as yet no wars, and no factories. It was the outgrowth 
of man's social instinct, always strongest in the Cainites. 



146 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

The last named fact partly explains the slums. The 
story is worth repeating of the Irishwoman, rescued by 
a philanthropist from the unhealthy slums and given 
free rent in a tidy cottage home in the country. He soon 
found her back at her old place with the explanation, 
" Stumps isn't peoples." Early in May, 1894, when "in- 
dustrial (?) armies " were marching on to Washington to 
show the need of work for the unemployed, and the very 
next morning after I had heard Henry George, in one of 
the halls of New York City, picture the movement as 
proving that multitudes of honest workmen could get no 
work — which, in turn, he deemed the natural result of our 
present industrial methods — I personally ascertained at 
the Immigrant's Free Employment Bureau in that city 
that for three weeks the Bureau had not been able to 
supply the demand for farm hands in New York and Penn- 
sylvania, although the wages were unusually high. The 
significance of this fact may easily be exaggerated by 
those who wish to excuse their own injustice; but it is 
significant, nevertheless. 72 

We are told that the government owes every man a 
job, 73 by which is usually meant a city job. But surely 
it is not the duty of government to encourage the 
ominous desertion of the country for the cities by the 
premium of city employment. If it is remembered that 
the city is preferred to the farm chiefly because of the 
amusements of the city, it will appear that special gov- 
ernment appropriations to provide support in the city for 
men who could live without government aid on the farm 
are perilously like Rome's fatal ' ' bread and games. " With 
thousands of deserted farms waiting to supply a com- 
petence at least to any who will rent and work them, 74 
the government is not called upon to put a premium upon 
the unwholesome and perilous massing of the Cainites in 
cities at the very time when the better citizens are more 
and more moving to the suburbs. Let government rather 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 14! 

make special inducements for the worthy poor to return 
to the deserted farms, 75 and provide employment on 
three sets of farms, if it comes to be necessary: on one 
kind in or near the cities, for the honest workmen tem- 
porarily out of work; * on another, that need not be 
suburban, for adult incapables; on another for wilful 
paupers — these two last, of course, being tenanted by 
compulsory commitment. m 

The greatest, because most practical, of Christian 
sociologists, General William Booth of the Salvation 
Army, 76 has made a way of escape from the loneliness 
of farm life, which was the most repellent and expellent 
objection to it, by the successful establishment of "farm 
colonies," 77 a form of cooperation 78 which ought to be 
attractive to honest workmen who have grown weary 
of wolf-fighting in city tenements. Such farm colonies 
have been established by the state in Germany, Holland, 
and New Zealand; family life being preserved in the 
case of Holland, with mental and manual education for 
the children. 79 

Some of our college professors, preachers, and editors 
are teaching that rights to life and liberty include the 
right to work** which is perhaps true, but is not yet a 
pertinent reason why American governments should 
provide work, since "means of production," in the shape 
of farms rentable on shares that will at least yield an honest 
living to the tenant, are yet abundantly available. 81 

§ 20. But pending permanent provision for the unem- 
ployed they must often be assisted by the- charitable, who 

** * The happy thought of Mayor Pingree of Detroit, that vacant city 
lots might be utilized as gardens for the unemployed, has started a move- 
ment of great possibilities. Its success in Detroit in 1894 has prompted 
New York, Cincinnati, St Louis, and other cities to try it in' 1895. One- 
third of an acre, it is said, will simply a family with potatoes for the year, 
and other vegetables for their season. It is to be hoped that the experi- 
ment will also give to many a taste for farming. 



142 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

should study to conserve this self-respect by giving them 
work rather than alms, so far as possible. 

During the winter of 1893-94 our privileged classes took 
up the problem of the unemployed with devotion of brain 
scientific as well as heart, and produced results which 
charity of 1893- showed that the science of charity has made 
l894 ' great progress. 82 Merchants and ministers 

in every large city sat down together to solve the follow- 
ing problems: " (i) To find some form of work that 
would give employment to the greatest number of people, 
and, by means of the wages thus earned, would enable 
them and their families to keep alive through the winter. 
(2) To prevent self-respecting working men from being 
compelled to accept alms, whether in the form of money, 
food, or clothes. (3) To find a form of work at which 
men of every trade could be employed, and in which the 
expenses of management should be relatively small, so 
that the bulk of the money might go to the men as wages. 
(4) To find work the results or product of which would 
not interfere with a market already overstocked. (5) So to 
manage and conduct the work that only those who needed 
it the most should receive it, and that no one should be 
attracted to it from other cities. (6) To secure the finan- 
cial support necessary to carry on such an undertaking." 

Some American cities supported the unemployed by a 
draft of charity upon the taxpayers, undertaking, to this 
end, municipal works, such as new city buildings and 
park improvements. 83 Many educated citizens lost their 
heads in their "hearts and approved the claim, just dis- 
proved, that government owes every man a city job. 
It was plausibly argued that it was better to support the 
unemployed with work than without it. But this was not 
the alternative. Few of the self-respecting poor would 
have gone ''on the town." Some would have gone 
back to the old farm, others to the old country, and 
voluntary charity would have provided for the remainder; 



PROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 143 

as in Pittsburg, where many thousands of dollars were 
raised by private subscription and used to pay work- 
men a dollar a day for improvements in the parks, which 
the taxpayers, as such, were not yet ready to make. 

Money thus bestowed to supply necessities to workmen 
and their families should be safeguarded against being 
diverted to the saloons. A pastor in Pittsburg, who 
lived in sight of a saloon on th*e opposite side of the way, 
told me that every night the workmen who had been 
employed by private benevolence in work on the parks, 
on their return trip filed into that saloon by the score to 
spend a part at least of the dollar they had just received 
in what would embitter and degrade the homes for whose 
benefit the money had been provided. Such cases would 
seem to afford a good opportunity for introducing the 
" labor check " of the industrial millennium, which should 
be exchangeable, in these charitable uses of it, only for 
food and fire and clothing. 

Ohio has set a good example in its recent law establish- 
ing free employment bureaus in the chief cities, 84 after 
the French pattern, although the antagonism of non-union 
by union labor has confined the work of the bureaus 
mostly to unskilled labor and domestic service. 

Another exemplary charity is the pawn-shop of the 
Charity Organization Society of New York City, which is 
called by the less odorous name of " Loan Bureau," 
sometimes also, '"'The Poor Man's Bank." I saw the 
Bureau, when first opened, doing a brisk business with 
people not ragged, but respectable, who feel more keenly 
than any others financial stringency, and are glad to pawn 
their luxuries to secure necessities in the assurance that, 
at the moderate rate of interest charged, they can redeem 
their pledges when good times return. 85 

§ 21. But while we administer such temporary relief, 
we should earnestly seek a permanent solution of this 
problem of the unemployed. The radical difficulty is 



144 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

not overproduction, as superficial appearances suggest, 

but underconsumption. 86 Two incidents will suggest 

~ m . the chief cause and also one of the cures 

Overproduc- 
tion or under- of this underconsumption. One night when 
consumption? j was in the Midnight Mission of New 

York City, the missionary pointed out, during the meet- 
ing, a well-dressed man of whom he wished to tell 
me a story afterward. This man, dressed in rags, had 
been converted in the meeting a few weeks before. 
When the new life had enabled him to earn a new suit, he 
determined to ascertain how much his last suit in the 
devil's service would bring. On going the rounds of the 
second-hand stores he was able to get only seven cents 
for it. "That," said he at the next meeting, " is what 
the devil's service brings you to — seven-cent suits." It 
makes a very considerable difference to the clothing 
industry whether men wear "seven-cent suits," or 
better ones ; a difference which should lead political 
economists to give larger attention to the economic waste 
of the drinking usages and other vices of our times. 87 

Among many interesting incidents connected with the 
closing of the saloons in Kittanning, Pa., a leading mer- 
chant tells the following : 

A woman came into his store very timidly. She was 
evidently unaccustomed to trading. 

"What can I do for you ?" inquired the merchant. 

" I want a pair of shoes for a little girl." 

"What number ? " 

"She is twelve years old." 

" But what number does she wear ? " 

"I do not know." 

" But what number did you buy when you bought the 
last pair for her ? " 

" She never had a pair in her life. You see, sir, her 
father used to drink when we had saloons ; but now that 
they are closed he doesn't drink any more, and this 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 145 



morning he said to me, ' Mother, I want you to go up 
town to-day and get sissy a pair of shoes, for she never 
had a pair in her life.' I thought, sir, if I told you how 
old she was, you would know just what size to give me." 
The wives and children of drunkards, gamblers, liber- 
tines, and underpaid workers "consume," in the economic 
sense, too few clothes, too little food, reading, music, 
and art. If the billion dollars a year worse than wasted 
in the purchase of alcoholic beverages, and the vast sums 
spent on gambling and lust, should be diverted by law 
and gospel to the purchase of necessities and luxuries 
for impoverished homes, as it surely will some day, every 
factory in the land would need to work night and day, 

PROPORTION OF FARM PRODUCTS USED FOR LIQUORS. 

New York Voire (February 7, 1895) Chart prepared by George B. Waldron, based 
on Reports of Departments of Agriculture and Internal Revenue for 1893-94. 



Barley, 82.91^ 



Wheat, o.o2§#. 



Rye, 12.31^. 



Corn, 0.84^ 



Oats, o.ooJ£. 



Molasses, 25.44$.. 



Each diagram as a whole represents the entire crop ; the black the proportion used 
for manufacturing liquors. 

Only three per cent, of more than one billion dollars' worth of the farm products of 
1894 used by the brewers and distillers, but the American people spent a billion dollars 
for the liquor produced. — The Voice, February 7, 1895. 

(See also table making a yet more unfavorable showing as to the farmer's relation to 
the liquor traffic, in The Voice of April 23, 1893. For statistics of cost of drink and 
revenue from it, see The Voice of April 4, 1895.) 



146 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

with two or three shifts of workmen, to supply the 
demand for necessities and luxuries ; and the corner 
stores vacated by the suppression of saloons would not 
suffice for the one-fifth additional traffic thus added to 
legitimate commerce. As for the half-million liquor 
sellers thrown out of work, the same capital in more 
legitimate industries would employ not only that half 
million but also the million workmen that are out of 
employment in panic years. 88 

§ 22. But, neither the charities of the rich nor the 
patience, under injustice, of the poor should be con- 
Labor con- sidered by Christians as finalities. They 
ferences. are but makeshifts, which should not check 

for a moment our campaign in behalf of justice in indus- 
try, which will leave small room for charity. And if the 
threatened break in the overstrained patience of the 
poor 89 is to be prevented, rich and poor must grasp 
hands over the bloody chasm of industrial war in a mutual 
effort to reduce, at least, and that speedily, the industrial 
injustice that now prevails.* 

* The Council of Conciliation and Mediation, of which Bishop Potter 
of New York is chairman, have given a fresh impulse to the formation 
and use of such boards by their successful settlement of the electrical 
workers' strike in New York in April, 1895. But yet more encouraging 
is the success of the New York Masons' Association and the bricklayers' 
unions. The committee is composed of equal numbers of representa- 
tives of the master builders and of the eight bricklayers' unions ; it meets 
once a week to hear statements of grievances and to settle disputes 
between the master masons and their men. There is a provision that in 
case of non-agreement an umpire shall be chosen, but in the ten years of 
the committee's existence it has never been found necessary to choose an 
umpire. During these ten years no strike or lockout has occurred 
between the members of the organizations represented on this joint 
committee. Each year an agreement as to wages, hours, and " other 
matters of mutual interest " is made by the committee, and to this 
annual agreement the organizations scrupulously adhere. The unions of 
the laborers on the one hand and the unions of the employers on the 
other are fully recognized ; the members of the committee do not act as 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 147 

Conference is the word, not conflict. Progress waits 
on peace. The problem is deep, and therefore the debate 
must be long. It is not a simple question of right and 
wrong, like slavery and gambling and impurity and 
intemperance, in all of which an unprejudiced child can 
at once see the clear-cut parting of the ways. There 
is no exact number of hours and of dollars that is 
always and everywhere the rignt measure of a day's work 
and wages respectively. Even working men have not yet 
generally agreed on a reform platform. Only quacks 
will assume that such an issue can be settled offhand by 
a workingman extemporizing at the close of his work 
from a drygoods box to a crowd of fellow workmen. 
There must be long and careful consideration, lest in cor- 
recting one injustice a worse one should be substituted. 
What riotous working men need now to be told in sten- 
torian voice, with a musket for a gavel, whenever neces- 
sary, is that this great debate cannot proceed until the 
meeting comes to order. Dynamite only delays debate 
and so deliverance. 

The debate is delayed not only by riots, but also by 
rant. What is needed is not declamation, but delibera- 
tion. The American people are not to be stampeded into 
a new industrial order, like swarming bees, by mere shout- 
ing and throwing dust. As rioters divert public attention 
from the righteousness of their claim by the lawlessness 
of their method of defending it, so the advocates of labor, 



individuals, but as representatives of their respective organizations. The 
gain to the men in wages under the agreements made by the joint 
committee has been distinct. In 1885 they received forty-two cents an 
hour, with a working day of nine hours ; they now get fifty cents an 
hour, and the day is eight hours. This arbitration council, described by 
Mrs. Josephine Shaw Lowell in The Voice of April n, 1895, called out 
many expressions of approval, with further plans of arbitration, pub- 
lished in the two subsequent issues of that journal — all since collected in 
a leaflet, How to Avoid Strikes, sold at 3 cents. 



148 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

in many cases, delay the final solution of the labor prob- 
lem by hiding the real issue under furious vociferation. 
Capitalists, having shown the fallacies in their exaggera- 
tions, imagine they have routed labor reform itself. If 
the public is ever allowed to get at the main question it 
will be settled right. 

§ 23. Especially does it tend to hide the real issue when 
labor reformers attribute both the pauperism and vice we 
Poverty as a see about us chiefly or wholly to our indus- 
Cause of vice. t:r"ia,l system. It is manifest exaggeration 
to make low wages chiefly responsible for low morals, and 
high wages the highway to virtue. 90 Such as do so 
forget that in the case of Ananias we have proof that even 
the Christian communism they so often quote did not 
cure lying. And the communistic Spartans, with only 
iron money, became a proverb of covetousness. It is 
pertinent to add further, apropos of the labor leaders' 
idea that want creates wickedness, that a large majority 
of criminals were having regular employment when 
arrested. 

The novel doctrines of those who make the labor prob- 
lem the center of the sociological system, and discuss 
moral reforms from that point of view, should not be 
wholly rejected because not wholly true. Labor extrem- 
ists declare, " Poverty is the cause of drink,"* and tem- 
perance men of an equally narrow type reply, "Nay, but 
drink is the cause of poverty." Each has a part of the 
truth, a half hinge from the door that swings one way 
into the saloon and the other way into the poorhouse, 
with persons passing both ways. 

In the Philadelphia Free Breakfast for the poor, on in- 
quiry, seventy-five per cent, acknowledged drink to be 

* During the "hard times," in the year ending June 30, 1894, the 
American people consumed 16.82 gallons per capita, as against 18.04 f° r 
the previous more prosperous year. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 149 



ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF POVERTY. 
From Warner s "American Charities.'* 



Characteristics. 



Habits producing 
and produced by 
the above. 



1. Undervitalization and indolence. 

2. Lubricity. 

3. Specific diseases. 

4. Lack of judgment. 

5. Unhealthy appetites. 



f: 



Shiftlessness. 

2. Self-abuse and sexual excess. 

3. Abuse of stimulants and narcotics. 

4. Unhealthy diet. 

[ 5. Disregard for family ties. 



1. Inadequate natural resources. 

2. Bad climatic conditions. 

3. Defective sanitation, etc. 

4. Evil associations and surroundings. 

5. Defective legislation and defective 

machinery. 

6. Misdirected or inadequate education. 



judicial and punitive 



7. Bad industrial 
conditions. 



a. Variations in value of money. 

b. Changes in trade. 

c. Excessive or ill-managed taxation. 

d. Emergencies unprovided for. 

e. Undue power of class over class. 

f. Immobility of labor. 



8. Unwise philanthropy. 



(General William Booth, of the Salvation Army, says that many of the 
dependent have been " the football of all the causes in the list.") 



150 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

the cause of their dependence. 91 General Booth, of 
the Salvation Army, says: " Intemperance is the most 
prolific of all the causes of poverty." 92 Charles Lor- 
ing Brace, after twenty years' work among "The Dan- 
gerous Classes of New York," said in his book of that 
title : " Probably two-thirds of the crimes of every city 
(and a very large portion of its poverty) come from over- 
indulgence of^this appetite." 93 These two witnesses 
could not be surpassed as experts on this subject, and 
there is a great mass of like testimony from persons 
of like experience.* For instance, John Burns, the 
British labor leader, with 140 other labor leaders, 
recently signed a manifesto which declared : "The 
present licensing system is a chief cause of the 
present time poverty, debasement, and weakness of the 
poor." The tables of the Charity Organization Societies 
of the United States recognize intemperance as a cause 
of poverty in only 28.1 per cent, of the cases on their re- 
lief lists. 94 These cases are mostly from the better 
class of dependents, but in view of the seeming conflict 
of this conclusion with those preceding, there is need of 
further inductive studies as to the causes of the drink 
habit. 95 It would be pertinent to inquire not only how 
many of the persons charitably assisted have used liquors 
to the extent of intoxication, but also how many have 
used them habitually; since almost any tippler would have 



* In an address by Professor J. J. McCook, the highest authority on 
tramps {The Voice, June 27, 1895), we find this testimony : " Eight hun- 
dred and twenty-five out of 1314 tramps questioned by me statistically 
several years ago admitted they were intemperate ; that is, 62.8 per cent., 
or nearly two-thirds. Since more than half of them had trades, 57.4 per 
cent.; since 83.5 per cent., over four-fifths, admitted their health was 
good ; and since 90.06 per cent., over nine-tenths, could read and write, 
and since the year when the inquiry was made was the high-water mark 
of our business boom, the conclusion seems a fair one that drink had 
something to do with their vagabondage," 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 151 

spent in drink as much as he received afterward from 
charity. Dr. Edward Everett Hale, whose position as the 
founder of the Ten Times One Club, 96 and editor of 
Lend a Hand, puts his philanthropy beyond question, 
published a statement repeatedly, a few years since, that 
his Church could furnish charitable support to all the 
needy families of Boston whose poverty had not been 
caused by drink. In a card jus* received he confirms the 
accuracy of this statement and gives no hint of any 
change of opinion, although we assume that the state- 
ment was not made in a year of exceptional commercial 
panic. 97 

We do not anticipate that the novices in temperance 
discussions will be found to be nearer the truth than those 
who have long been working with and for the victims of 
intemperance, but we do anticipate that it will be found 
that besides the drunkard's personal guilt, industrial 
abuses need to be taken into account in devising complete 
remedies. The pledge and prayer and prohibition should 
certainly be supplemented by tenement-house reform, by 
cooking-schools for the wives and daughters of the poor, 
and by coffee-houses for the fathers and sons. 

The judicial student will not accept ex parte statements 
that pauperism is due wholly to low wages, or to shift- 
lessness, 98 or to careless charity, but will seek to find 
how much of it is due to industrial changes, such as new 
machinery that often causes temporary suffering to those 
whose trade is rendered valueless, for which no one is at 
fault ; " and how much to industrial abuses that could 
and should be remedied, such as unrestricted immigration 
and political tinkering with business for partisan ends. 

Those labor reformers who say that women sell them- 
selves chiefly because of starvation wages have given no 
proof of their assertion. Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Com- 
missioner of the United States Department of Labor, has 
ascertained by statistical investigation, that such falls 



152 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

occur more frequently than among factory girls among 
domestic servants in homes and hotels, where there is 
surely no danger of starvation. We are inclined to think 
that further inductive studies would show that natural 
depravity and parental neglect and the perilous silence on 
this subject of teachers has more to do with the begin- 
ning of social vice than poverty, but that is not a suffi- 
cient reason why those who insist that the blame of the 
fall partly belongs to the woman should not impartially 
seek to find to what extent it belongs, in some cases, to 
the unjust employer. The blame lies, in many instances, 
upon parents, because they have not provided the daugh- 
ter with such training as will make her capable of earning 
a living, if necessary; for lack of which she is often 
tempted if not to a life of shame to a loveless marriage 
for support, which is only a shade better, and often leads 
to the other evil by way of desertion or divorce. 

§ 24. But while the exaggerations and lawlessness of 
one class of working men delay the favorable considera- 
Prejudices t ^ on °^ l a bor reform by the general public, 
of christian Christian scholars ought to be able, in spite 
of these fungoid growths, to get at the 
heart of the subject and give it an unbiased study. 
Benjamin Kidd, in his great book, has warned us that in 
nearly all reform movements the university men in Eng- 
land at first opposed what at last all approved. Even the 
Church has sometimes been unfriendly or indifferent to 
a new reform which it was afterward constrained to 
welcome as its own child. Let us beware of repeating 
this history of conservative prejudice and so increasing 
the prejudice with which very many wage-earners, not 
wholly without cause, regard the Church. 100 The 
bishops in the British House of Lords in 1894 voted 
solidly with the majority of the temporal peers against 
the Employers' Liability Bill, a reasonable measure pre- 
viously passed by the House of Commons. Though that 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LAEOR. 1 53 

vote by no means represented the Christian churches of 
Great Britain and the United States, much less Chris- 
tianity, we cannot altogether blame workmen for regard- 
ing it as representative of both until the churches more 
positively and actively show that they are animated by a 
nobler spirit. 101 

§ 25. But labor reformers are too hastily condemning 
the Church for not at once solving their complicated 
problem. If some Christians are negligent criticisms of 
others are earnestly seeking a remedy; and the church, 
those critics who have not even a remedy to suggest 
should not be too much in haste to condemn the Church 
for being as much at a loss as themselves what to do. 
On the other hand, let us not be impatient of censure 
of the Church, which surely has not done its full duty 
in this matter, especially when it comes from those of 
undoubted Christian spirit because of their high ideals 
for the Church. Let the Church at least thank God that 
Christianity has so leavened society that "Might makes 
right" is no longer accepted as a final law in business; 
that Christ is seen to be the toiler's champion, even 
though His Church is partly misunderstood and partly 
misrepresentative of Him. \ Let the churches, as yet 
uncertain, like nearly everybody else, what should be 
done, organize a social reform federation or at least 
appoint a union committee in each city, in each State, in 
each nation, who shall hold labor conferences, sociologi- 
cal congresses, gather reliable statistics, and recommend 
practical applications of the law of Christ in legislation 
and otherwise, such as may be clearly seen to be 
required. 

§ 26. Meantime labor sermons are hardly in order, 
except as they deal with settled principles Labor Prob- 
rather than debatable details. Not all lemsin the con- 
social problems have yet reached the stage 
for preaching, that is, for proclamation, as settled truths. 



154 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

The labor problem and some others are rather in the 
conference stage. 

Labor conferences, in which labor and capital can meet 
face to face, are the need of the hour. 102 The Labor 
Conference with which Emperor William II. of Germany 
began his reign, in which thirteen governments united, 
should be copied by all Christian states ; J03 and the 
Christian conference between capitalists and workmen 
which Dr. Washington Gladden, of Columbus, held in his 
church should be copied by all churches.* 

Little is to be expected from a purely class movement, 
selfishly and separately seeking its own benefit, whether 
it be a movement of organized capital or of organized 
labor. Every gain in labor reform has been made by the 
aid of the nobler part of the privileged classes. One- 
sided discussions of the relative rights and duties of 
capital and labor only delay the cooperation of those two 
natural allies, which can do little separately toward either 
production or peace. It was an omen of good that in a 
Labor Conciliation Conference held in Chicago in the 
autumn of 1894, some time after the great strike, labor 
leaders present seemed to be unanimous in the feeling 
that the era of great railway strikes had passed, and that 
arbitration and conciliation were soon to prevail. The 
Brooklyn strike of 1895 has damaged that prophecy, but 
it is not without hopeful significance. 104 

Rev. Dr. Gladden brought capitalists and workmen 
face to face in his church, and invited both sides to 
express their views freely but courteously. The very 
interesting remarks thus called out, published in the 
Bibliotheca Sacra 105 and also in a document issued 
separately, is one of the most valuable contributions 



* This conference and another at Toledo were held by request of the 
Ohio State Association of Congregational Churches, and the result pub- 
lished under the title The Social and Industrial Situation. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 155 

to the labor controversy. Capitalists and workmen went 
away from that conference with better opinions of 
each other, and especially with better understanding of 
each other's difficulties, and so with more patience for 
the problem before them. Workmen saw that in many 
cases the individual capitalist, although desirous to do 
justice, believed that he could not materially shorten the 
hours of work 106 or increase the wages, even in his 
own establishment, because less honorable competitors 
in his own town or elsewhere in his world-wide neighbor- 
hood would in that case drive him out of business, and 
so his workmen out of work. On the other hand the 
capitalists saw that workmen were not all saloonists and 
socialists and idle dreamers about impossible millenniums. 
They found that some of the workmen had read more 
widely and thought more deeply on the problems of pro- 
duction and distribution than they had allowed them- 
selves time to do. 107 

It is not to the credit of the Church that the Gladden 
conference stands almost, if not quite alone; which is 
the more surprising in that Hon. T. V. Powderly, one of 
most conservative of labor leaders, has publicly invited 
the churches to undertake such conferences. The Con- 
gregationalists and Episcopalians have taken up the 
labor problem more generally than any other denomina- 
tions, both in Great Britain and in the United States, 
discussing the problem frequently at their conferences 
and establishing professorships of Christian sociology, 
social settlements, and institutional churches. The writer 
has originated a Forum of Reforms for the Chautauquas, 
which is designed for free conference on labor and kin- 
dred problems, to occupy an hour each day, or a separate 
week. It is suggestive of the need of such conferences 
that the remark of a labor leader at my Long Beach 
Forum of Reforms, "There are just as many kind hearts 
in Fifth Avenue as anywhere else," was considered by 



156 PRACTICAL CHRlSTfAN SOCIOLOGY. 

the New York Herald the one sentence worth reporting 
from that session of the Forum. The original Chautau- 
qua has given the labor problem a large place in its 
People's University under such teachers as Professor 
Richard T. Ely, Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Professor J. R. 
Commons, and Dr. Wm. R. Tolman; and Bishop Vincent 
himself undertook, in 1894, the supervision of a series of 
sociological studies for Sabbath-school teachers. 108 

Nothing, it would seem, would so check the wasteful 
and disastrous labor conflicts, and hasten the dominance 
of justice in industry, as the holding of many labor con- 
ferences in Christian nations under civil auspices, and 
in cities under the auspices of the united churches. 
They are needed to clear the murky air of misunder- 
standings and misstatements and exaggerations, and get 
at the real evils and the practicable remedies. 

" Whoever rights, whoever falls, 
Justice conquers evermore, 
Justice after as before, — 
And he who battles on her side, 
God, though he were ten times slain, 
Crowns him victor glorified, 
Victor over death and pain." 

Emerson : Voluntaries. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

§ I. What has been the message of the Church to rich and poor as to 
poverty ? What new watchword is suggested ? On what are all parties 
to the labor controversy generally agreed? What was Plato's teaching 
as to justice ? What three divisions* of the wealth of the nation are 
given ? Is the average wealth increasing or decreasing ? Is the average 
proportion of the produce received by labor increasing or decreasing ? 
How does this proportion compare with the division in Europe ? What 
false plea is often made in behalf of labor ? Has the purchasing power 
of average wages decreased since 1840? What is labor's main con- 
tention ? 

§ 2. Where was this main contention most exactly presented ? How 
was this contention confused and defeated ? If the contention were 
pressed in politics what might be expected in legislation ? What grade 
of workmen most frequently strike? Where are "starvation wages" 
really found? Is the average workman abjectly poor? 

§ 3. What distinction is made between capitalism and capitalists ? 
What capitalists have been labor leaders and labor advocates ? Have 
the concessions to labor made by the privileged classes been achieved 
chiefly through force and fear? What watchwords for the labor 
crusade are suggested ? 

§ 4. What failure of a materialistic labor movement is cited ? What 
political reform was thus promoted? What further safeguard against 
the bribery of labor voters is needed ? 

§ 5. In what three departments of industry is justice to be achieved? 
How can prices and wages be made less unjust ? What instance of 
reducing wages only in hard times is given ? In what field is full justice 
in wages possible ? 

§ 6. How are the poor wronged in prices? 

§ 7. Have poor wages ever been held to justify poor work ? What is 
the right and wise ground for workmen and their unions to take on this 
matter? What ground has been, and what ground should be, taken as to 
doing dishonest work on an employer's order ? What were the customs 
of medieval gilds as to skimped and dishonest work ? What criticism 
has been made on our labor unions for lack of like rules ? 

§ 8. What is a sympathetic strike ? What is stated as to the Chicago 
strike ? 

§ 9. What was its main purpose ? W T hy is a labor trust not to be 
feared ? How are labor unions helpful? (Note.) 

§ 10. What grounds have we for expecting the final triumph of indus- 
trial justice ? 

§ 11. What is the expectation of the ablest labor leaders of to-day as 
to the time and method of that triumph ? What British and French 
methods are compared to each other ? 

§ 12. What form of patience should the poor hold fast ? What 
injunctions of patience may be properly resented ? What form of patience 
is condemned and what impatience palliated ? 



I58 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

§ 13. How is the culture of discontent expected to aid labor's cause ? 
How does it hinder it ? 

§ 14. What two classes of physiocrats are described ? What psychical 
forces have expedited social evolution ? 

§ 15. What reasons are given why the workman should maintain a 
cheerful patience ? What contrast is made between the poor rich and 
the rich poor ? What are the essential materials of culture ? Through 
what sort of workmen are improvements in the condition of labor mostly 
achieved? 

§ 16. What is the " new charity" ? What the newest? What court 
precedent as to dividends in hard times is offered as a suggestive exam- 
ple to the rich ? 

§ 17. What mitigations of industrial injustice are possible even in. the 
field of competition? How is covetousness defined? 

§ 18. Why were those thrown out of work in 1893 worthy of unusual 
consideration? How was that panic misrepresented? How many were 
the unemployed then estimated to be? How had the number been 
reduced? 

§ 19. How is the movement from country to city related to the per- 
manent overcrowding of the labor market ? (Besides text, see note in 
Appendix.) By whom has the claim that man has a natural right to work 
been advocated ? How is the claim answered or qualified ? What suc- 
cessful farm colonies are reported ? 

§ 20. What points must be safeguarded in providing for the unem- 
ployed? What plans were adopted in American cities in 1893-94? 
What State has successful employment bureaus ? What is the work of 
the Loan Bureau in New York ? 

§ 21. What facts show that underconsumption is the chief cause of 
financial congestion rather than overproduction ? What per cent, of the 
total grain product is sold to brewers and distillers ? 

§ 22. Why is mutual conference between capital and labor appro- 
priate and desirable? How does conflict delay progress? How does 
rant also harm the cause of labor ? 

§ 23. Is drink the cause of poverty or poverty the cause of drink ? 
What are the chief causes of pauperism and dependency ? What facts 
are cited to show that prostitution is not chiefly due to industrial causes ? 

§ 24. What historic cases are given of undue conservatism in churches 
and colleges toward new movements ? 

§ 25. What is said as to current criticism of the Church for not solv- 
ing the labor problem ? 

§ 26. What form of labor sermons is disapproved ? What exemplary 
labor conferences are cited ? Why are one-sided discussions insufficient? 
What was the result of the Gladden conference ? What other confer- 
ences are named ? 



Subjects for Discussion in Labor Unions, Commercial Clubs, 
Sociological Institutes, Conferences of Capital and 
Labor, etc. 

1. Are the existing concentrations of wealth in the hands of a few 
individuals either unjust or detrimental to the general welfare ? 2. Is 
legislation to prevent competitors from combining in trusts desirable and 
enforceable ? 3. Are trades unions, as at present conducted, beneficial 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 159 

to their members ? 4. Should the law prevent all watering of stocks ? 
5. Do poor wages justify poor work ? 6. Is the employer alone respon- 
sible for wrong-doing which he requires of his employees ? 7. Is 
poverty the chief cause of intemperance ? 8. Is it necessary to be honest 
in order to be poor? 9. Is the financial condition of the average wage- 
worker improving ? 10. Is a sympathetic strike, or a strike accompanied 
by violence, ever justifiable in a Republic? 11. Should the prices of 
necessities of life be regulated by law? 12. Is it desirable or practi- 
cable to transfer any considerable number of those who are irregularly 
employed in the cities to the farms ?^ 13. Should a new declaration of 
inalienable rights include not only life and liberty and the pursuit of hap- 
piness but also the right to employment ? 14. Would the suppression of 
the liquor traffic promote the commercial interests of the country? 

(For a conference of capital and labor a better program could hardly 
be made than that of Emperor William — see Alphabetical Index.) 



Field Work. 

I. Visit local labor leaders for friendly inquiries, and arrange to visit 
labor lodges and conventions. Ascertain percentage of native and foreign 
members. Ask non-union workmen reasons for not joining unions. 2. 
Ascertain of employers as to favors granted employees, such as early clos- 
ing, Saturday half holiday, summer vacation, profit sharing. 3. Make a 
local census of the unemployed, with prepared schedule of questions. 
Note reason given why farm was left for city ; also why city is not left 
for farm. 4. Interview reformed men as to whether poverty prompted 
their beginning to drink. 



Benjamin Kidd : The development that will fill the history of the 
twentieth century will certainly be the change in the relations of capital, 
labor, and the state. — Social Evolution, Lecture IV. 219. 

Henry George : Political economy has been called the dismal 
science. . . In her own proper symmetry political economy is radiant 
with hope. — Progress and Poverty, 400. 

A. M. Fairbairn, D. D. : The present state of the working classes may 
be described as one of alienation rather from the churches than from 
religion, [due to] the belief that the churches are not religious realities, 
not bodies organized for the teaching, and doing of righteousness, but 
for the maintenance of vested interests and conventional respectabili- 
ties. . . In Protestant countries the social development has outrun the 
religious, and it will only be by the religious development overtaking the 
social that the Church will be able to reclaim the masses. . . If 
wealth were wise, there is nothing it would more dread than the separa- 
tion of classes in the house of God, or the separation of different houses 
of God to different classes ; and if it were good as well as wise, there is 
nothing it would so little allow. The master who goes to worship where 
only other masters are, does his best to alienate himself from his people, 
to lower religion in their eyes, and to bring on the social revolution ; 
for the only salt that can preserve society is sympathy and communion in 
the most serious things of the Spirit between all classes. — Religion in 
History and in Modern Life, pp. 49, 18, 22, 35. 

Charles D. Kellogg : Is it your secret heart's conception, perhaps 
half unsuspected, that you will always meet the poor on missionary or 
asylum ground, and not on social or brotherly ground ? Is there a gulf 
between you and them that you do not wish to see closed ? If so, you 
cannot do the poor much good. — Christianity Practically Applied, vol. 
H- A 373- 

General William Booth : There is hardly any more pathetic figure 
than that of the strong, able worker crying plaintively in the midst of our 
palaces and churches, not for charity, but for work ; asking only to be 
allowed the privilege of perpetual hard labor, that thereby he may earn 
wherewith to fill his empty belly and silence the cry of his children for 
food. Crying for it and not getting it ; seeking for labor as lost treasure 
and finding it not ; until at last, all spirit and vigor worn out in the weary 
quest, the once willing worker becomes a broken-down drudge, sodden 
with wretchedness and despairing of all help in this world or in that 
which is to come. — Darkest England and the Way Out. 

David MACALLISTER, D. D., in The Christian Statesman : True 
reform must be radical, reaching to the character and spirit of both 
employers and employed. The supreme need, therefore, of the hour, is 
a church which shall teach fearlessly the responsibilities and the duties 
of the rich. Herein lies the great opportunity of the church of to-day. 
If she could rise to the occasion, and deal with the wealthy classes who 
fill her pews in the plain and faithful spirit of her Master, she could 
work a great reformation among them and at the same time attract the 
poorer classes powerfully to herself. She is preeminently fitted to be 
the mediator in this great conflict. The service which she might thus 
render to society is of incalculable value. 



IV. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL 
AND LABOR (Continued). 

m 

§ i. Whether in conferences or otherwise, the labor 
problem should be studied with more regard to history a.nd 
less to prophecy than has been the custom. 

There was a time when labor leaders were chiefly 
prophets of future Utopias. High ideals are of great 
value. Without them there is sure to be low 
achievement. But impossible and extrava- pia 

gant ideals, or ideals whose achievement is too remote, are 
of doubtful utility. The early communistic ideals usually 
represent their industrial heaven on earth as achieved 
with impossible suddenness and impossible sinlessness. 
Labor leaders have abandoned such ideals, but their 
critics are still bombarding the empty forts. 1 Intelligent 
labor now interprets the future by the past, and so ex- 
pects an evolution of justice that shineth more and more 
unto the perfect day. 2 

§ 2. The individualism which preceded the present 
solidarity of the race was well represented by "the inde- 
pendent farmer," who could have lived and The individu- 
flourished if the fence around his farm had aifetic Farmer, 
shut him out from all the world, and all the world from 
him. He produced his own meat, drink, lodging, and 
raiment. In the period when the farmer was only a 
shepherd, the sheep furnished him his tent, his coat, and 
his food, the last supplemented by natural growths of 
fruit. When he learned to till the soil and locate in a 
house, he made his own lumber and was as independent 
as before. Homespun took the place of skins for gar- 

i6x 



162 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

ments, and home-ground flour supplemented fruit ; but 
he was still independent. 3 

Now the farmer is dependent on mills a thousand miles 
away for his bread, for his garments, for his lumber, and 
is also at the mercy of bad roads and worse railroads, 
and grain gamblers, who are worst of all. 4 Every farmer 
in the world suffered in 1893-94 because of bad financier- 
ing in Argentine, Australia, and India. It first affected 
the world's heart, London; whence the industrial poison 
went to every fireside in the civilized world. 

Nor is the once independent farmer left, as formerly, 
to instil moral ideas into his family without other diffi- 
culties than those of natural depravity. The Sunday 
paper is thrown off at the nearest railroad station, at 
which his family is also tempted to Sunday excursions. 
The saloon has also come to the neighboring village, or 
else the city saloon has come to be so near by the build- 
ing of the railroad that it has poisoned the country as 
well as the city. 

§ 3. Production has come to be almost entirely a social 
act since the discovery of steam power introduced facto- 
Labor Prob r * es an( ^ railroads, multiplying cities and 
lem interna- making all rural regions their surburbs. 
tionai. Electricity, which has already brought all 

the world into speaking distance, is about to narrow the 
world still more by increasing the rapidity of both pro- 
duction and distribution. Once a man's only competitor 
was across the street; now he is everywhere, and the 
single employer's contract with the single employee is 
necessarily governed, not by local conditions, but by 
national or world competitions or combinations. The 
first essential in any wise or effective study of the labor 
problem is the clear recognition that, in the main, it is 
not a personal or local, but chiefly a national and inter- 
national problem. A manufacturer in St. Paul cannot 
considerably increase wages unless his competitors in 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 163 

Minneapolis and Milwaukee do the same. Not even by 
States, much less by cities, can a general eight-hour law 
be introduced. 5 An effective movement to that end 
must, therefore, be at least national in its scope, whether 
it seeks its goal by strikes or by joint legislative action 
of States and nation. So I said in St. Paul in an address 
to the Labor Day parade of the trades unions, whose mem- 
bers did not dissent from my statement. In the case of 
monopolies the eight-hour law need not wait for general 
adoption. I helped to secure from Congress such a law 
for letter-carriers and spoke at their eight-hour jubilee. 

§ 4. Local strikes are mostly as useless as the attacks 
of a single Indian tribe on a United States military 
post. 6 When any proposed labor reform strikes or Bai- 
has enough men and moral force for a lots? 
successful national strike it can better accomplish its end 
by the ballot. It would be an abuse of popular govern- 
ment for any class to use the brute force of numbers, 
even at the ballot-box, for securing an unjust class ad- 
vantage ; ' but surely the class that has a large majority of 
the votes has no excuse for turning civilized society into 
the savage chaos involved in the actual, if not in the the- 
oretical strike, when they have only to reach some con- 
clusion that satisfies the sense of justice in their own 
majority to secure orderly relief through political action, 8 
if, indeed, the courts cannot give them speedier jus- 
tice. 9 The starting point in labor reform is, then, the 
recognition that industrial production and distribution is 
a social act whose abuses can only be remedied by social 
action on a scale as large as itself. 

§ 5. An intelligent conception of the labor problem as 
modified by this new solidarity must be „. t 

J J Eighteenth 

based upon knowledge of the new era century's in- 
that was introduced by the steam-engine 10 dustrial Revo- 

fe lution. 

and related machinery " during the second 

half of the eighteenth century, under the laissez faire 



164 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

policy of government, and also of the newest era of 
paternalism, introduced with the nineteenth century by 
the first of the British Factory Acts in 1802. 

§ 6. Into the new era of factories and of political 
economy the world of the last century was suddenly 
whirled by the steam-engine, leaving industrial condi- 
tions hardly different from those of Moses' day for new 
ones essentially like our own. 12 

The manufacturer had been previously an individual 
hand-worker, as the word implies, manufacturing in or 
about his own cottage, aided by his household in turning 
raw material, which he bought himself, into finished prod- 
uct, and selling it at a profit. 13 Machinery massed men 
in factories under the new " wage system," with division 
of labor and new conditions of woman's work and child 
labor, and further perils from unfenced machinery and 
unsanitary conditions. Industry had suddenly lost its 
individualism and had become social. A new feudalism 
under " captains of industry" was established, in which 
the captains bought the raw materials and took the 
profits, paying their employees wages, not gaged by any 
study of the workman's rightful share in the product, but 
determined solely by the laws of supply and demand and 
competition. Each captain was expected to put his forces 
often to forced marches in the war of competition with 
other factories, each of whose captains was an industrial 
Arab, his hand against every other captain, and every other 
captain against him ; for Watt's invention of the steam- 
engine had been followed by Adam Smith's invention of 
political economy, which was, in brief, the theory that 
business needs neither God nor government, but only 
free competition, with " supply and demand" as its com- 
plete constitution and by-laws, and unrestrained selfish- 
ness as its secret of success. Thus a new era of political 
independence and industrial dependence was inaugurated 
in 1776. Adam Smith's proclamation of industrial liberty 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 165 

was coincident with America's proclamation of political 
liberty, and each proclamation has nearly conquered the 
civilized world, in its own department. But Adam 
Smith's declaration of industry's independence of govern- 
ment has accomplished, in spite of his good intentions, 
the industrial dependence of wage-earners, just at the 
time when it seems most incongruous because of their 
newly achieved political independence. 14 

§ 7. It is not necessary to infer from this that Adam 
Smith was either atheistic or Antichristian in thought 
and life. 15 He surely did not intend to 

, ., _, .- , i-r-1 , 1 Adam Smith. 

deify Selfishness and Liberty as the god 
and goddess of commerce. When a boy his eye fell upon 
that sentence of Jeremy Bentham, "The greatest good 
of the greatest number," which took such hold of his 
mind that it led him in manhood to write The Wealth 
of Nations. These views of political economy were 
originally promulgated as the fourth part of a scheme of 
lectures on moral philosophy, the first part of which was 
to teach that Providence is the soul of the universe ; the 
second, that sympathy is the soul of ethics ; the third, 
that justice is the soul of jurisprudence ; and the fourth, 
that unrestricted self-love * is the soul of national com- 
mercial prosperity. 16 In this fourth part he intended 
to include the three great principles of the preceding 
parts — Providence, sympathy, and justice. Self-love act- 
ing without restraints of government he deemed the 
natural agency by which " Providence" would work out 
for the whole community such prosperity as "sympathy " 
would desire and "justice" approve. 17 Thus a good 
man, with good motives, promulgated as a divine law, 
under the name of political economy, Robin Hood's 

" Simple plan, 
That they should take who have the power 
And they should keep who can." 

* He advocated liberty only within the boundaries of justice, but his 
disciples in Manchesterdom took the liberty and forgot the justice. 



l66 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

Had he lived long enough to see his "iron law" of 
free selfishness developed by Ricardo and applied by- 
Manchester, no doubt he would have recognized that the 
inward self-love and outward liberty he advocated needed 
to be positively and powerfully restrained by Christian 
sympathy and justice within, and by outward civil justice 
as well. His fundamental error was that employer and 
employee meet on terms of equality in the so-called 
"freedom of contract," whereas the capitalist has the 
advantage in a score of ways. 

§ 8. The British Parliament, wholly controlled up to 
the days of Adam Smith and beyond by the employing 
crimes of in- c ^ ass ? na( ^ legislated on labor only to pre- 
dustriai "Lib- scribe low wages and forbid redress by 
erty *" strikes. Therefore when Adam Smith 

suggested the "let-alone theory " of government, 18 work- 
men did not object. But when their wives and children 
began to suffer from unsanitary conditions and overwork 
and needless accidents in the factories, 19 they were 
roused to agitate for the ballot, that they might redress 
their wrongs. 

The horrible cruelty and injustice to which British 
manufacturers subjected men, women, and children under 
the laissez faire regime, in the sacred name of liberty, 20 
are recorded, not in the literature of agitators only, but 
in even darker lines in the blue books of the Government, 
which was constrained by the bitter cry of the oppressed 
to make an official investigation, 21 that revealed facts 
that outheroded Herod. His slaughter of the inno- 
cents — perhaps a score under two years of age in that 
little hamlet of Bethlehem — is a mere trifle to the child- 
killing of the British factory owners. Men and women 
were wronged also, but it will be enough to show how 
these Pharaohs of the oppression destroyed both boys 
and girls, physically and morally, in the days of the 
"white slavery." 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 167 

"Children, it was discovered, were transferred in 
large numbers to the North, where they were housed in 
pent up buildings adjoining the factories, and kept to 
long hours of labor. The work was carried on day and 
night without intermission, so that the beds were said 
never to become cold, inasmuch as one batch of children 
rested while another went to the looms, only half the 
requisite number of beds being provided for all. Epi- 
demic fevers were rife in consequence. Medical inspect- 
ors reported the rapid spread of malformation of the 
bones, curvature of the spine, heart-disease, rupture, 
stunted growth, asthma, and premature old age among 
children and young persons ; the said children and 
young persons being worked by manufacturers without 
any kind of restraint. Manufacturing profits in Lanca- 
shire were being reckoned at the same time at hundreds 
and even thousands per cent. The most terrible condi- 
tion of things existed in the mines, where children of 
both sexes worked together, half naked, often for sixteen 
hours a day. In the fetid passages, children of seven, 
six, and even four years of age were found at work. 
Children of six years of age drew coal along passages of 
the mines, crawling on all-fours with a girdle passing 
round the waist, harnessed by a chain between their legs 
to the cart. A subcommissioner in Scotland reported 
that he found a little girl, six years of age, carrying half 
a hundredweight, and making regularly fourteen long 
journeys a day. The height ascended and the distance 
along the road exceeded in each journey the height of St. 
Paul's Cathedral." 22 

Having read such facts from the blue books, one feels 
an imperative need of Mrs. Browning's imprecatory psalm: 

" Still all day the iron wheels go onward, 
Grinding life down from its mark ; 
And the children's souls which God is calling sunward, 
Spin on blindly in the dark. 



l68 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

How long, how long, O cruel nation, 

Will you stand, to move the world, on a child's heart ; 
Stifle down with mailed heel its palpitation, 

And tread onward to your throne amid the mart ? 
Our blood splashes upward, O gold-heaper! 

And your purple shows your path ; 
But the child's sob in the darkness curses deeper 

Than the strong man in his wrath." 

Mrs. Browning : The Cry of the Children. 

It was such infernalism that produced paternalism, 
which began feebly and ineffectually in the first of the 
Factory Acts 23 in 1802, a law of value only as the first 
line in the death sentence of laissez faire. 

Hardly less incredible than the cruelties of its short 
reign is the fact that this industrial anarchy was actually 
defended by such good men 24 as Cobden and Bright, 
w T ho, having espoused the doctrine that business needed 
no government, held fast to that a priori theory notwith- 
standing the a posteriori facts to the contrary, written 
in blood. 

§ 9. But Ricardian political economy,* at first uni- 
versally accepted, came to be more and more dis- 

n ..-. , credited 25 because of its cruelties and 

Political 

Economy Dis- crudities, in spite of eminent and eloquent 
credited. defenders ; in spite of the cry of liberty, 

which always has a sort of superstitious influence upon 
Anglo-Saxons, as if Liberty were indeed a goddess that 
could not safely be denied even human sacrifices. The 
weal of nations was recognized as more and better than 
the " wealth of nations." 

The chief points in which that political economy has 
been found wanting are : (1) It treated economic law as 
natural law, sometimes as almost mechanical law. 26 The 
factories swallowing up children were but sea mon- 

* See Professor Robert Flint's distinction between the political 
economy of Ricardo and that of Adam Smith, Socialism, 74. 






FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 169 

sters feeding on fishes, a part of the necessary cruelty of 
nature, with which man's intellect should not allow his 
heart to interfere. The declaration that " politics owes 
no allegiance to the Decalogue and the Golden Rule " is 
only the doctrine of political economy transferred from 
business to politics. Ruskin calls the imaginary " eco- 
nomic man " with which Ricardian political economy deals, 
a "covetous machine." 27 As a matter of fact we find 
that not even bad men, much less good men, are uni- 
versally controlled by money. 28 Many of the vicious 
would rather starve in the city than thrive in the country. 
And there are thousands who, like Agassiz, are so 
devoted to some noble purpose that they " have no time 
to make money." 

Many scholarly critics of political economy have said 
in substance what Samuel Gompers said tersely in a 
speech at Long Beach at my Forum of Reforms. " Politi- 
cal economy was written by men who did not know the 
difference between a law of nature and the law of petty 
larceny." 

Carlyle was the first of that goodly fellowship of 
prophets that attacked the materialism of the current 
political economy and kept alive in the people the intel- 
lectual and spiritual faith that there is something nobler 
for man than money-making, and that even in business 
one need not forget brotherhood. 29 He was joined by 
Maurice, Kingsley, Ruskin, Wordsworth. The white-hot 
wrath of these prophets Shaftesbury forged into the best 
system of labor laws that the world has ever seen. Thus 
was disproved the theory that economics belong to that 
realm of necessitating natural law which is above the 
control of the human mind. The whole history of 
economics and labor conflicts rather confirms the saying 
of Comte, " Ideas govern the world or throw it into 
chaos." 30 The false ideas of Adam Smith have wrought 
sad chaos with conscience and commerce, but have been 



170 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

counteracted in part by the nobler ideas of Shaftesbury. 
We also have a part to perform in this dynamic sociology 
of right thinking. 

(2) Another error of political economy, of the first 
magnitude, was the assumption that competition would 
be a perpetual check on low wages and high prices. As 
one has said, " Competition, when it is finished, bringeth 
forth monopoly." In 1880-89 competition became a 
"cutthroat," 31 which term has no reference to the lives 
of employees sacrificed, but only to the fact that rival 
business men had become unusually active in cutting 
each other's throats, commercially, by unscrupulous 
underselling 32 and overreaching ; the upshot of which 
commercial murders was the commercial suicide of com- 
petition itself, that it might yield the industrial throne to 
monopoly, in which traders, tired of cutting each other, 
unite to rob their customers. As combination was the 
producer's only escape from competition, cooperation 
will soon be seen to be the customers' only escape from 
combination. 33 We are being corralled by selfishness 
into brotherly cooperation. 




§ 10. Here the unfinished chapter of human rights 
finds us at its most difficult paragraph at the gates of the 
Equal Rights twentieth century, before the end of which 
in Production. we should have solved the problem of equal 
rights in production as justly and conclusively as we have 
solved in this century the problem of equal rights in 
politics. 

But the solution of the industrial problem is not an 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 171 

easy one. Two things, however, are clear on the nega- 
tive side: First, that the old political economy of selfish- 
ness was a monstrous mistake, and that brotherhood 
must be mixed with business in order to save both busi- 
ness and society. The leaders of the new ethical Chris- 
tian school of political economy, which is building on the 
ruins of " the dismal science," putting " the royal law" 
of brotherhood in place of " tl^e iron law " of competition, 
are unitedly teaching that social problems should be 
solved through the Church's aid, by the application of 
the spirit and law of Christ to all associated life. 34 
Even those labor reformers who hiss any reference to the 
Church are unitedly recognizing that only the Carpenter 
of Nazareth can rebuild us from the ruins of the indus- 
trial cyclone of selfish competition and soulless combina- 
tion. Second, that the rise of cities, the introduction of 
machinery, the division of labor, the dependence of each 
upon all in commercial prosperity, make individual inde- 
pendence in commerce no longer safe, and social control 
a necessary defense, not an abridgment of human rights. 
§11. Many are restive in the new social conditions 
because they have not recognized that with the doing 
away of individualism in production and «< personal 
distribution, and of rural isolation, that was Liberty." 
formerly the common lot of families, personal liberty 
must necessarily be curtailed both in commerce and in 
moral conduct. Personal liberty, such as is demanded 
by the would-be triumvirate of society — Covetousness, 
Lust, and Appetite — can be found only in the solitude of 
the wilderness. Even there, liberty is circled by law, 
but only by natural law. 35 So far as society is con- 
cerned, the solitary may keep a stench at his cabin door, 
and may make night hideous with drunken rage and 
revelry. But he who changes solitude for society sur- 
renders a part of his liberty in exchange for the more 
valued fellowship and protection of society, 36 just as 



172 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

he exchanges acres of rural land for a smaller but more 
valuable house lot in the city. There he cannot do as he 
pleases unless it also pleases his neighbor, who has equal 
rights. Personal liberty in society is an ample circle 
within which one can do what he likes so far as he does 
not interfere with the proper likes and true rights of 
others, for the protection of which an invisible boundary 
of law surrounds his personal liberty — a boundary which 
will not restrict his liberty unless he wishes to trespass 
on his neighbor's liberty on the other side. The fallacy 
of the personal liberty cry, as raised in questions of 
appetite, is recognized by many who do not yet see that 
it is just as fallacious, though more respectable, when 
raised in problems of labor. In exchange for the protec- 
tion and facilities of trade that society gives to every 
business, and especially to incorporated business, society 
has a right, which is more and more being recognized by 
legislators and courts, to limit the personal liberty of 
employers and employees alike, so far as public good 
requires — a right which is very likely to be pushed too 
far, after being so long neglected in a superstitious fear 
that liberty would be jeopardized if the liberty of one 
man to wrong another were cut off. 37 As Ex-Senator 
Blair once said to me, " The whole question of liberty 
needs to be studied anew in our day." Christian and 
humane producers should help to make wise laws regulat- 
ing production and distribution, before impatient con- 
sumers take their wrongs into their own hands and enact 
class laws. As one producer, however humane, cannot, 
to any considerable extent, pay larger wages or grant 
shorter hours of labor than his competiters; and as 
voluntary agreements among producers are ropes of sand, 
those who wish to be just should have their agreements 
made compulsory on each other, and on all too unjust 
to join them voluntarily, by having them enacted into 
laws. 38 Only by such social compulsion' can such evils 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 1 73 

as sweat-shops and child labor be abolished. As in 
Sabbath laws it is recognized, in the words of Horace 
Greeley, that "the liberty of rest for each requires a law 
of rest for all " — so in production, the liberty of each 
producer to be just to his employees and to the public 
requires a law of justice for all. Otherwise, the meanest 
producer sets the standard to which all above him must 
come down or succumb. Of, course, a measure of per- 
sonal liberty is left to every producer, but he who battles 
for the discredited and discarded let-alone theory of 
government must be very blind, or very busy, not to see 
that such a theory is a Rip Van Winkle, that ought to 
have stayed in the grave to which it was consigned a 
century ago. 

§ 12. One who has prepared himself for an intelligent 
consideration of the labor problem by a study of its 
history can hardly fail to see that the solution must be 
socialistic, rather than individualistic. 39 I use the word 
socialistic in its true sense, as the opposite of individual- 
istic, not as the adjective of socialism. 

§ 13. Socialism 40 itself is worthy of the calm con- 
sideration of Christian scholars, for it is of Christian 
origin, 41 though, like some other isms, it The Nine _ 
has mixed human error with divine truth, teenth century 
But it does not contain as much of error as Socia lstlc ' 
even ministers often charge upon it. One who ridicules the 
"grand divide" only subjects himself to ridicule, for social- 
ism would not divide existing wealth among individuals, 
but unite it as the property of the people. 42 One who 
uses the word anarchist as the synonym of socialist is 
again confusing opposites, for the anarchist would have 
no government, while the socialist would increase the 
scope of government by annexing, gradually, the whole 
realm of business. 43 Although some socialists are 
materialists and free lovers, neither of these is of the 
essence of socialism, many of whose advocates hold to 



174 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

marriage and religion. 44 German socialism contains as 
much Germanism as socialism, mixed as it is with 
political struggles against absolutism, and with the pre- 
vailing fogs of rationalism. 46 To see the essence of 
socialism,* which Schaffle so admirably presents in his 
little book of that name, one needs to read Anglo-Saxon 
statements of it also, of which the best are those 
of the British Fabian Essays and the American "Dawn 
Library." 46 The essence of this conservative Anglo- 
Saxon socialism is the doctrine that the people, through 
popular government, should by legal means gradually 
acquire ownership and control of the various departments 
of production and exchange as they come to be removed, 
one by one, from the field of competition by private and 
perilous socializing in the form of trusts ; the end in view 
being equitable, not equal, distribution of profits. 47 

Permit me to submit a group definition of socialism and 
several other words that are often used inaccurately as 
synonymous with it, even by good writers : 

" Collectivism," a general economic term for the 
collective ownership of property by the whole community 
or nation, includes (not so-called "state-socialism," 

* Schaffle declares the essence of socialism to be the people's owner- 
ship, through the government, of the means of production. Mr. W. H. 
Mallock, in The Forum of April, 1895, declares the quintessence of 
socialism to be the question whether able men as a class would con- 
tinue to develop and exert their exceptional powers — which in a socialistic 
state would be just as essential as at present — when nearly all the selfish 
motives which cause their activity now, and which have caused it since 
the beginning of civilization, are carefully and deliberately, if not 
vindictively, annihilated. 

We go a step farther and declare the innermost crux of socialism to be 
the question whether civic patriotism will not some day enable rich and 
poor alike to subordinate private selfishness to public service in peace as 
well as war ; whether "captains of industry" may not some day make 
salary as secondary as do those captains of armies who count their 
country's good and gratitude more to be desired than gold. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 175 

which is really monarchical paternalism, both terms 
inappropriate in a fraternal popular government — which 
all forms of collectivism presuppose — and the first of the 
terms, namely, " state-socialism,* inappropriate even in 
Germany, where it originated as a designation of humane 
benefits conferred by the government upon the people) : 

(1) Socialism, which is the advocacy of the people's 
ownership and management,* through popular govern- 
ment, of all capital, that is, of all means of production — 
individualism being retained in the payment for services 
according to merit and in the free use of such earnings 
as private property. Municipalising which is a limited 
socialism applied to city ownership of monopolies. 

(2) Fabianism, which is the advocacy of socialism with 
the proviso that it shall be constitutionally, and so gradu- 
ally, achieved. 

(3) Communism, which agrees with socialism as to 
popular ownership and management of production, but 
differs in that it advocates the equal enjoyment of the 
product for consumption only — there being no private 
property for hoarding or transmission. \ 



*." State Socialists" in Germany are also called "Socialists of the 
Chair" or "Professorial Socialists." Professor Robert Flint {Socialism, 
42) accurately describes them as " simply state-interventionists," " whose 
socialism is only the protectionism of paternal government. In call- 
ing themselves, or allowing themselves to be called Socialists they are 
sailing under false colors." 

f " Socialism," says John Stuart Mill, "is any system which requires 
that the land and the instruments of production should be the property 
not of individuals, but of communities or associations or of the govern- 
ment." — Political Economy, People's Edition, 125. 

% Professor Flint in some places so defines Socialists as to include " the 
Chicago Martyrs " (35), who are anarchists, and in other passages he 
makes all Socialists Communists (16) ; but on pp. 36, 55, he rightly dis- 
tinguishes Socialists from both of the classes named, e.g., he says (55) : 
" All Communists are Socialists, but all Socialists are not Communists. 
Perhaps all socialism tends to communism." 



176 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

(4) Nationalism, which is communism on a national 
scale.* 

§ 14. Full control of production and equity in distribu- 
tion Socialists recognize as far away, 48 but even their 
opponents ought to be able to see that the people's 
gradual acquirement of natural monopolies, and the 
restriction of personal liberty in business for the' benefit 
of the public, has been going on steadily since the dawn 
of the century in all civilized lands, and that too, not by 
the votes of avowed Socialists, who have nowhere had a 
controlling influence, but by the votes of so-called practi- 

* Nationalism should not be judged wholly or chiefly by Mr. Bellamy's 
story, Looking Back-ward, but rather by Mr. Bellamy's address, 
" Nationalism — Principles and Purposes," which gives not its final ideal 
but its immediate program — namely, government ownership of mon- 
opolies. 

Anarchism and nihilism are often spoken of erroneously as forms of 
collectivism. Anarchy aims at destruction only, not at reconstruction. 
No doubt many of its advocates hope that some cooperative form of 
industry will arise on the ruins of present society (see President 
Andrews' letter in Appendix, Part Second), but their whole business is to 
destroy. In a letter to the author Mr. Benjamin R. Tucker, one of 
its foremost American exponents, gives the following definition : 
" Anarchy is a state of society where there is no government. Anarch- 
ists define government as ' coercion of the non-invasive individual.' 
Anarchists oppose any form of [industrial] administration involving 
such coercion. Anarchists as anarchists neither oppose nor favor any 
other forms of administration. In interpreting the anarchistic position, 
it is all-important to observe with utmost strictness the anarchistic 
definition of government." The London Anarchists published a pam- 
phlet, which they distributed very extensively during their May-day parade 
in 1895. The Freiheit, New York, in a summary of the booklet quotes 
the following . paragraph : " We do not share the views of those who 
believe that the state may be converted into a beneficent institution. 
The change would be as difficult as to convert a wolf into a lamb. Nor 
do we believe in the centralization of all production and consumption, as 
aimed at by the Socialists. That would be nothing but the present state 
in a new form, with increased authority, a veritable monstrosity of 
tyranny and slavery." 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 177 

cal legislators, who did not even know they were social- 
istic. 49 Much of what Socialists ask our government 
to do in the way of public restriction or control of in- 
dustry is already successfully done by some other gov- 
ernment. 50 Inasmuch as complete socialism, which I 
believe with Professor Ely, and for like reasons, is at 
present impracticable, 51 is held by its leading advocates 
only as a far-off ideal, to be unselfishly prepared for but 
not realized in our time ; to be introduced only when 
social evolution has put such a new face upon both busi- 
ness and brotherhood that it shall be seen to be naturally 
the next step ; it would seem that Christian scholars, 
familiar with the laws of historic progress, ought not to 
vent their fury against that final step, for which all agree 
we are now unprepared, but rather calmly consider 
whether the nearest steps which Socialists propose 52 
are not in accord with the historic movement of Provi- 
dence and with public conscience, or at least worthy of 
debate, to which the ablest Socialists challenge us, rather 
than to war. 

§ 15. What Socialists (and many Anti-socialists as well) 
propose for early adoption is : city ownership and management 
of lighting plants, water works, and street rail- 
roads,™ and national ownership and manage- n resent ocia 

' -l £> Program. 

ment of railroads, telegraphs, and mines. 54 

It is urged against the adoption of these primary 
demands of socialism that even if they be admitted to 
be reasonable and are therefore granted, it will only 
encourage the Socialists to press their ultimate and 
unreasonable demands. Germany rather warns us that 
to grant what is reasonable, as in the case of its old-age 
insurance, checks discontent, while refusing what is 
reasonable, as in the Emperor's recent Anti-socialist 
proposals, among which was a denial of the right 
of wage-earners to combine, promotes the spirit of 
revolution. 



178 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

§ 16. Cities in Europe and in the Americas are suc- 
cessfully and rapidly municipalizing water works and 
Municipaiism Kg 1 ** 1 ^ plants— more slowly street rail- 
already Popu- ways. 55 The Brooklyn strike of street 
lar " railway employees, during which half a 

million or more people were inconvenienced and 
imperiled through a quarrel caused by the injustice 
of private greed, will no doubt hasten the city ownership 
of these veins of commercial life. 56 The American Land 
and Title Register enumerates eighteen cities that in 
1894 had private lighting plants at an average cost per 
light of $109.31, and twenty cities owning the lighting 
plants in which the average cost per light was $55.50. 
The highest cost of private lights was $170.50; of public, 
$82.40. The lowest of private lights was $80.00; of 
public $38.50 — this with city governments notoriously 
inefficient. The favorable showing for public owner- 
ship will be greatly increased no doubt by the current 
revival of civic patriotism and the growth of civil 
service reform. The taxpayer finds in his lessened 
taxes sufficient refutation of the alarmist cry that all 
these forms of city ownership- are but the rapids just 
above the falls of socialism. Municipaiism he considers 
safer than monopoly, even under corrupt city govern- 
ments. Successful municipaiism will presently be the 
most effective argument for nationalism, at least for its 
immediate program — the people's ownership and control 
of railroads and telegraphs. 57 The injustice of the 
coal barons, who rob the poor first in wages and then in 
prices, is a more effective argument than any lecture can 
be for government ownership of mines, which naturally 
goes with railroad ownership, as the telegraph and 
express and savings banks 58 naturally go with the post- 
office. 

§ 17. This is program enough for present debate. 
Even this is, no doubt, more than the people are yet 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 179 

ready to adopt, but not more than the people are con- 
sidering to an extent greater than politicians dream. 59 
This program will surely have become a Monopolies 
platform by the time the new century dawns, and Government 
and therefore should even now be pon- ° wnershl P- 
dered well.* An examination of a list of American 
millionaires published in the the New York Tribune 
shows that the monstrous fortunes, which are so often 
cited as proof of the injustice of our industrial system, 
were acquired, not. chiefly by aid of tariff legislation or 
by free competition, but by the free suppression of 
competition — that is, by monopolies. 60 If these were 
taken in hand by the government, the worst monstrosity 
of our civilization, and the most dangerous incentive to 
its overthrow, would be removed. 61 Few will deny that 
the new era of justice will make the multi-millionaires of 
private monopoly as extinct and as monstrous as the 
mastodon and the megatherium. 

§ 18. In the national field the demand for government 
ownership of telegraphs is so nearly ripe that the private 



* Mr. Justice Brown of the United States Supreme Court startled the 
country with the following utterance in an address at the Commencement 
of Yale University in 1895 : "While I feel assured that the social dis- 
quietude of which I have spoken does not point to the destruction of 
private property, it is not improbable that it will result in the gradual 
enlargement of the functions of government and in the ultimate control of 
natural monopolies. Indeed, wherever the proposed business is of a pub- 
lic or semi-public character and requires special privileges of the state or 
a partial delegation of governmental powers, such, for instance, as the con- 
demnation of land, or a special use or disturbance of the public streets for 
the laying of rails, pipes, or wires, there would seem to be no sound reason 
why such franchises, which are for the supposed benefit of the public, 
should not be exercised directly by the public. Such is, at least, the tend- 
ency in modern legislation in nearly every highly civilized state but our 
own, where great corporate interests, by parading the dangers of pater- 
nalism and socialism, have succeeded in securing franchises which prop- 
erly belong to the public." 



l8o PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

owners are already quietly retaining the daily press for 
their defense.* The demand for government ownership 
of railways is being strengthened daily; more by the 
mismanagement of the roads than by any arguments of 
theorists. The question with many is not whether but 
how efficient government directorship or ownership of 
the means of communication and transportation can be 
secured. 62 

The following are some of the arguments urged for 
government ownership of railroads : 

i. The United States Consuls, in November, 1894, 
made very favorable reports of the working of govern- 
ment railroads in France, Germany, and Russia. 63 The 
Farmers' Tribune in 1895 declared that only nineteen out 
of seventy-three governments did not own wholly or in 
part their railway system. 

2. A large number of our railroads (156 on June 30, 
1894) are under the control of United States Courts, 
through receivers, a clumsy, hand-to-mouth government 
management 64 — the Interstate Commerce Commission 
is another — both of which, however, admit the principle 
that the national government has a right to control and 
manage railroads, and show the confidence of stock- 

* Whether or not the " higher critics " have a literary instinct to detect 
what is inspired and original in the Bible, it requires no questionable 
skill to recognize that the numerous items in the newspapers unfavorable 
to the British government telegraph are " inspired" and not " original," 
as they are also not true. See favorable report of H. H. Martin, U. S. 
Consul at Southampton, England, to the State Department in Washing- 
ton in 1895. The Voice (March 28, 1895), on the basis of that report, 
gives the following summary of advantages of the government-owned 
telegraphs of England : (1) A tenfold increase in messages sent ; (2) A 
reduction of more than three-fourths in the cost of telegraphing ; (3) A 
more than doubling of the extent of the lines, giving many new com- 
munities telegraph service ; (4) A fifteen- to twenty-fold decrease in the 
time of sending a message ; and (5) An enormous indirect pecuniary 
benefit to the people and the government. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. l8l 

holders and of other creditors and of the people in govern- 
ment management. 

3. While many railroads have gone through bankruptcy, 
their multi-millionaire directors have, in many cases, 
gone safely around with fortunes beyond the dreams of 
avarice, derived from these very roads. 63 

4. Judge Cooley, when chairman of the Interstate 
Commerce Commission, also Charles Francis Adams and 
Mr. Stickney, the two last named being railroad officers, 
have all concurred independently in declaring that rail- 
road managers, as a rule, are almost totally destitute of 
commercial honor. 66 

5. United States Consul Mason has recently forwarded 
to our Government from Frankfort an appeal of foreign 
holders of our railroad stocks for protection against the 
habitual frauds to which they are subjected by railway 
officers, which is causing the return and refusal of Ameri- 
can securities generally. 67 

6. The great railroad strikes have fully developed in 
the courts the doctrine that railways are public institu- 
tions, and the actions of both managers and men, there- 
fore, subject to the control of government 68 through 
legislatures, courts, and commissions — a mixed control 
as awkward as the management of Turkey by the Powers, 
the outcome of which in both cases is injustice and 
bloodshed. 

7. The railroads, by irregular pooling and consolida- 
tion, are rapidly concentrating, with a strong tendency 
to become one system in form or fact — a vast, resistless 
railway trust — which seems manifest destiny, only to be 
prevented from becoming a curse by the transference of 
the railways, before their strength becomes too great by 
such a union, from private to public ownership. 69 

8. Hon. Carroll D. Wright, although opposed to public 
ownership, claims that the socializing of railroads has 
been three-fourths accomplished by shippers who de- 



102 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

manded the Interstate Commerce law and by the rail- 
road managers in their various combinations, and so 
prophesies that the wedge will be driven home, not by 
the demands of working men, but by the demands of 
stockholders appealing to government ownership against 
robbery by railroad kings. 70 

§ 19. The objection to government ownership of rail- 
roads that only private ownership would have devel- 
oped them in the past as they have been developed 
is no doubt true. 71 Not until an enterprise has been 
reduced to routine is it suitable for government manage- 
ment. But to this it is replied that railroads of even 
our new country are now approaching, if they have not 
already entered, the routine stage. To the more frequent 
objection that government ownership would perilously 
increase political patronage, it is answered that civil ser- 
vice reform is a part of the proposed plan — that, in fact, 
such an enlargement of the powers of government would 
necessarily sweep away the whole spoils system, so tak- 
ing the railroads out of politics — where they already 
are in force — instead of bringing them into politics. 72 
Government might enlist, as a non-partizan civil army 
of transportation under a special Secretary of Commerce, 
the very officers and men now hired by railway corpora- 
tions, the enlistment being for a long, definite term as in 
the army, to prevent sudden strikes. To the other chief 
objection, the vast national debt that would be incurred 
if the roads were purchased by government, it is replied 
that the roads would, of course, be made to pay any 
fair appraisement of their value out of their profits 
in a term of years. 73 Or the benefits of ownership 
might be secured, as was shown by Mr. George H. 
Lewis, of Des Moines, in The Independent, September 
3, 1891, by a real government directorship, the rail- 
roads being consolidated by law in one system, after the 
fashion of the post-office; the control being vested in 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 183 

a board of directors consisting of one director appointed 
by each State, an equal number by the stockholders, 
with nine appointed by the National Government, which 
would make the shares as valuable as government bonds 
by guaranteeing three per cent, dividends, and charging 
only so much for transportation as would pay this divi- 
dend and just wages — so saving to the people in reduced 
rates most of the vast profits now made by railroad 
kings. 74 

§ 20. More and more, in Great Britain and America, 
the liberty of employers to do wrong, especially the liberty 
of corporations, has been restricted by law, 76 notwith- 
standing which the corporations and trusts have come to 
be so powerful that it is a pressing question whether 
government will not have to own the monopolies at least, 
in order to save itself from being owned by them, 76 
and also in order that a more just distribution of the joint 
product of labor and capital may be secured before the 
sense of injustice shall grow to revolution. Between the 
extreme view of those who would have the state let in- 
dustry alone, and those who would have the state mon- 
opolize it, the Christian sociologist should impartially 
seek the golden mean, which Professor Ely considers to 
be government ownership of monopolies,* leaving to 

* At the Oberlin Sociological Institute, in June, 1895, the writer sug- 
gested two propositions in regard to monopoly : 1 . That it is a more 
important question than tariff, which, from a world point of view, is only 
a "local issue"; and a more important question than silver, which, with 
tariff, is a temporary issue, both likely to be speedily settled in the interest 
of commerce ; while monopoly is a world question and an age ques- 
tion, the outcome of a century of economic growth. 2. The best anti- 
monopolist is the monopolist. What is to be opposed is not monopoly 
but private monopoly. Monopoly is economically as much in advance 
of competition as factories are in advance of hand-looms. The anti- 
monopolists who seek to smash monopoly and restore competition are 
fighting against nature and progress as vainly as the weavers who mobbed 
the first factories. Let unnatural monopolies, that is, those that have 



184 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

private enterprise whatever monopoly has left in the field 
of competition. 77 

§ 21. A complete solution of the social problem calls 
for international action, and only small sections of it can 
be dealt with by any action less than national. The pro- 
posed cooperation of nations to repress anarchy may 
and should grow to cooperative action to remove its 
causes. ''Reciprocity" maybe the forerunner of some 
less selfish and more Christian industrial cooperation of 
nations, in which brotherhood will be found to harmonize 
with business, and so the narrow watchword of local 
competition, " The greatest good of the greatest number," 
may become the world's Golden Rule. 

§ 22. Christianity and labor can most naturally enter 
upon that cooperative pursuit of industrial justice which 
Labor's Right is the duty of the hour by battling together, 
totheRestDay. nrst f all, for labor's right to the Rest 
Day, 78 the gain of which to those deprived of it is greater 
and easier of attainment than the eight-hour law, and an 
earnest of all other labor reforms. 

My own experience in cooperating with labor unions 
in Sabbath reform may be suggestive to other pastors 
who wish to come into closer touch with working men in 
the interest of this or other reforms. When I asked the 
Central Labor Union of New York City, in the spring of 
1888, for the privilege of speaking before it on " Sunday 
work," there was some hesitation in the fear that the 
parson would afflict them with a sermon. But wiser 
counsels prevailed, and I was given a most cordial hearing. 
I used as a text resolutions against Sunday work that had 



been prematurely made such by corrupted legislatures, be forced back 
into competition, but natural monopolies, which have outgrown competi- 
tion by economic laws, should not be, cannot be pushed back into compe- 
tition, but should be pushed forward from the realm of private monopo- 
listic combination into the next and nobler economic stage, that of public 
cooperation or government ownership. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 185 

been passed by the Buffalo Central Labor Union, 79 
and added as a corollary a resolution in indorsement of 
my petition to Congress against Sunday trains, Sunday 
mails, and Sunday parades, which was unanimously 
adopted. Having made such a beginning, it was easy 
to get a like hearing from the national meetings of the 
Knights of Labor and Locomotive. Engineers and from 
many smaller labor bodies. 80 

The Rest Day is the north star of deliverance from 
"Sunday slavery." Sunday work is slavery. The slaves 
of the South worked but six days per week, as a 
rule, and had one day in the week for worship and 
fellowship and rest. Half as many of our people, black 
and white, are now " free " to work seven days in the 
week. Slavery was called "unpaid toil." The toilers, 
however, got their board and clothes. But John Stuart 
Mill, in his work "On Liberty," says that "operatives 
are perfectly right in supposing that, were all to work on 
Sunday, seven days' work would have to be given for six 
days' pay"; that is, the Sunday worker is an unpaid 
slave for fifty-two days, two months of each year. 

§ 23. We are told that "the complicated civilization of 
the nineteenth century " requires that Sabbath observance 
and Sabbath laws should be relaxed. Nay, 81 this is a 
new reason why they should be maintained and strength- 
ened. 82 Did Adam,- to whom the Sabbath law of work 
and rest was first given, before the Fall — did he, who 
knew nothing of " cutthroat competition," and "soulless 
corporations," and " hard masters," and wearying " tricks 
of trade," need a Sabbath law more than we do to-day, 
when sin has put its curse into the Edenic blessing of 
labor ? At Sinai, where the Sabbath law was reproclaimed, 
did those Hebrew herders, moving on at three miles an 
hour, need a law to protect them against overstrain more 
than the engineers of to-day, who drive their iron dragons 
a mile a minute, with hand on the throttle and eye on the 



l86 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

track — every power alert ? Did those dozen farmers, 
from whose social plowing-bee Elisha was called to be a 
prophet — I have seen in that same region a modern 
plowing-bee of eighteen — did those farmers, gossiping 
together, as is their custom, while they kept step with their 
slow oxen, need a Sabbath law more than the motor-man 
who harnesses the lightning to his electric car, and drives 
through crowded city streets, where a moment's inatten- 
tion may cause the loss of a pedestrian's life and of his 
own position ? Did the farm of Boaz, where the friendly 
cooperation of capital and labor left nothing to be 
desired — did that and other such places of that age 
require a Sabbath law for the protection of servants more 
than it is required by the millions of employees to-day, 
whose master is " neither man nor woman, neither brute 
nor human," but the ghoul without a soul we call a cor- 
poration ? Did Dorcas, sitting out in the sunlight beside 
her cottage, distaff in hand, leisurely spinning and weav- 
ing the coats and garments for the little orphans that 
played at her feet — did she require the protection of a 
Sabbath law more than the young girl of fourteen in a 
modern mill, working a dozen hours per day in the close 
air and clanging noise, marshaling a score of looms under 
a hard foreman ? 

§ 24. Turning to the more recent times, when the 
foundations of this Republic were laid on the Bible, the 
Sabbath being assigned a prominent place among Ameri- 
can institutions — did our fathers, when they lived half a 
mile apart, curtained at night with the soft velvet of 
silence, need a day of protected quiet more than their 
sons in the tenements of to-day, where going to bed at 
night is often like the " charge of the light brigade" — 
noises in the flat at the right, noises in the flat at the left, 
noises in the flat above, noises in the flat below; the high 
fiddle-diddle of a midnight dance on the floor overhead; 
the crash of a family jar just beyond the wall on the 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 187 



right; a piano through the wall at the left making love 
on one side and hate on the other at midnight ; while the 
flat below does its share in the torture by an early start 
on a fishing excursion to murder sleep in the morning ? 

When nearly all the work was in the open air, in forest 
and field, was there more need to protect the toilers' right 
to one day's release from labor, than now, when many 
thousands work at night and in the mine, and thousands 
more in stifling shops ? Is there more excuse for keep- 
ing thousands toiling on the Sunday mail now, when a 
letter is carried from New York to San Francisco in five 
days, than in our fathers' days when such a journey took 
five months ? Was there less excuse for our fathers to 
issue Sunday papers when news crossed the Atlantic in 
two months, than there is for us when the news of Europe 
reaches us by telegraph the day before it happens ? 

Every change in the industrial world since the Sabbath 
was instituted has been a new reason why God's Sabbath 
laws and ours should not be changed. They came to the 
kingdom for such a time as this. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

§ I. What is the relative value of historic as compared to idealistic 
studies of the labor problem ? 

§ 2. How are the independent farmer of the past and the dependent 
farmer of to-day described ? 

§ 3. How have increased facilities of transportation and communica- 
tion affected competition and production generally ? What obstacles are 
thus presented to the introduction of a local eight-hour law ? In what 
form of business is an eight-hour day always possible ? 

§4. Why are local strikes mostly useless? What is the only pre- 
requisite to relief by the ballot ? 

§ 5. What two periods need to be studied in order to understand the 
labor problem ? 

§ 6. What sudden industrial transition occurred in the eighteenth 
century? What two declarations of independence were made in 1776, 
and what contrast have they developed ? 

§ 7. What in brief was Adam Smith's theory of industrial liberty and 
its concomitants ? What was his fundamental error ? 

§ 8. Why did wage-earners make no objection to his proposals ? What 
are the historic facts as to the results of the laissez /aire or let alone 
policy ? 

§ 9. What erroneous conception of economic law was held by the 
followers of Adam Smith ? Who was the first eminent protestant 
against the materialism and cruelty of this doctrine, and who joined him 
later? Who led the Parliamentary movement for the legal protection of 
labor ? What erroneous theory as to the power of competition was also 
a part of the theory of Adam Smith's followers ? What has been the 
history of competition ? 

§ 10. What new school of political economy is now influential ? 
What is now the settled policy as to the relation of the state to industry ? 

§ 11. What limitations of personal liberty are made necessary by new 
social conditions ? How is liberty for each dependent upon law for all ? 

§ 12. Is the dominant tendency in industry to-day individualistic or 
socialistic ? 

§ 13. W T hat is the origin of socialism ? How is it often misrepresented ? 
What non-essential elements are mixed with German socialism ? In 
what books is its essence best presented ? How is conservative socialism 
defined? 

§ 14. How far has industry been socialized already ? What two 
divisions do Socialists usually make in their program ? 

§ 15. What do they propose for early adoption? What is the chief 
objection to these proposals, and how answered? 

§ 16. What is the present status of municipalism? What contrast is 
given in the cost of lighting to the people of cities ? How is the argu- 
ment for government ownership of mines being strengthened ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



189 



§17. Through what form of business have multi-millionaires chiefly- 
acquired their wealth ? 

§ 18. What are the chief considerations presented in favor of govern- 
ment ownership of telegraphs ? Of railroads ? 

§ 19. What three objections to government ownership are made, and 
how are they answered ? What plan of railroad directorship is given ? 

§ 20. Is there danger that trusts will own the governments if the 
governments do not own the trusts ? 

§ 21. What possibilities of international labor reform are suggested ? 

§ 22. In what movement can churches most easily enter into friendly 
cooperation with labor unions ? How is Sunday work ' ' Sunday slavery " ? 
Why is not " the complicated civilization of the nineteenth century " 
a valid reason for relaxing Sabbath observance and Sabbath laws ? 



Subjects for Discussion in Commericial Clubs, Labor Unions, 
Industrial Conferences, etc. 

1. Is compulsory arbitration justifiable, desirable, and practicable in 
the case of chartered transportation companies using public franchises ? 
2. Does the arbitration bill passed by the House of Representatives in 
1895, at the request of railroad managers and their employees, sufficiently 
safeguard the interest of the public ? 3. Is a stronger government con- 
trol than now exists desirable in the case of public transportation com- 
panies ? 4. Has municipal ownership and management of water works, 
lighting plants, and street-car lines achieved real success under trials thus 
far made? 5. Is it desirable or feasible to annex the telegraph and 
express business to the post-office ? 6. Is government ownership of 
railroads and mines desirable or feasible ? 7. Should the absorption of 
business by government be limited to forms of business that have ceased 
to be competitive and have become monopolistic? 8. Is compulsory 
competition through anti-trust and anti-pooling laws practicable? 9. Is 
cooperative production and distribution a practicable and comprehensive 
solution of the labor problem ? 10. Is Fabianism the most commendable 
form of socialism? 11. Is socialism to be preferred to communism? 
12. Does the complicated civilization of the nineteenth century con- 
stitute a valid reason for relaxing Sabbath observance? 13. Ought the 
Sunday paper to stay ? 14. Is it desirable that Congress should stop 
Sunday mails and Sunday trains ? 



Field Work. 



1. Visit farmers and ascertain their exact grievances and real hardships 
under present conditions, and the remedies they favor. 2. Examine 
business parts of the city on Sabbath morning, and make exact tally of 
forms of work and business in progress. Converse with those at work as 
to their views and wishes, ascertain number of newsboys selling Sunday 
papers in several cities, and estimate for whole country as to the number 
who are thus deprived of moral culture and led to break human and 
divine law. 



A. M. Fairbairn, D. D.: The sovereign people ought not to be sov- 
ereignless ; but their only possible sovereign is the God who is Lord of the 
conscience. His is the only voice that can still the noise of the passions 
and the tumult of the interests. — Religion in History, etc., p. 61. 

Bishop Phillips Brooks : " Behold thy King cometh unto thee ! " 
There opens before us a glorious vision of what the city might be in 
which He should be totally received, where He should be wholly king. 
— From Palm Sunday Ser?non. 

Professor A. A. Hodge, D. D.: There is another King, one 

Jesus : the safety of the state can be secured only in the way 
of humble and whole-souled .loyalty to his person and of 
obedience TO His LAW. — Popular Lectures on Theological Themes, 287. 

Milton : A nation ought to be but one huge Christian personage, one 
mighty growth or stature of an honest man, as big and compact in virtue 
as in body, for look what the ground and causes are of single happiness 
to one man, the same ye shall find them to a whole state. — Reformation 
in England, Preface, Bk. II. 

Lyman Abbott, D. D.: The four Gospels are the protoplasm of 
democracy. In Bethlehem was sounded the knell of exclusive privilege 
and inaugurated the era of universal welfare. The process begun in 
Galilee is not yet completed, and will not be until political economy 
learns and teaches the doctrine of distribution as well as of accumulation. 
— The Cosmopolitan, 1894. 

Josiah Strong, D. D. : We need a new patriotism which is civil 
rather than military, which fixes its attention, not on the Union, which 
is no longer imperiled, but on local government, which has become 
widely corrupted — not a patriotism which constructs fortifications and 
builds navies so much as one which purifies politics and substitutes 
statesmen for demagogues ; not one which follows the drum-beat to bat- 
tle, but one which goes to primaries; not one that "rallies round the 
flag" so much as one that rallies round the ballot-box ; not a patriotism 
which exhausts itself in eulogizing our institutions, but one which ex- 
presses itself in strengthening their foundations. 

E. J. Wheeler : Politics should be an ennobling pursuit — the outer 
court of the temple of statesmanship. — Prohibition, 1S5. 

John G. Woolley : Civilization has diurnal and orbital motions, 
like the earth itself, "and days and nights, tides, zones, and seasons. 
That phase of society in which demoniac competition dwells in cata- 
combs and tears itself, incapable of being bound by either human 
love or human law ; where men fly at each other's throats like mad 
dogs, learn to feed on poisons, marry for lust or pride or spite or 
gold or power ; steal for the mere excitement of it ; incorporate to 
murder opportunity and hope in simple, honest, independent industry; 
rape the body politic to beget Monopoly and her idiot brother An- 
archy ; where laws are private schemes, offices well-nigh impossible 
except for trimmers and demagogues, and public franchises are racks 
to stretch the people on till they forswear their natal liberties ; 
the world which has for its motto, "business is business," and which 
turns upon the caprice of the all-powerful rich and the madness of 
the all-impotent poor for its oblique and oscillating axis ; . . . that, I 
say, belongs to humanity's daily revolution and the domain of politics. — 
Prohibition Park Speech on Voices of the Century, July 4, 1895. 



\- 





V. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 

§ i. "The powers that be fc are ordained of God." 1 
To a Christian nation that ought not to seem a new doc- 
The Law of tr i ne - But when Rev. Dr. W. J. Robinson 
Christ in Poii- stood with me in the Pennsylvania House 
tlcs " of Representatives in defense of the State 

Sabbath law, and, with the solemnity of a bishop address- 
ing a group of young ministers, reminded the legislators 
before him that they were civil ministers " ordained of 
God," "called " to serve Him and humanity by applying 
the law of Christ to civil affairs, it was manifestly to many 
of them, and even to some Christians present, a novel 
view of politics. 

The civil Kingship of Christ is not a mere denomina- 
tional peculiarity of Covenanters and United Presby- 
terians. It is nowhere more ably defended than in one 
of the Popular Lectures of the late Professor A. A. 
Hodge, D. D., of Princeton, whose name, with those of 
equally illustrious ministers from all the great branches 
of the Protestant Church, was enrolled among the vice- 
presidents of the National Reform Association, which 
was organized under the clouds of war, in 1863, to recall 
the nation to its loyalty to the law of Christ, whose vio- 
lation in the case of the slave had brought on us His 
judgments. 2 

When a United States Senator declared that " Politics 
owes no allegiance to the Decalogue and the Golden 
Rule," the indignant public retired him from politics to 
prove that the law of Christ had not been so retired. 
Many who think it unimportant to acknowledge the su- 
premacy of the Divine Law in the national Constitution 

193 



194 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

were outraged by the denial of that supremacy. 3 The 
public are less sensitive when this denial is expressed 
only in practice. Neither business nor politics is gener- 
ally conducted according to the Golden Rule, and in both 
there are some recognized, if not avowed, amendments 
to the Decalogue.* 

But let us rejoice that the general protest against the 
political repudiation of the law of Christ in the case of 
the Senator named proves that public conscience, which is 
mightier and more enduring than public sentiment, as the 
ground swell of the ocean is mightier than the foam upon 
its wave-crests, has not conformed itself to the general 
practice. 

§ 2. The American theory of the relation of religion 
to politics is that the Church should not lord it over 
Christianity the state, as Rome has sometimes done ; 
and the state. an d that the state should not lord it over 
the Church, as is done in some Protestant countries 
where the minister has a "living," not a "calling." 4 It 
is generally agreed that sectarian appropriations, by 
Congress or State legislatures, such as Protestants as 
well as Roman Catholics have asked and accepted in 
the past, are, if not a union of Church and state, a 
dangerous approach to it. Protestants are therefore re- 

* Reputable and even Christian men, as merchants and as voters, often 
favor the nullification of laws based on the fourth, the seventh, and the 
eighth commandment, relating to the Sabbath, the brothel, and gam- 
bling, lest bad men shall be kept out of their market or their party. In 
the Ohio Grand Lodge of certain " Knights," not of labor but of lust, 
Cleveland was publicly blamed for having raided brothels while these 
" guests " were there, and Cincinnati members, in urging that city for 
the next Convention, promised " the freedom of the city " in this respect. 
Mayor Wier of Lincoln wrote the author, in 1895, that reputable citizens 
of that city had blamed him for his then recent closing of brothels, on 
the ground that it had deprived Lincoln of the State Fair for the year, 
and sent it to Omaha, where these " accommodations," expected on such 
occasions, would not be denied. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 195 

fusing such appropriations, 5 and asking constitutional 
amendments 6 that will impartially cut off appropria- 
tions for Roman Catholics also, 7 and will further pre- 
vent the division of the public school fund with parochial 
schools, which has already been accomplished to a much 
larger extent than is generally supposed, through local 
school boards. But the mutual independence of Church 
and state does not forbid the* union of Christianity and 
the state. Such a union has always existed in our 
country. The oft-quoted Tripoli Treaty, written by 
Washington's Secretary of State, and misquoted by sec- 
ularists as the words of Washington, in which a Moham- 
medan power was assured, in substance, that the United 
States is not a Christian nation, is a wholly exceptional 
eddy in the contrary gulf stream of our history, 8 and 
is outlawed as a precedent by the contrary decision 
of the National Supreme Court in 1892. The report 
adopted by the United States Congress in 1829 which 
advised against stopping Sunday mails on the ground 
that such legislation was unduly religious, is also side- 
tracked as a precedent by the more recent act of the same 
body closing the World's Fair on the Sabbath. 

§ 3. If I were a great artist I would paint the enact- 
ment by Congress of the World's Fair Sabbath-closing 
law as a companion piece to the discovery 
of America by Columbus, cross in hand, and ing of the 
the landing of the Pilgrims on their knees, World ' s Fair - 
to signify that the official recognition of the law of Christ 
in our land is the same yesterday, to-day, and forever. 

The scene of our picture is the Senate Chamber. Poetic 
and artistic license permit us, first of all, to put bronze 
tablets on the wall at the right and left of the vice-presi- 
dent's chair, to record corresponding action of the two 
coordinate branches of the national government. On the 
left, we inscribe the proclamations of Sabbath rest in the 
army by Washington, Lincoln, and Harrison ; and on 



I96 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

the right, the recent unanimous opinion of the Supreme 
Court, "THIS IS A CHRISTIAN NATION." 9 

In harmony with these recognitions of Christianity by 
the executive and judicial departments of our national 
government, the center of the picture shall represent like 
recognition by the legislative branch in the enactment of 
the Sabbath-closing law. The time is the afternoon of 
July 9, 1892. The Senator from Western Pennsylvania, 
representing not himself so much as his unequaled Sab- 
bath-keeping constituency, has just moved that the pro- 
posed appropriation of five millions of the nation's funds 
for the World's Fair at Chicago shall be conditioned on 
Sabbath-closing. In support of his motion he has sent 
by a page to the clerk of the Senate what he calls "an 
old law book," in which he has marked a passage to be 
read as his only argument. The moment for the artist is 
when the clerk is reading to the Senate, which listens in 
reverent silence: "Remember the Sabbath day to keep 
it holy. Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work : 
but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God : 
in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor 
thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor 
thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates : for 
in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and 
all that in them is, and rested the seventh day : where- 
fore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it " 
(Exod. xx. 8-1 1). 

The senator who had said that politics owes no alle- 
giance to the Decalogue and the Golden Rule was not 
there to object to the relevancy and authority of this 
citation, nor did any other challenge it. Instinctively the 
Senate and the nation recognized that God's law binds 
nations as well as individuals. No one ventured at that 
time to add to that sufficient argument, which all that 
Saturday, and the next day in the Congressional Record, 
stood alone, like Sinai towering above the plain, and was 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 197 

to the last the most impressive reason for the passage of 
the Sabbath-closing law. 

Nothing remains to complete the picture, so far as the 
doctrine of God in government is concerned, except to 
put on another bronze tablet, above the vice-president's 
head, "the Christian amendment," by which the Con- 
stitution shall say what the Supreme Court has already 
said, as to the Christian status"of our government, but in 
a more authoritative form. 

Such an amendment is shown to be necessary, to 
give an unquestionable basis to our national Christian 
institutions, by the decision of the Wisconsin Supreme 
Court that the Bible is "a sectarian book" and as such 
must be excluded from the schools, 10 and also by the 
injunction of Judge Stein of Chicago against Sabbath- 
closing of the World's Fair — an injunction in defiance 
not only of the act of Congress but also of the " dictum " 
of the Supreme Court that " this is a Christian nation," 
which last this petty judge denied point-blank. He 
could not with impunity have denied it if, instead of 
being "judge-made law," it had been constitutional law. 

I. POLITICAL REFORMS POSSIBLE UNDER EXISTING LAWS. 

§ 4. Even more important than the formal recognition 
of the law of Christ, and the best means of securing that, 
is the practical application of that law in . 

our politics. Rev. A. E. Myers, of the City Rights as chris- 
Vigilance League of New York City, said tian Duties - 
recently, in my hearing, that the radical cure for political 
corruption is the exaltation of the ethical character of 
political action. 11 Something more than a "business 
administration " is demanded. 12 One of the most serious 
perils of our republic is the neglect of politics by 
reputable and even Christian men, which is no doubt 
largely due to the fact that such men do not recognize 
that both patriotism and piety call them to the polls and 



198 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

primaries as loudly as patriotism ever called to war or 
piety to prayer. 13 

§ 5. This neglect by Christians of political duties is 
partly the fault of the preachers, who should more gener- 
ally brand as a vice neglect to vote, save in cases of 
conscience. The pulpit should neither be a ''stump" 
nor a hiding place. Some preachers think that to show 
themselves worthy successors of the prophet-statesmen 
of the Bible they should include elections and especially 
all primaries in their pulpit notices. It ought not to be 
necessary to say that no party meetings, not even for 
prohibition or labor reform, should be announced in the 
pulpit, unless all such meetings are impartially announced 
on the ground that political problems should in their sea- 
son be earnestly studied by men of all parties as a Chris- 
tian duty. 14 One theme the preacher unquestionably 
should present in election season, namely, the duty of 
political toleration. Americans tolerate 150 religious 
denominations, but many Americans have refused to 

Political Toier- tolerate more than one party or at most 
ation - only one besides their own, and lost their 

religion in efforts to express their franctic intolerance 
toward each new party. When men are socially or com- 
mercially or otherwise abused because they will not 
accept one or the other of the two most popular views in 
politics, it is a treason to our boasted liberty only one 
degree better than the Inquisition, which required all to 
hold one view on religion. 

As to specific political issues, a preacher should aim 
not at cowardly neutrality but at judicial impartiality, 
discussing in his pulpit only principles of supreme moral 
importance, while on lesser matters using his liberty as a 
citizen to speak to the community through the press and 
on the platform. 

Is it not the preacher's duty as a Christian citizen to 
attend the primaries ? Until he does, will not his exhorta- 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 199 

tion to his members to do so as a Christian duty seem to 
be contradicted in his own practice, and so these corrupt 
fountains of politics remain unsalted ? 

§ 6. Those lofty critics and petty theorists who criti- 
cize our government as if it were, as in Russia, some- 
thing separate from themselves and the The Selection 
people to whom they so speak, need to be and Election of 
reminded that ours is "a government of Rulers - 
the people, by the people. " Notice that in such a govern- 
ment ''the people" is both subject and object. King 
Everybody, like one of the European monarchs, puts the 
crown on his own head. But King Everybody, like 
European monarchs again, rules through selected 
officers, and these, in our case, are chosen, not as we 
have fondly thought, at the polls, but rather at the 
primaries, over which the polls have only a veto power. 
As executive vetoes of unworthy legislation are increas- 
ingly demanded, 15 so popular vetoes at the polls of the 
unworthy nominations of the primaries are increasingly 
frequent and emphatic. When a corrupt party has 
been rebuked by defeat, through the revolt of its own 
best members, for presenting an unusually bad candidate, 
it is likely to fool the public the next time by nominating 
an unusually good man, confident of so recalling its own 
seceders and also enlisting that large class of Christians 
who hold the popular fallacy that if the candidate be a 
good man it doesn't matter about the party. Rather if 
the party be bad it does not matter if the candidate be 
good is what we are told by ex-Mayor Hewitt, so nomi- 
nated by Tammany, who found himself, as even Presi- 
dents have done, powerless to go beyond the wishes of a 
corrupt constituency. 

The Christian voter who is only a veto of bad candi- 
dates is doing something for the purification of politics, 
but far less than he might do. If one's political influence 
is to be positive and constructive, not negative only, he 



200 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

must exert that influence at some sort of a primary as 
well as at the polls. 

The primary fact in politics is the primary. 

§ 7. Primaries imply parties. Parties are not evil, but 
only evil parties. Party means only unity of thought 
and action in politics. 

There is profound absurdity in fighting city elections 
on issues purely national. * It is a blunder, if not a 
crime, that good men allow themselves to be divided and 
so defeated in city elections by making the issue tariff 
instead of Tammany. 16 But for the political bosses, 
who find it to their convenience to have one political 
machine for all elections, men would work not with one 
party, but — if Senators were elected by the people and 
State and national issues were so separated — with three — 
national, state, and local — not belonging to any party in 
the common, slavish sense, but staying with the truth 
whenever the party moves from it. 

* The writer is one of those who believe the popular watchword of 
reformers, " No national politics in city elections," ought to be logically 
enlarged into the watchword, " No mixing of legislative and administra- 
tive functions." Executive officers in the civil service should have no 
more part in legislation than executive officers in the army and navy. 

" Theirs not to make reply, 
Theirs not to reason why, 
Theirs but to do and die." 

When the Governor, in order to counteract the good citizens' failure 
to elect good legislators, is made legislatively equal to one-third of the 
State Legislature by his veto, and the Mayor is so made one- third of 
the City Council, it is no wonder these legislative executives discuss the 
wisdom of laws even after their enactment, instead of executing them ; 
a habit that spreads like a contagion to the whole executive force until 
every policeman swells into a veto power and declares the laws, as one 
did to me, " very arbittery," instead of enforcing them. The veto 
should be given to the people by the Referendum, and executives left no 
task but to execute. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 201 

§ 8. In order to united and effective political action 
there must be some sort of a primary or caucus through 
which men and measures to be supported may be agreed 
upon by those of like views and aims. 

Primaries having fallen into corrupt hands by the 
neglect of good citizens, the latter are vainly seeking for 
some substitute. Ballot reform,, now generally adopted, 
allows nominations to be made by petition, a valuable 
provision for emergencies, but not likely to be effectively 
used except when the neglected primaries of both lead- 
ing parties have more than usually outraged the public 
by their nominations. The law might and should 
recognize and regulate the method of making nomina- 
tions so that all who voted the ticket of any national or 
local party, in the main, at their last voting, could at some 
convenient time and respectable place cast their nominat- 
ing vote. 17 But the caucus or primary probably will 
not cease, nor do we know of any good reason why it 
should while our "government by talking" continues. 
If public counsel and eloquence may properly be used 
to influence politics in later stages, why not in its 
primaries ? They should not be ended but mended. 

§ 9. Never before were good citizens of all parties so 
unanimous in condemnation of the general incompetency 
of our rulers, from City Hall to Congress, why Bad Men 
as in 1893, '94, and '95.* But how came we Are Elected - 
to be so short of statesmen just when a great commercial 
and monetary crisis f made them necessities of national 

* When Congress expired March 4, 1895, it was like the funeral of a 
cross, crabbed, unpopular citizen, in passing which a stranger asked the 
sexton, "What did he die of? What was the complaint?" " No com- 
plaint," said the sexton, " everybody satisfied ! " 

\ Previous American panics have been accompanied by national 
revivals, in which the conversion of individuals was the chief accomplish- 
ment. The panic of 1893 has been accompanied by an equally wide- 
spread civic revival, of an equally religious origin, in which the con- 



202 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

life ? The answer is that good men cannot be elected 
unless good men are nominated, and that good men will 
not usually be nominated by primaries which good men 
do not attend. 

Look at the primaries in saloons, 18 whose slates 
serve for political " slates," and tell me what right good 
citizens have to expect that from such a source, or from 
the larger nominating conventions which the primaries 
create, they will on election day be presented with any 
other choice than that between a bad candidate of their 
own party and a worse one of the other party. Those 
who believe that between two evils we should choose 
neither, in such case often stay at home on election day, 
which they would have had no occasion to do had they 
not stayed at home on the night of the primaries. Or 
else they vote for some better candidate offered by a 
third or fourth party, who cannot be elected, as their 
solemn protest against the sin of their own party in its 
unfit nomination — a nomination which usually could not 
have been made if the men who protested against it 
afterward had protested beforehand at the primary. 
The good man who ought to have been nominated was 
not, for the simple reason that the good men who ought 
to have been at the primary were not. Very likely the 
primary was on prayer meeting night because no Christian 
man was active enough in politics to object, and because 

verts are in the South, States, in the North, cities. The leading evangel- 
lists of the revival are : Rev. Dr. C. H. Parkhurst, author of the New 
York anti-Tammany movement ; Rev. Dr. Josiah Strong, author of 
The New Era; Rev. Dr. F. E. Clark, author of the Endeavor Good 
Citizenship movement ; and Mr. John G. Woolley, the prophet of the 
new crusade of the Church against the saloon. Mr. E. J. Wheeler's 
Voice editorials on the Church's unfaithfulness to the anti-saloon issue, 
and Professor George D. Herron's jeremiads on its unfaithfulness to the 
anti-monopoly issue — hardly more severe than the criticisms of the four 
first named on the same lines, though received less gladly by Christians — 
have been hardly less arousing. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 203 

Christian men were neither expected nor wanted. But 
they were needed, and would have been more truly Chris- 
tian if, even on prayer meeting night, they had left the 
praying to the women, as the men of one church did, and 
had gone to the primary, pastor and all.* When Cin- 
cinnati was for a brief time redeemed from the domination 
of Sunday saloons in 1889, it was due, in part, to pulpit 
announcements of primaries, and Christian attendance 
upon them, through which tickets so much better than 
usual were nominated that there were three men in the 
total of both tickets fit for a Christian patriot to vote for — 
men so eccentric that they gave their word of honor they 
would keep their oaths to enforce the laws; and these 
were elected, with the result that two thousand liquor 
dealers were soon on their knees asking through their 
attorney to be forgiven, and promising to be good. 

§ 10. Let it be remembered that no new political 
machinery can save us if bad men are left to engineer it. 
One of the most noticeable characteristics of the national 
conference on good city government, at Cleveland, May 
29-31, 1895, which the author attended, was that when- 
ever any one proposed a change of charter by which his 
city was to be saved from corruption, some one else at 
once arose and said that his city had made that very 
change and was as badly off or worse than before. 
Unsalaried city service was proposed, but Troy had 
become one of the most notorious of corrupt cities on 
that plan; spring elections separated from State and 
national elections was urged, but all Pennsylvania had 
tried that, and had not thereby ceased to be the most 
boss-ridden of all commonwealths in both State and city 
politics. Election of all the officers of a city on one 

* Hon. Henry Faxon said in a convention in Berkeley Temple, Boston, 
" If the people who go to church would go to the caucuses there wouldn't 
be any need of reform." 



204 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

ticket, in order to get better men than are usually elected 
by wards, was named as a panacea for " peanut politics," 
but Cincinnati under that plan had been for years without 
a single representative in the Legislature from Hamilton 
County who would introduce a reform bill for its good 
citizens even "by request." It was proposed to give 
almost kingly powers to the mayor on " the federal plan," 
authorizing him to appoint a cabinet of single-headed 
commissions, while only small powers were left to the 
city council; but Brooklyn had found that such a charter, 
without corresponding character in the mayor, did not 
prevent the revival of prize-fights in its midst, by permis- 
sion of the executive, on the very day when prize-fights 
were excluded by the legislature from Florida and by the 
courts from Louisiana. Ballot reform was urged, but the 
best of ballot reform laws had been beaten by bribery in 
New Bedford. Civil service reform was favored, but it 
had been made a farce in New York under Tammany. 
Everywhere it appeared that the best machinery had been 
used for the worst purposes for lack of civic patriotism 
and vigilance in the body of the citizens. The history of 
municipal reform was seen to be one long search for a 
machine that would run itself and relieve the lazy citizen 
of the consequences of his neglect. Every such attempt 
had failed. It was the old boarding-house case over 
again: "If this is tea, give me coffee. If this is coffee, 
give me tea." The way cities have been changing back 
and forth from state control to home rule, and from 
council to mayor, calls up the lover in the Biglow 
Papers : 

" He stood awhile on one foot first, 

And then awhile on 'tother ; 

But on which foot he felt the worst 

He couldn't 'a' told you, nuther." 

The comparison of views made it very apparent that 
the best machinery was of no avail with bad officers to 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 205 

engineer it, while experience here and there strengthened 
the conviction of many that good men may achieve good 
government with almost any machinery. This does not 
mean that one charter is as good as another, but it does 
prove that all the efforts to substitute machinery for good 
citizenship, for vigilance and votes, will be in vain. 
There is no salvation by substitution in our municipal 
life. The fifty per cent., more or less, of the respectable 
voters who do not vote in city elections may as well cease 
their efforts to make their laziness harmless by trans- 
ferring powers from mayor to council, or from the 
council to the State. There is no escape for either 
pocketbook or conscience but by the path of vigilance 
and voting. 

A fascinating folly in all departments of life is the idea 
that failures due chiefly to neglect of individual duty and 
to lack of personal effort and energy can Political 
be removed by a mere change of machinery. Machinery 
The Sabbath-school teacher who has failed 
to interest his class because of his own lack of study and 
sympathy blames "the lesson system," and changes to 
another, when it is a change in himself alone that can 
better the situation. Many a dull preacher has found to 
his surprise and sorrow that even a Moody Bible does 
not make him successful, unless it is studied. Even so, if 
we should purify our citizenship by restrictions on immi- 
gration and naturalization, and an educational test for 
suffrage, we should not elect better men unless better 
men were nominated; and better men would not be nomi- 
nated, unless better men attended the primaries; which 
even now good men could generally control, if they 
would. 19 

The man most needed in the primary is the very man 
who may think he has no right there — the independent 
voter. A man is entitled to vote — and the law should so 
provide — in the primary of the party whose ticket, in the 



206 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

main, he voted at the preceding election. A so-called 
"straight ticket" is seldom really "straight" until it is 
"scratched." A party has really no better friend than 
those members who help to defeat its unsuitable nominees 
and so to save it from the straight defeat it would soon 
meet if such nominations were forgiven, and so fostered, 
by the better elements of the party. 

Let us now see what can be done under existing laws 
through the executive and judicial officers selected by the 
primaries and elected at the polls; and then we shall be 
prepared to ask the legislative officers so selected and 
elected for whatever new political machinery the use of 
what we have may show to be necessary. 

§ ii. Lawlessness, rather than legislation, claims first 
attention. 

Lawlessness, a very different thing from anarchy, which 
receives relatively undue attention, is also more danger- 
National Habit ous, a more serious evil than intemperance, 
of Lawlessness. Sabbath-breaking, impurity, or gambling, 
because it includes them all. Anarchy proper is the 
doctrine of those who believe all government, despotic 
or popular, should be abolished. Only a few can ever 
be led to accept such a doctrine. Far more danger- 
ous than anarchy is the course of those who believe 
in law but break it whenever it pleases or profits them 
to do so, so far as a threatening police club does not 
prevent.* 

The statistics of the rapid increase of crime is suffi- 
ciently startling — murders multiplying three times as fast 
as the population — with American-born murderers in full 

* Rev. Dr. Chas. H. Parkhurst says {Independent^ May 9, 1895) : 
" The real ground for alarm lies in this, that in what we know as anarch- 
ists — that is to say, in the men who make a business and profession of 
lawlessness — there is exhibited, ripe and gone to seed, the same tendency 
that in a germinal condition is diffused throughout an exceedingly large 
element of our population." 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 207 

proportion. 20 In the words of our faithful censor, James 
Russell Lowell : 

" From the Rio Grande to the Penobscot flood 
This whole great nation loves the smell of blood." 

Prison reform, both prevention * and cure, merits ear- 
nest study. 21 But all the punished crimes are but a trifle 
to the unpunished lawlessness? 22 

§ 12. If you would see lawlessness at its worst, look at 
the speak-easies in the national Capitol, where our law- 
makers are also law-breakers, breaking a law they have 
themselves made. That liquor is there illegally sold was 
declared during the World's Fair controversy in both 
houses of Congress without denial, and I have personally 
verified the statement, f 

For the lawlessness next in rank recall the World's 
Fair, where, by order of the local directors, with the con- 
nivance of various national officers, the Sabbath-closing 
law was nullified. Liquors were sold openly, although 
the fair was on prohibition ground — this with the formal 
approval of the national commissioners, in spite of a protest 
which I presented, with the late Mr. J. N. Stearns, in be- 
half of the National Temperance Society, backed by peti- 
tions representing a majority of our national population. 
As if that were not enough, the directors not only per- 
mitted, but by contract required, the exhibition of Oriental 
obscenity in abdomen dances, in defiance of State laws. 

The lawlessness next in rank is that of the Sunday 

* Professor R. T. Ely says : " It is largely the social will which deter- 
mines the amount of crime and pauperism. If we have the will to learn 
what should be done, and then the will to do what we know should be 
done, we may reduce to a small fractional part of their present force the 
dependents and the delinquents." 

f The D. C. W. C. T. U. made public protest against the drunkenness 
and other disgraceful proceedings of the Sunday session at the close of 
Congress in 1895. 



208 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

papers, which were instituted, in nearly all cases, when 
the manufacture, trade, and transportation involved were 
in defiance of Sabbath laws, as they are still in nearly all 
the States. 23 

The investigation of the Police Department of New 
York City, in 1894, showed that in a multitude of ways 
respectable corporations and citizens had violated the laws 
and so subjected themselves to blackmail, which, what- 
ever the moral hue of the collector, can seldom be ex- 
torted, let it be remembered, except from the " black." 
In all departments of life we might well devote some of 
the energy now used for making new laws to obeying and 
enforcing those we have; for law-breaking is an almost 
universal American habit — a habit that, in the use of ille- 
gal Sunday trains, includes even some of the ministry. 24 

Lynching calls for our severest condemnation as a 
strange outburst of savagery, increasingly common in the 
North, yet more frequent in the South, that challenges the 
attention of the statesman and the reformer, but cannot 
be further discussed in this brief survey of citizenship. 

§ 13. Above most other lawlessness towers that of sworn 
executive officers who make themselves perjurers by 
Executioners defending and befriending law-breakers. 25 
of the Laws. i n the American Railway Union insurrec- 
tion of 1894, it was noticeable that the rioting was 
mostly in States and cities whose chief executives were 
apologists for anarchy. 26 It was a scene for a painter 
— truth if not fact — when General Miles of the United 
States Army, early in the Chicago strike, entered the 
mayor's office and suggested that he should call for State 
troops to deliver the city from mob rule. The mayor 
weakly intimated that he did not wish to interfere. Gen- 
eral Miles then took out his watch, and said: "If you 
do not call out the troops within thirty minutes, I shall 
arrest you by order of the President, and take charge 
of your office." The troops were then ordered out. 27 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 209 

In the States of Minnesota, and Washington, and New- 
Hampshire, any citizen may give like warning to the 
mayor or any other officer who " wilfully neglects or re- 
fuses " to enforce the liquor laws. That is, the punish- 
ment of perjured officers is not by impossible impeachment 
but by indictment and trial in court, as in the case of any 
other perjurer. By such prosecutions or by mandamus, 
or — best of all — by righteous voting at primaries and 
polls, executives who will execute may be secured every- 
where in place of such mayors as we now have, whom I 
have found by travel, inquiry, and by conversation with 
themselves — although there has been much improvement 
since the civic revival began in 1892 — to be mostly either 
bad or goodish, or goody, or good-for-nothing — like the 
voters who elected them by sins of omission or commis- 
sion. It is too much forgotten that the weakest spot in 
our popular government is the large city, for mayor of 
which, therefore, a stronger man is needed than for 
Governor or Senator. Our politics pines for pluck. 

" A ruddy drop of manly blood 
The surging sea outweighs." 

Emerson : Friendship. 

§ 14. In the controversy of the National Municipal 
Convention of 1894, in Minneapolis, between the Eastern 
men, who favored city government by Mayor or 
mayors, and the Western men, whose pref- council to Lead, 
erence was for government by city councils — the former 
putting the chief responsibility upon mayors with almost 
autocratic powers ; the latter putting the chief responsi- 
bility, as in London, on the city council — history is with 
the Western men. 28 While an autocratic ruler, if good and 
great, makes the best government, whether for city or 
nation — autocracy, on the average, has been weighed and 
found wanting, and there is no reason to suppose that 
American mayors would use monarchical powers better 



210 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

than foreign kings have done. We want no "mayors of 
the palace." Brooklyn has found, by sad experience, that 
concentration of power in the mayor is of little value un- 
less a mayor is selected who has courage to use it. In- 
stead of assuming that city councils will always be corrupt 
and so must be shorn of power, let civic patriotism be so 
revived that good men will elect good men to this im- 
portant body. And instead of increasing the powers of 
city executives, let them be compelled to use the powers 
they have. 

Executive officers might greatly reduce the ills of the 
times, while waiting for better laws, by law enforcement. 
Many evils that cause a loud call for municipal reform 
are due to the perjuries of those who are sworn to be 
executives, but forsworn to be executioners of the 
laws. 29 The sale of indulgences to law-breakers in New 
York City is but an exaggerated sample of what is 
understood to be the custom in nearly all our large 
cities.* 

§ 15. There is little to be hoped from any municipal 
reform movement that is more anxious to clean the 
Saloon Domi- streets of physical than of moral filth ; 
nation - that seeks to purify the cities without 

antagonizing the saloons, whose domination is the very 
citadel of municipal corruption. What has been accom- 
plished by Brooklyn's victorious attack on "the ring," 
while sparing the rum? Its "reform mayor " within a 
month of his election was whispering that he believed in 
"reducing the saloons, if possible," and in "a judicious 
enforcement of the Sunday laws." Within a year of his 
election he was advocating the legalization of Sunday 



* Voters who themselves ordered their officers to compound for a 
stated fee with the crime-breeding saloons ought not to be surprised to 
find the plan extended to the boon companions and habitues of the 
saloons — the harlots, gamblers, bunco-men, and thieves. 






FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 211 

saloons by State laws — bound to make the saloons law- 
abiding, if he had to legalize all their crimes. 

On one fundamental principle of municipal reform all 
the leaders of that movement, now at the front, are 
agreed, namely, that there should be no national politics 
in city elections. That public sentiment favors this is 
indicated by the provision in the new constitution of 
New York State for holding city elections separate from 
all others. But before anything more than a change of 
" rascals " can be accomplished, another issue will have 
to be added by the municipal reformers, namely, No 
saloon domination. When municipal reform usually 
lacks the power to say " No saloons," it can and should 
say, at least, " No saloon domination." Even Lord 
Rosebery, who is no Puritan, urges so much as that. 
It will not save a city to kill its Tammany, for the 
saloon is the tiger. He will not mind a mere change of 
keepers. In the words of Mr. Charles Stewart Smith, 
Chairman of the City Reform Committee of the New 
York Chamber of Commerce, " When the rum question is 
settled here we shall have good government." To the 
two negative planks named municipal reformers should 
add a third, which is positive— the motto of the Inter- 
national Law and Order League — "We ask only obedi- 
ence to law." Even Prohibitionists should consider 
that a city's executive officers can have nothing to do 
with their State and national issue except where it is 
already the law, and there prohibition is included in the 
plank of law enforcement. 

That city is happy indeed whose State legislature per- 
mits it to vote, as Chicago has done, for municipal civil 
service reform ; and for municipal lighting plants, as in 
some Massachusetts cities ; and for municipal street rail- 
ways, which will soon be a third subject for local option 
in the cities of many States. American voters have been 
in the past more ready to vote for men than measures, 



212 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

but the watchword, " Measures, not men," seems now 
likely to have its day. Both good men and good meas- 
ures we must have. 

§ 16. Institutes of civics and reports of riots have dis- 
pelled partially the recent dense ignorance of the people 
„ , as to the relative executive powers of 

Relative r 

Powers of Ex- mayor, sheriff, governor, and President, 
ecutives. as responsible in that order for keeping the 

peace in our cities — an ignorance which our schools 
should have made impossible. In my reform tours I 
have often come upon a city that was in despair because 
the criminal classes had elected a mayor of their own, or 
because the city council had refused to reenact some 
State law into a city ordinance, or had made a city ordi- 
nance contravening the State law. The city fathers of 
Bradford, Penn., having repealed the State Sabbath 
law, so far as their city was concerned, by a contrary 
ordinance, I suggested in a public meeting there that 
they should be formed into a kindergarten class, and sup- 
plied with little maps of the State that they might learn 
that Bradford is in Pennsylvania and subject to its laws. 
So in Denver also. 

As to the perjured mayors that abound, I had a part in 
a most interesting exhibition, at St. Paul, of the relation 
of mayor, sheriff, and governor. The mayor, having 
allowed violations of law for years in the case of Sunday 
saloons and Sunday theaters and Sunday baseball, the 
officers of a so-called athletic club put up a cash guar- 
antee that he would not interfere with a proposed prize- 
fight, also illegal, which guarantee subsequent events 
showed they were safe in placing. A pavilion was 
erected, and carloads of toughs and gamblers came from 
all parts of the land. Meantime a few good citizens, not 
hoping much, called a public meeting. Although the 
two leading newspapers were owned by the two chief 
officers of the athletic club, -and edited accordingly, the 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 213 

people rallied in force. The crowded, enthusiastic meet- 
ing showed that there were seven thousand that had not 
bowed the knee to Baal. The meeting, by resolution, 
declared that the mayor, in giving permission for the 
proposed law-breaking, had really abdicated his office by 
breaking his oath, and appealed to the governor to 
enforce the law, through the sheriff, the State's officer for 
the county in which the city was situated. The governor, 
although his business partner held the stakes, responded 
to the commanding voice of "the sovereign people" 
as their prime minister, and commanded the sheriff, on 
penalty of dismissal, to prevent the fight. The mayor 
threatened forcible resistance through his city police, but 
when, at the sheriff's request, a regiment of militia was 
called out, this perjured officer thought better of his 
threat. This lesson in civics was impressively completed 
when the regiment, early in the evening for which the 
fight was announced, marched through the streets and 
camped for the night in the building which had been 
built as a pedestal for lawlessness. 

The Sunday saloons of Denver, although they had the 
mayor, himself a liquor-seller, with the police, on their 
side, were permanently defeated by the sheriff, who had 
been elected on that issue by the aid of rural votes in the 
county outside the city. 

Another fight with Sunday saloons in which I had 
the privilege of sharing, at Cincinnati — already referred 
to — brought to view yet another way to enforce laws in 
spite of a bad mayor ; which was done in this case 
through a city judge and prosecutor, selected from the 
regular party tickets as nominees that friends of law and 
order in both parties might safely unite upon. 

§ 17. This brings us to the powers and duties of 
judges in law enforcement. In the case powers of 
just referred to the judge did not merely Judges- 
wait in solemn passivity to judge such cases as might be 



214 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

brought to him by the people, but — for a while — aggres- 
sively pursued crime by his charges to grand and petit 
juries, and by active cooperation with the city prosecutor, 
who also abandoned the usual waiting attitude and 
hunted criminals, as in duty bound. Our courts are the 
best part of our politics, but many of our police-court 
judges really belong with their prisoners in the 
"pen." 

Once upon a time there was a police judge in Cincinnati 
who was having "a little game" in a saloon when the 
legal hour for closing arrived. The saloon-keeper pro- 
posed to close, but the judge demurred and said he 
would close up when the game was over, if the proprietor 
wished to go to bed. After a while a patrolman began to 
pound the door behind which the tell-tale light and con- 
versation assured him the law was being violated. The 
players fled out of the back door and over the back fence, 
on a nail of which the judge was " hung up," like many 
another "liquor case" in his own court. He remained 
quiet on his nail, however, until the patrolman had gone, 
and so escaped. The proprietor was brought before him 
the next day by the patrolman for the violation of law. 
The case was postponed and, later, nollied — all of which 
is a fair sample of the sort of courts we tolerate in our 
cities. Police-court judges and city attorneys are in 
many places excusing themselves for not trying liquor 
cases, and others that touch the vices which have a politi- 
cal " pull," on the ground that juries will not convict and 
the trials only make costs for the State.* Jury laws in 
some cases, and the methods of their administration in 
more, are a scandal indeed ; but a little money spent on 
such juries, showing that their verdicts are contrary to 
the clearest evidence, would doubtless result in the 

* This excuse was made in Brooklyn, but the Law Enforcement 
Society proved that vigorous prosecution could win verdicts even from 
police-court juries. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 



215 



rectification of the jury law, and thus supply the court 
with honest jurors. 

Judges have great discretionary powers in the matter 
of naturalization, and might and should use those powers 
to check the growth of that evil of the first magnitude — 
the ignorant and venal foreign vote — by refusing citizen- 
ship, as they have authority tp do, to such foreigners as 
are manifestly unprepared for its right use. In a Pitts- 
burg court I saw twenty men naturalized in thirty 
minutes, but one of whom gave any promise of good 
citizenship, the others forming a squad in the modern 
invasion of our land by Northern barbarians. The 
judge said to me, after the ceremony, " They were no 
more fit to be citizens than so many cattle." And yet he 
had been too timid to use his great powers to exclude 
them from the ballot. 

The pulpit and such parts of the press as are not in fear 
of the baser sort of foreigners — the only ones, save their 
political leaders, who would object — might make such a 
public sentiment, might organize such petitions to judges, 
that only the better sort of foreigners, who have first 
been nationalized, would be naturalized. Let us do this, 
while agitating for laws that make such action mandatory 
on judges too timid to take the responsibility. 

In some States, judges have large discretion also in the 
matter of liquor licenses. In Pennsylvania this power is 
practically unlimited, but in few cases has a judge used 
his full power in refusing to license what would soon fill 
his court with criminals. 30 



II. POLITICAL BETTERMENTS THROUGH IMPROVED 
LEGISLATION. 

§ 18. Dynamics are more than mechanics, men than 
methods, officers, than laws; but we want both at their 
best. The good citizens we now have could dominate 
the bad ones we now have, if they would — even with our 



2l6 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

lax laws of immigration and naturalization; even with the 
ballot in the hands of native and foreign ignorance. But 
it will be easier for the right to rule when we have better 
laws. 

i. Laws needed for purifying citizenship. 

The negro and naturalization are the two serious snags 
in our suffrage, the second worthy to be called k 'the 
The "South- Northern Problem" as the first is pre- 
em Problem." eminently " the Southern problem." 

Unbiased students must recognize that the North made 
an almost fatal mistake in giving the ballot-scepter to the 
negro — the scepter of majority rule in several States — be- 
fore he had been prepared by mental and moral education, 
as are European princes, to use it wisely and honestly. 
The South made a yet more serious mistake in preventing 
the negro supremacy they feared by lawless methods, when 
they might have done it legally by an impartial educa- 
tional qualification for suffrage in their State laws, with a 
consequent reduction of the representation of the South 
in Congress and in the Electoral College to correspond 
to the real voting population, as justice demanded. In 
five trips through the South we found many Christians in 
advance of the politicians on these points. The devices 
formerly used to nullify the black vote having been used 
successfully of late by and against the new white party in 
the South — in South Carolina and Alabama respectively — 
the Southern conscience is at last aroused, and a civic 
revival is sweeping through the South; not, as in the 
North, with reference to the reform of city governments, 
but rather of State governments, with a good prospect that 
ballot reform, without the North's usual and unwise pro- 
visions for ignorant voters, will make a "New South" 
indeed ere long. Let every patriot help forward the 
movement, at least so far as to 

"Let the dead past bury its dead," 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 217 

Strangely enough, the politicians have learned nothing 
from giving political power prematurely to the negroes, 
and are making the same blunder on a The Indian 
smaller scale among the Indians. 31 A few Vote - 
Western counties are already dominated by the "Indian 
vote." Our "Century of Dishonor" in dealing with the 
Indians * culminates in making them, in their ignorance, 
soldiers and voters. 

§ 19. The educational qualification for suffrage is hardly 
less needed in the North than in the South. In the cities, 
the "black belt" of the slums often con- M ,. ... 

Naturalization. 

tains the balance of power. The. foreign 
vote is that even in State elections, in most cases. In 
thirteen States— an unlucky thirteen — voters of foreign 
parentage are in the majority. But in most States the 
American vote, reenforced by the two-fifths of our 
foreign population who are American in spirit, might put 
an educational qualification upon all new voters, and 
should hasten to do so. Since 1890, as before stated, I 
have advocated the passage of such a law in every State 
to take effect on the first day of the twentieth century, 
now close at hand. Let the absurdity of having men 
vote who never read our Constitution end with this cen- 
tury. Universal suffrage should mean that every one 
may vote by achieving certain qualifications that are 
possible to all. 

Whatever other celebrations the new century's birth 
may have, it should especially be celebrated by the 
enactment of great and useful laws on this and other 
lines. 

The consideration of the foreign vote brings up the 
Chinese question. Why have politicians so violated 

* General W. T. Sherman, in an official statement, says that the 
United States has broken a thousand treaties with the Indians. See 
Helen Hunt's Century of Dishonor, and Ramona, and documents of the 
Indian Rights Association, Herbert Welch, Secretary, Philadelphia. 



2l8 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

American principles in the disfranchisment and exclusion 
of the Chinese ? We are told it is because they are im • 
Chinese Ex- moral, and because they do not come to stay 
elusion. t> u t carry their money back. But cannot 

both those charges be made with equal force against 
Hungarians, Italians, and Slavs ? On July 30, 1894, the 
Pittsburg Post advocated a law compelling these three 
classes of Europeans to stay in this country, because they 
were so accustomed to carry their savings back to Europe. 
But Hungarians, Italians, and Slavs have votes, and so, 
although in their morals and habits and disposition to 
" stay " they certainly do not excel the Chinese, we can- 
not even get a law passed by which our foreign consuls 
shall effectually exclude from our land so much as their 
paupers and criminals. 

2. Laws needed to protect the purity of elections.™ 

§ 20. Specific evidence that a considerable percentage 
of American voters are venal has been repeatedly given 
The Venal in magazines and otherwise in recent years. 
Vote. Thj s has been shown of Indiana, Dela- 

ware, and Connecticut particularly, which we have no 
reason to suppose do not together come fully up to the 
average of the country as a whole. 33 But the most 
surprising revelations are the wholesale and open briberies 
by both the city parties in New Bedford under the first 
and best of ballot reform laws, and despite the further 
fact that New Bedford is one of the few cities that has 
adopted the muncipal reformers' panacea for municipal 
corruption, the exclusion of national and State politics 
from city elections. This underscores a previous remark 
as to the insufficiency of any political machinery without 
manhood. At the 1894 election, according to The Out- 
look, the victorious party, despite its condemnation of the 
bribery by which its opponents had won the preceding 
election, devised a new method of bribery that ballot 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 



219 



reform could not prevent, the payment of a minimum 
two dollars each to a great number of so-called "workers" 
(many of whom did no work except to bear about on their 
breasts the party badge), with an additional three dollars 
or more in case of victory to make sure that even in 
secret voting they would vote as they were paid. The 
first act of the mayor elect was to sit at his desk, behind 
a huge pile of greenbacks, and pay the promised bribes. 
There ought to be prosecutions, of course ; but as the 
leaders of both sides, as usual, have been guilty of the 
same treason, it is likely that if undertaken they will, as 
usual again, never come to trial. In that same city, when 
the speaker was one of its citizens, bribery having been 
unusually bold at the polls, -a voter was prosecuted who 
had been seen to receive ten dollars from a party leader 
just before he voted. Asked on the stand for what 
the money was paid he replied promptly "For a pig," 
which was both true and false, but suggests the difficulty 
of proving bribery. More severe laws on this crime are 
needed,* but a more severe public sentiment against 
every Benedict Arnold who will traffic in the sacred duties 
of patriotism, who will sell his elective or legislative 
vote, whether for patronage or money, is not less required. 
A man guilty of bribery should be made to feel, by social 
ostracism, that the brand of treason, self-inflicted, is upon 
him. f 

3. Laws needed to guard the purity of public office. 

§ 2i. For better elective officers we must look to 
patriotic effort in the primaries, but the serious question 



* The Corrupt Practices Act of Great Britain should be added to 
the official ballot and secret vote as the third essential of ballot 
reform — no election expenditures being allowed except for educational 
-lectures and literature ; so excluding the new " workers " fraud. 

f " He who sells his vote, sells his country; and he who buys it 
immolates patriotism on the unclean altar of his greed and ambition." — 
A rchbishop John Ireland. 



220 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

remains how to secure an efficient civil service in 
the realm of appointments. 34 "To the victors belong 
civil Service the spoils " has a multitude of believers, not 
Reform. a u f them politicians. They talk plausibly 

of the danger of "an office-holding class," and the fair- 
ness of "rotation in office," as if experience were not 
as valuable in government work as in like business when 
conducted by individuals, who do not discharge trained 
clerks and take on greenhorns every four years. The 
opponents of civil service reform forget that offices were 
not made to enrich individual citizens but to promote 
efficient government. Hon. Theodore Roosevelt in 
the Atlantic Monthly of February, 1895, reports that, up 
to the close of 1894, civil service reform had captured 
about fifty thousand offices, about one-quarter of the 
whole national list of appointive officers, measured by 
number, and one-half, measured by salary. In the same 
article he says : "This spoils method is that which pre- 
vailed in England under the Stuarts and the Georges, 
and which still prevails in Morocco, Turkey, the South 
American Republics, and other States not yet very far 
advanced toward civilization." 

One reason for the lagging of this worthy reform, 
which should have triumphed as quickly as ballot reform 
and for like patriotic reasons, is that Christian ministers, 
in the past, have not usually counted it one of the " moral 
reforms" which they should promote as a Christian duty, 
nor even so closely related to the nation's safety as to 
demand their active aid on the score of patriotism. But 
surely it is no small danger to have a civil army, already 
nearly a quarter of a million and rapidly enlarging, 
dependent for its living on the continuance of the 
dominant party in power ! Such a condition becomes 
indirect bribery large enough to turn a close national 
election. 

This reform has also lacked, until recently, the sup- 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 221 

port of working men, who counted it a gentlemen's reform 
and no concern of theirs ; but now they find that the one 
chief objection to the ownership and management of 
natural monopolies by government is the increase of 
party spoils which it is assumed would ensue, although 
every intelligent advocate of the new industrial functions 
of government expects civil service reform to be a part 
of the plan. Working men ma*y, therefore, be relied upon 
henceforth to promote civil service reform as a prepara- 
tion for State industrialism, which civil service reformers 
might well study as an ally that would hasten the triumph 
of their cause by making it a necessity. 

The elections in Chicago and New York in 1894-95 
must give a swift and strong impulse to civil service 
reform: Chicago by voting it, New York by furnishing 
the "horrible example " of the curse of patronage. New 
York has found that Tammany was but one of a tyrannical 
triumvirate, of which patronage and saloon domination 
survive to nullify, or at least delay, reform. Chicago 
having overcome both patronage and the " ring," let us 
hope will not be defeated by rum, which is third and 
unconquered of her triumvirate also. By its defeat, with 
the others, let Chicago yet more fully realize her motto 
as enlarged by William T. Stead, "I Will God's Will." 

4. Laws needed to protect the purity of legislation. 

§ 22. There is an increasing hostility to the national 
Senate, partly because it is so largely composed of 
millionaires who are supposed to have popular Eiec- 
bought their titles to membership in this tion of Senators. 
" American House of Lords," and partly because it has 
in recent crises seemed too unresponsive to popular 
demands and too responsive to the wishes of trusts. 
This popular hostility showed itself in the very large 
vote by which the National House of Representatives, in 
July, 1894, passed the bill for the election of Senators by 



222 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

the people. 35 There are three strong reasons for this 
proposed change: i. To prevent bribery, which is now 
suspected, with good reason, in the many senatorial elec- 
tions in which men of great wealth or agents of rich 
corporations, who are not great statesmen, secure this 
"political prize." 2. The increasing waste of legislative 
time in prolonged deadlocks, which, in several cases, 
after wholly crowding out needed State legislation, have 
terminated by expiration of time without result, and left 
the State without its full representation in the national 
Senate. 3. It is increasingly important to separate State 
and national issues, which could be done if the legislature 
did not elect Senators. In that case State legislators 
could be elected with reference to their views on subjects 
which they could themselves legislate upon. As to the 
Senate maintaining its present conservative character as 
a body more removed from popular excitement than the 
lower House, that would probably be sufficiently guar- 
anteed by the long term and by election from the State 
as a whole. 

If the Senate is sometimes too slow, the House is often 
too fast, the members of the latter being in such close 
touch with the people as to feel every heart-beat of 
popular excitement, those of fever as well as those of 
health. 

If the national Congress needs mending, what shall be 
said of the less satisfactory State legislatures ? The com- 
mon remark is, "This is the worst legislature we ever 
had." The people find even "worst" too feeble a word 
for our unspeakable city councils. 

§ 23. Turning now to legislation, let us note, first, the 
proposed international legislation by which Great Britain 
international and the United States are expected to agree 
Arbitration. t h at a u future differences that cannot be 
settled by diplomacy shall be settled by arbitration. A 
memorial to this effect, signed by 354 members of Parlia- 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 223 

ment, was recently brought by one of its members, Hon. 
W. R. Cremer, to our government, which received it with 
favor. This omen of peace, however, is offset by the 
rage for iron ships of war and the Napoleonic craze of our 
magazines, which recalls the words that Schiller, if I 
remember rightly, makes Richelieu say to Napoleon : 

" From rank showers of blood 
And the red light of blazing roofs 
You paint the rainbow, glory. 
And to shuddering conscience cry, 
' Lo ! the bridge to Heaven.' " 

§ 24. As to taxation, 36 the national Board of Trade 
and other commercial bodies have concluded, for one 
thing, that the tariff should be adjusted, as Tariffs and 
suggested originally by Mr. E. J. Wheeler other Taxes, 
of The Voice, through a permanent non-partizan tariff 
commission, representing all sections of the country, 
who should be instructed to prepare from time to time 
such a customs schedule as would afford needed govern- 
ment revenue and only as much added protection as 
would represent and maintain the higher and fairer 
wages paid in the United States as compared to Europe." 
A good story has become current to the effect that a 
Princeton professor of political economy, a few years 
since when tariff was the class topic, asked several of the 
young men in his class each to define the purposes of the 
political party to which he was opposed so fairly that 
those of that party in the class would accept the definition. 
In no case was either a Democrat or a Republican suc- 
cessful. And that was before the Cleveland-Gorman 
tariff conflict of 1894. 38 

There is great outcry from those affected against 
income taxes. They are objectionable on account of 
difficulty of collection, but it is hard to see how the 
principle is inconsistent with the generally accepted 



224 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

theory that taxes, as far as possible, should fall upon 
luxuries rather then necessities. A large income is 
surely a luxury. 39 Graduated taxation rests on the 
same basis. 40 Heavy taxation of large inheritances, 
especially those received by remote relatives, is rapidly 
growing in favor. 41 

§ 25. The most objectionable feature of national taxa- 
tion is the internal (also infernal) revenue from rum, by 
which the United States Government is 

Liquor Laws. ... 

made the senior partner in every saloon 
in the land. 42 In the so-called " canteens," at army 
posts, which General O. O. Howard condemned as 
demoralizing in his last report, 43 as indeed they are 
admitted to be by the military officers at Washington, 
who superintend them — in these " canteens" a United 
States soldier stands behind the bar, by order of his 
superior officer, and sells to his comrades, in the name 
of the nation as the rumseller in chief, the liquors that 
promote disorder and lead to disgrace. But in every 
rumshop the nation, by its internal revenue laws, stands 
invisible behind the bar as a rumseller, and pockets a 
part of the profits. South Carolina * has become a rum- 
seller yet more directly, 44 and Massachusetts seems for 
once eager to imitate South Carolina. 45 The abolition of 
"canteens," and of infernal revenue from liquors, and 
of all other liquor partnerships of government, ought to 
be our earnest aim. 

§ 26. Inasmuch as the liquor traffic is the worst foe of 
business, of the home, of morality and order, and of civil 
liberty, the attitude of government toward it should be 
one of uncompromising hostility. The plea of Christian 



* That the prohibitory features of the South Carolina law have enabled 
it to reduce the evil effects of liquor-selling is not a conclusive argument 
in its favor. It is a proverb that " the better is a great enemy of the 
best." The dispensary has no bar but may prove a bar to prohibition. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 225 

abstainers that wherever and whenever it seems at present 
impossible to suppress the evil of liquor-selling it should 
be licensed or taxed in order to restrict it 46 and improve 
its character 47 and make it pay damages is having 
its reductio ad absitrdum, in that the same plea is being 
urged in behalf of the licensing of gambling and pros- 
titution. 48 From the standpoint of the man who be- 
lives saloons are evil, the logic is equally good or bad 
in all three cases. That permission permits, whether the 
fee be high or low, is proved by the liquor-sellers' friend- 
ship for all forms of license as against any form of pro- 
hibition, which prohibits, as is proved, quicker than by 
any statistics, by the uniform hostility of liquor-sellers 
and their friends, 49 who surely would not fight prohibi- 
tion if, as they say, it allows as much or more selling, 
while saving the cost of a license. Upon those who 
believe that liquor-sellers fight prohibition as philan- 
thropists, in order to reduce their sales and increase their 
taxes, all further argument would be wasted. 

I cancel all laws for State sanction or State sale of 
liquors by writing across them those words from Wash- 
ington's Farewell Address, which New York selected as 
the fittest to inscribe upon the Centennial Arch: 

" Let us raise a standard to which the wise and the 
honest may repair. The event is in the hand of God."* 

To which may well be added that warning of Lowell, 
the censor of our national sins: 

" They enslave their children's children 
Who make compromise with sin." 50 

The Present Crisis. 

* As inconsistent with license laws are the words of the U. S. Supreme 
Court: "No legislature can bargain away the public health or the 
public morals. The people themselves cannot do it, much less their 
servants. Government is organized with a view to their preservation 
and cannot divest itself of the power to provide for them." — Stone vs. 
Mississippi. 



226 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

§ 27. As a curb on the despotism of large majorities, 
and to give minorities and new movements in politics a 

Proportional fair hearing in legislative halls, national, 
Representation. State and municipal, the Swiss plan of pro- 
portional representation, with cumulative voting, is 
urged with ever increasing favor. By this plan the so- 
called "representatives" would really represent the 
people, not majorities only. A new movement would 
not have to wait until it had won over more than five- 
tenths of the votes in one or more constituencies before 
it could be heard in the legislature, but by cumulative 
voting could have one-tenth of the representatives when 
it had one-tenth of the votes. On this plan a city council 
would all be elected on one ticket, not by wards, and the 
representatives to the State legislature from a city or 
county in a similar manner. The national representa- 
tives of a State would all be on one ticket, so that 
minorities might cumulate their votes on fewer candi- 
dates in each case. 51 

§ 28. On the supposition that good men will not go to 
the primaries and elect better legislators, the movement 

Referendum to secure a popular veto of corrupt legisla- 
and imperative tion by the adoption of the Swiss Referen- 
dum is gaining ground. It would seem to 
be a valuable reserve power in any case. It allows the 
people, by a petition of one-twelfth or so of the popula- 
tion, to compel the submission of a new legislative enact- 
ment to popular vote. The accompanying "Initiative" 
or imperative petition enables a certain number of peti- 
tioners to compel a legislature to submit to the people 
any measure not before the legislature which might other- 
wise be neglected. 52 These measures might well be 
adopted as restraints upon the notorious corruption of 
our city governments, so allowing a popular vote on 
questionable franchises, large appropriations, and other 
subjects liable to corrupt manipulation. For our smaller 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 227 

States, perhaps for all, these measures might also be 
effective without change. For Congress, perhaps for the 
larger legislatures also, it might be enough to correct the 
chief abuses, if it should be by constitutional law pro- 
vided that every measure for which a certain minority of 
the adult population had sent sworn petitions should be 
in due course submitted to ^a yea and nay vote. Good 
measures are much more frequently defeated in Congress by 
that autocracy of national legislation, the House Commit- 
tee on Rules — which rules indeed — than by adverse votes. 
And in the case of other committees representatives are 
less likely to vote for a good law when the eyes of their 
fellow-committeemen only are upon them than when, in a 
recorded yea and nay vote, the whole country is there to 
see. 

There is much to be said in favor of these methods of 
giving the people a more direct control of legislation, but 
it is still more important, if " government of the people, 
by the people, for the people " is not to " perish from the 
earth," that the people should more fully guard against 
legislative corruption, as New York did in 1894, by con- 
stitutional provisions, such as the requirement that a law 
must be printed and lie three days on the legislative 
desks before it can become a law, except when the gover- 
nor certifies to an emergency calling for a suspension of 
the rule. There has been a prejudice against " legislat- 
ing in the Constitution " beyond a few general principles, 
but if the people will not elect more trustworthy and 
incorruptible legislators they should themselves put into 
the Constitution, once for all, the laws they approve on 
those subjects which are especially liable to be corruptly 
dealt with, such as gambling, temperance, purity, the 
Sabbath, and monopoly. When engaged in the anti- 
lottery battles in Washington, Louisiana, and Dakota, 
I learned that there are seventeen of our States with 
no constitutional protection against the legalization of 



228 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

gambling, which legislatures at various times have been 
guilty of in New York, Missouri, Illinois, Maryland, 
Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Louisiana, 53 but only once 
have the people of any State legalized gambling. The 
people may not average better than their legislators, 
perhaps, but they are at least too many to buy, and so 
they should put the legislation most liable to be bought 
into their own constitutional code.* 

In State legislation "the third house," made up mostly 

of the lobbyists of rich corporations, is often more power- 

TT . ful than both the first and second house, 

U s e s a n d ' 

Abuses of the made up of supposed representatives of the 
Lobby. people, who are often more influenced by 

railway passes and lobby pressure close at hand than by 
the interests of their far-off constituents. The governor's 
veto, increasingly used and increasingly popular, is in 
reality, to a large degree, a veto of " the third house." 

§ 29. The laws against bribery and especially their 
execution should be made more efficient, but laws against 
lobbying itself are unjustifiable, for the lobby is not in 
itself necessarily evil. "The third house" is another 
case, like that of the primaries, where a most essential 
and influential institution has been left mostly to bad 
men. The lobby is really the palace of the sovereign 
people, whence the people should suggest the course of 
their representatives, who are directed how to act on only 
a few subjects by party platforms. On the much larger 



* Certain decisions of the courts in recent years have shown that a 
written constitution is not always and altogether a blessing. The 
English Parliament, having no written constitution, enacts whatever laws 
it concludes to be for the public good, but many such laws have been 
killed before or after enactment in our country by that word "uncon- 
stitutional." The outlawing of the anti-sweat-shop law in Illinois in 
1895, on the ground that the requirement of shorter hours of work for 
women was an abridgment of their right to equal privileges with men, is 
a case in point. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 229 

number, including questions of morals, they should be 
informed by their constituents personally of their wishes 
and their reasons. The post-office should be considered 
an extension of the lobby, and those should lobby by letters 
who cannot in person. In civics we should teach not 
only the citizen's duty to the ballot-box but also his duty 
to the mail-box. Few good laws have failed to pass a 
legislative body for whose passage those who desired 
them showed their desire by letters to legislators, which 
a citizen is as much bound to write as is the legislator to 
write laws. 54 

Here is a field in which the humblest citizen, who can 
write, can help to shape legislation; yet how few even of 
those who spend much breath in condemning the laws 
ever lift a pen to mend them! This neglect is due, in the 
case of some, to considering legislators as demigods, too 
far above common mortals to care for their suggestions. 
Another class do not write them because they have been 
led by newspaper abuse to regard all politicians as past 
praying for 55 and past praying to. During the World's 
Fair Sabbath-closing battle in Congress I asked a Penn- 
sylvania pastor, zealous for the Sabbath, to write to 
Senator Cameron of that State, who had voted adversely 
in committee, reminding him that he was not in such a 
vote representing his State, which was the Keystone State 
indeed, the highest of all, in devotion to the Sabbath, 
and the most numerously represented of any in the peti- 
tions for Sabbath-closing. The pastor replied with scorn, 
" Write to Don Cameron? I would just as soon write 
to the devil." But that very suggestion, as presented 
courteously by another, led the Senator to vote the other 
way when the bill was passed. I once spoke to Senator 
Blackburn of Kentucky about a like petition against Sun- 
day trains. He replied with animation, " Oh, yes ! I have 
heard about that. My State is all stirred up in this 
matter. I have had as many as twenty letters on the 



230 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

subject." The pity of it, that Christian citizens should 
so seldom write their Senators in behalf of good laws or in 
opposition to bad ones, so seldom about anything but 
selfish interests such as requests for offices and seeds, 
that twenty letters on such a subject from a whole State 
was deemed phenomenal! 56 

A yet more suggestive instance of effective lobbying by 
letters occurred in the other branch of Congress, when 
the effort was made to repeal the World's Fair Sabbath- 
closing law. I looked up the record of the House Com- 
mittee on that subject to see what chance there was of 
killing repeal in committee. I found that only three of 
the eleven committeemen had voted for closing when it 
first came before them, and three more when it came up 
in the House on a yea and nay vote, whose record would 
be known. Four of the other five voted against closing. 
The other member of the committee did not vote. It 
was important to know how he would vote as to repeal, 
since, if he was against closing, it was possible one of the 
three new converts to closing might be induced to relapse, 
so changing the majority of the committee. The non- 
voter happened to be from a district in which I had 
formerly lived, which served as an introduction and was 
of further service later. I referred to his not voting on 
this issue, which led him to raise his eyebrows in surprise 
that his record was being followed. (There would be 
better records if constituents regularly scrutinized them.) 
I then asked him which way he would vote on repeal. 
He had heard so little from his careless constituents that 
he did not, as is common with politicians, mount " the 
fence " with the skill of a tight-rope walker, but said 
boldly, "I shall vote for Sunday-opening." I replied, 
"I know Massachusetts and I know your district, and if 
you so vote you will not represent either of them. " "I 
am the best judge of that," he said indignantly, as he 
turned away. I said to myself, I wonder if he would so 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 23 I 

reply if his district were asking him to vote for closing? 
Accordingly, through Endeavor headquarters, I sent a 
hint to all the presidents of young people's societies in 
his district, and through the pastors of my old home, 
Haverhill, to all the pastors, that their representative 
evidently had not heard from home. A few days after- 
ward the Boston Journal reported that the Congressman 
was "snowed under with letters against Sunday-open- 
ing." This led, not to a vote for closing, but to an armed 
neutrality which was equally effective, as the advocates 
of opening in the committee, though they captured one 
of the other six, needed the Massachusetts man to make 
a majority. As he wholly refused, even when in the next 
room, to attend the sessions of the committee on this 
subject, repeal was killed, as we had hoped, in committee, 
But the best of all was the fact that one district had 
learned the meaning of "government of the people, by 
the people, for the people." 

§ 30. Our national perils are increased by the fact that 
while crime and corruption are increasing, their chief 
corrective, Sabbath-keeping, is declining. The Sabbath 
I have shown that the Sabbath is the Lord's Essential to 
Day, the Rest Day, the Home Day. The civil Libert y- 
Sabbath is also the weekly Independence Day, when 
every employee should be allowed to come out from 
under human masterships and stand erect, with no 
master but God, and devote the day to the culture of 
intelligence and conscientiousness and the spirit of 
equality, which are necessities of life in a republic — intel- 
ligence to protect against the sophistries, conscientious- 
ness to protect against the bribes, of the demagogue, the 
worst of despots, and the spirit of equality, that on elec- 
tion day, at least, the employees may not be merely the 
"hands " of their employer. 

The ship of state is in danger of being wrecked where 
those four C's meet — conscience, competition, combina- 



232 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

tion, and the Continental Sunday. There are in this 
country enough railroads laid to belt the world fourteen 
times with a band of railroad iron, a Laocoon coil crush- 
ing father and family together by the Sunday trains. 
When we reach the portals of the twentieth century, to 
which we look forward with mingled fear and hope, there 
will be enough railroads in our land, at the present rate of 
increase, to belt the world twenty times. And they will 
be owned by twenty men, each one a " railroad king," in 
more than a figurative sense, with an "iron crown" 
twenty-five thousand miles around, compared with which 
the famous iron crown of Europe is but a baby's play- 
thing. And when these railroad kings tire of wasteful 
competition, and elect a railroad emperor to act for them 
all, as one of them has already suggested they should do, 
he will have a power greater than that of the mightiest 
Roman emperor or Russian czar. 57 At the same time 
other little groups, including some of these same men, 
will own all the oil, all the coal, all the cotton, all the 
wheat and grain, all the farming machinery, and a few 
merchant princes will make the rural tradesmen into 
mere agents. 58 

"Will " government of the people, by the people, for the 
people" then "perish from the earth"? Yes, if the 
Continental Sunday is allowed to form a coalition with 
capital in our land. Government statistics show that in 
Prussia the so-called holiday Sunday means Sunday work 
in 57 per cent, of the factories, and 77 per cent, of the 
establishments of trade and transportation. Such a peo- 
ple can only be "dumb, driven cattle" for despots to 
ride. 59 

In Spain a man was imprisoned for twenty years where 
he could not stand erect, and where he could only walk 
two steps in one direction. Released, he found himself 
the prisoner of habit, unable to do more than that in the 
open air. If our people are servants 364 days a year. 



FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 2$$ 

they will be servants of the same masters on the 365th, 
when nominally released to vote. They cannot stand 
erect in their manhood, or go forward independently 
in the solution of the great problems of state. But if 
we preserve our American Sabbath, and so our national 
manhood, the American people will in the future, as in 
the past, prove wise enough,»with God's help, to take 
the ship of state safely through the rising tidal wave of 
trusts into the clear waters of fraternalism beyond. 

" And in rapture we'll ride through the stormiest gales, 
For God's hand's on the helm and His breath in the sails." 

James Whitcomb Riley : A Song of the Cruise. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What is the relation of the powers that be to God ? By what denomi- 
nations and by what society is the civil Kingship of Christ made a leading 
doctrine ? Is the doctrine limited to these ? How was it shown that the 
doctrine is entrenched in public conscience? 

2. What is the American theory as to the relations of Church and 
state ? What is the theory and practice as to sectarian appropriations ? 
What acts of our national history have been inconsistent with our theory 
of the union of Christianity and the State, and what preeminently 
recognitions of it ? 

3. By what acts have the executive, judicial, and legislative departments 
of government declared or recognized that this is a Christian nation, 
responsible as a moral person to God's law? What constitutional amend- 
ment is needed to give national Christian institutions an unquestionable 
constitutional basis ? By what court decisions has such amendment been 
shown to be necessary ? 

4. What is the most radical cure of political corruption ? Is a " busi- 
ness administration " an adequate ideal for city politics ? Is attendance 
at primaries and polls a duty as well as right ? Should political notices 
be given in the pulpit ? 

5. What form of toleration needs especially to be preached? Is neu- 
trality the true attitude for the pulpit as to political matters ? Should 
a preacher attend the primaries ? 

6. How does the relation of government and people in our country 
differ from their relation in monarchies ? How does the sovereign people 
resemble European sovereigns in the indirection of its rulership ? Where 
is our choice of officers really made ? What relation have the polls to 
the primaries? Does it matter about the party if the candidate is of 
good character? What fundamental political duty must be performed in 
order to exert positive influence in securing proper candidates ? 

7. What is the primary fact and force in politics? Is the existence of 
parties an evil ? Why should city elections be separated from national 
politics ? Why are they not ? 

8. Why is the caucus or primary needed ? What substitute for it is 
provided ? How could the abuses of the primary be prevented ? What 
reasons are there for its continuance ? 

9. Why are not more good men elected to public office ? Where are 
primaries held in our large cities most frequently ? Which is the best 
treatment for unfit nominations — protest or prevention? What if the 
primary is on prayer meeting night ? What came of Christian attend- 
ance at the primaries in Cincinnati ? 

10. What events have shown that good political machinery is of little 
value without good men to run it ? If the ignorance were eliminated 
from our suffrage by improved naturalization and educational tests, how 
might good citizens be still left without good candidates to vote for? 

234 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 235 

Has a man who " scratches " his ticket aright in any primary ; and if so, 
what one ? 

11. Which is the greater peril to our land, anarchy or lawlessness ? To 
what extent is crime increasing ? What are the present aims of prison 
reform? (Note.) Which is greatest, the punished or the unpunished 
law-breaking ? 

12. What are the three worst examples of our national habit of law- 
breaking ? Who besides Tammany were shown to be law-breakers by 
the investigation of the New York Police Department ? How have even 
teachers and preachers often broken the laws ? 

13. The Chicago strike brought ou* what examples of weakness and 
what of strength in executive officers ? What States have adequate laws 
to punish unfaithful executives? What varieties of mayors are found in 
American cities ? 

14. In what respect do Western municipal reformers disagree with 
those of the East as to method ; and which has the best plan, and why ? 
How might the executioners of the laws reduce public evils ? 

15. What evidence has recently been afforded that it is useless to 
attempt to purify city politics without antagonizing the saloons ? What 
three watchwords for municipal reform are suggested? 

16. What are the relative powers of mayor, sheriff, governor, and 
President ? What of city councils and State legislatures ? 

17. What three powers of judges might be exerted more positively in 
checking current evils ? 

18. What mistakes were made by the North and South respectively in 
connection with negro suffrage ? What movement in the South promises 
improvement ? What of the Indian vote ? 

19. How is the foreign vote a peril, and how can that peril be lessened ? 
What were the real reasons for Chinese exclusion ? 

20. What has been shown as to the " venal vote"? How can the 
traffic in votes be suppressed ? 

21. What arguments are offered against civil service reform ? What 
two classes that should have championed this reform have hitherto 
mostly failed to do so ? 

22. On what does recent hostility to the U. S. Senate rest? How far 
has Congress indorsed the proposal that Senators should be elected by the 
people ? What three arguments for it are cited ? How would the con- 
servatism of the Senate be preserved in case of such elections ? What is 
the current opinion as to State legislatures and city councils ? 

23. What recent helps and hindrances to international peace are 
mentioned ? 

24. What new mode of adjusting the tariff is suggested ? What is its 
present relation to party divisions ? On what general principle do the 
income tax and graduated taxation rest ? What is the present status of 
inheritance taxes? (Note.) 

25. What objection is made to internal revenue from liquors and to 
canteens and dispensaries and licenses ? 

26. Why should the State always stand in the attitude of a foe of the 
liquor traffic ? Why not license it ? What proof is given that prohibi- 
tion reduces the liquor traffic more than any other form of restriction ? 
What words of Washington and Lowell warn us against compromise 
with sin ? 

27. What is proportional representation, and why is it urged? 



236 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

28. What are the Initiative and Referendum, and why are they advo- 
cated? How would they be of service in restraining city governments? 
How would they need to be modified for larger legislative bodies ? What 
laws need especially to be put into constitutions where legislatures and 
lobbies cannot change them ? 

29. What can be said in defence of "the third house"? What 
mode of lobbying can be used by the whole people ? 

30. What three political necessities of life does the Sabbath supply ? 
Against what special perils of our time does it protect us ? 



Resolutions for Discussion and Adoption in Good Government 
Clubs, Municipal Leagues, Good Citizenship Meetings, etc. 

1. Resolved, That the Sixteenth Amendment, by which the National 
Constitution would forbid the States to make sectarian appropriations, 
should be passed. 

2. Resolved, That American Christian institutions should be placed 
upon an unquestionable constitutional basis by the incorporation in the 
national constitution of the words or substance of the declaration of the 
U. S. Supreme Court, that " this is a Christian nation." 

3. Resolved, That neither political nor other corporations are " soul- 
less," but rather " moral persons," owing allegiance to the Decalogue 
and the Golden Rule. 

4. Resolved, That governmental recognitions of, and supplications for 
Divine aid, through Thanksgiving proclamations and chaplaincies, are not 
inconsistent with the American doctrine of religious liberty and the sepa- 
ration of Church and state. 

5. Resolved, That church property should not be taxed. 

6. Resolved, That Sunday mails violate the spirit, at least, of the con- 
stitutional prohibition against a religious test, by excluding conscientious 
Christians from the postal service, and also needlessly infringe upon State 
laws against Sunday work, and the rights of government employees to 
the full enjoyment of the general rest day. 

7. Resolved, That Sunday trains should be discontinued, and could be, 
without material loss to the companies, the employees, or the public, if 
the element of competition were eliminated on that day by a national law 
against such trains. 

8. Resolved, That every citizen should belong to a political party and 
take an active part in politics. 

9. Resolved, That suffrage should be safeguarded for the new century 
at hand, by laws providing in advance that new voters, native and foreign, 
must then be able to read and write, at least, and must have attended ex- 
pository readings of the Constitution given in evening schools or by 
judges of naturalization. 

10. Resolved, That immigrants should not be allowed to vote until at 
least five years after making written application for citizenship. 

11. Resolved, That all having the right to vote who neglect to do so at 
any election should be required to enter in a public record their reasons 
for not doing so, on penalty of forfeiting their right to vote the succeeding 
year. 

12. Resolved, That suffrage should not be conditioned by sex. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 237 

13. Resolved, That election laws should be extended to protect politi- 
cal rights at the primaries as well as at the polls. 

14. Resolved, That city elections should be separated from State and 
national elections. 

15. Resolved, That U. S. Senators should be elected by "popular 
vote. 

16. Resolved, That the Constitution should not allow the President to 
succeed himself. 

17. Resolved, That minorities should be allowed proportional repre- 
sentation. 

18. Resolved, That the Initiative and" Referendum are needed as checks 
upon corrupt city and state legislators. 

19. Resolved, That a national imperative petition should be provided 
for by which a million affidavit petitioners could compel Congress to vote 
on any measure thus moved and seconded by the people. 

20. Resolved, That appointments to civil service, excepting only the 
President's cabinet, should be made, continued, and ended, on civil ser- 
vice reform principles. 

21. Resolved, That the neglect or refusal of a city or county officer to 
perform his sworn duties should in every case (enlarging Minnesota and 
Washington laws) be punishable, not by impeachment, but by indictment 
and trial in the courts as is the case with other perjurers. 

22. Resolved, That the existing jury system should be radically mod- 
ified. 

23. Resolved, That taxes should be levied wholly or chiefly on unearned 
incomes from land and bequests and street franchises. 

24. Resolved, That both labor and capital are more injured by the 
liquor traffic than by the present monetary and tariff laws. 

25. Resolved, That the most powerful factor in the liquor traffic is the 
element of profit or cupidity, and that this is dangerously extended when 
by high license or the Gothenberg plan the whole body of taxpayers seem 
to secure a reduction of their taxes. 

26. Resolved, That a national bankruptcy law is desirable at the pres- 
ent time. 

27. Resolved, That no municipal reform or other civic revival can 
achieve permanent success except by the overthrow of saloon domination, 
the citadel of political corruption. 

28. Resolved, That the political principle of " Protection," having 
been accepted by the party formerly opposed to it in the enactment of the 
law now in force, should be retired from politics, for the protection of 
business against the disastrous fear of sudden changes, by limiting tariff 
legislation to the year following each decennial census or by committing 
the administration of the tariff to a non-partizan commission, and that 
" Home Protection " should take its place as the watchword of a political 
crusade against intemperance, monopoly, and other foes of the home, the 
unit of the state. 

29. Resolved, That contract labor in the State prisons be abolished. 



238 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 

Field Work. 

1. Visit all penal institutions within reach. Examine records and 
interrogate officers and prisoners as to causes and cure of crime. Visit 
courts also. 2. Visit political establishments, city hall, etc. Examine 
Constitution and laws of State and city ordinances, and make note of 
laws neglected. Examine citizens indirectly as to what they suppose the 
laws to be. 3. See party leaders and ascertain methods and attendance 
and location of the primaries. 4. Test last State vote as to its bearing 
on proportional representation. 5. See resident legislator and ask as to 
proportion of good and bad men in lobbies, of selfish and unselfish letters 
in his legislative mail ; as to good bills that would have passed if the 
people could have compelled a vote by imperative petition. 



APPENDIX. PART FIRST. 



REFERENCE NOTES ON THE LECTURES. 



LECTURE I. 

[Notes correspond to reference numbers in text of the lectures 
severally.] 

I. Sociology is, first, descriptive — coordinated facts of society as it 
has been and as it is ; second, statical — the ideal which right reason 
discloses of society as it ought to be ; third, dynamic — the available 
resources for changing the actual into the ideal. This, in substance, is 
the definition of sociology given in Small and Vincent's excellent Intro- 
duction to the Study of Society. Christian sociology, we add, so far as 
it is descriptive, gives special attention to the historical modifications of 
society by Christianity ; so far as it is statical, presents as the ideal of 
society, not that of reason only or of imagination, but that of Christ, 
which is wholly practicable ; so far as it is dynamic, relies upon Christian 
forces as the only ones adequate to make society what it ought to be. 
Christian sociology is, therefore, Practicable Christian Sociology, the 
study of society from a Christian standpoint with a view to its 
Christianization. Whether sociology as a science may properly be called 
" Christian " need not be debated, though the author believes it may. 
Accepting the claim that when science is applied and takes on utility it 
becomes an art, this book is on the Art of Christian Sociology. 

Other definitions. Standard Dictionary : "Sociology, the science 
that treats of the origin and history of human society and social phenom- 
ena, the progress of civilization, and the laws of controlling human 
intercourse." ("Society, the collective body of persons composing 
a community, especially when considered as subjects of civil govern- 
ment, or the aggregate of such communities.") Professor Ely defines 
sociology, or the science of society, as the group name of the social 
sciences that relate to language, art, education, religion, family life, 
society life, political life, economic life. — Outlines of Economics, 81-82. 
Professor Herron defines " true sociology" as " the science of right human 
relations." — Christianity Practically Applied, I : 458. Dr. Joseph Cook, 
in a personal letter to the author, defines sociology as " The science, 
philosophy, and art of human welfare in life and death, and beyond 
death." Professor H. H. Powers of Smith College {Annals of American 
Academy, March, 1895) gives the following definition : " Sociology is 
the science of society. Its field is coextensive with the operation of the 
associative principle in human life. The general laws of association 
form the subject of general sociology, a science distinct but not dis- 

239 



24-S APPENDIX. 

connected from the branch sciences of economics, politics, etc., which 
rest upon it, though in part developed before it." 

We now subjoin several expert definitions of the scope of sociology. 
The acme of sociology is to develop the life of the individual out of 
mere self-conscious existence into a personality that shares the life of the 
whole brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God. — Professor 
Graham Taylor, D. D., address on "Sociological Training for the 
Ministry," in Christianity Practically Applied, I : 404. What we 
mean by social problems is really unsocial ones. It is the dislodgment 
from place in society, inconformity to its standards, the narrowing of 
acquaintance and opportunity, which mark the evils that Christian com- 
parison would obliterate. — Charles D. Kellogg, Christianity Practi- 
cally Applied, 2 : 367. — Science of dependents, defectives, and delin- 
quents depends on the science of the independent, the effective, and the 
efficient. . . The classes technically known as the defective, the 
dependent, and the delinquent are outside of proper social relationships. 
They are dead or poisonous matter, foreign and dangerous to the social 
body. . . The capable, willing people who compose society in the truer 
sense have a duty toward these unsocial people, but it is incidental. It 
is not the chief duty of society to act as guardians of such, any more than 
it is the chief duty of a railway corporation to repair broken rails. . . 
The aim of sociology is the development of social health, not the cure of 
social disease. . . The proper task of society is . . . such perfecting 
of social fellowship that each individual capable of social service shall 
contribute that service to social welfare, and in return shall have the 
amplest assistance from society in the realization of his manhood. — Small 
and Vincent, An Introduction to the Study of Society, pp. 40, 80. 

We now add two definitions of Christian sociology : first that of Rev. 
Dr. George Dana Boardman, in a letter to the author, January 26, 1895 : 
" By Christian sociology I understand the science of society surveyed 
from the Christian standpoint." A definition of Christian sociology is 
afforded by the statement of the objects of The American Institute of 
Christian Sociology, of which Professor R. T. Ely is president and 
Professor J. R. Commons (Bloomington, Ind.) secretary : " 1. To claim 
for the Christian law the ultimate authority to rule social practice. 
2. To study in common how to apply the principles of Christianity to 
the social and economic difficulties of the present time. 3. To present 
Christ as the living Master and King of men, and his kingdom as the 
complete ideal of human society, to be realized on earth." 

2. Matt, iv : 10, xv : 4, xix : 18, 19, xxii : 37-39 '■> Mark xii : 29, 30 ; 
Luke x : 25, 28. 

3. Exod. xxxiii : 17—23, xxxiv : 1. 

4. John i : 18. 

5. John i : 1-3. 

, 6. I am trying to show you, not that the Church is not sacred — but 
that the whole earth is. — Ruskin, Crown of Wild Olive, Lecture 2. 
The trustees of Trinity Church, New York, having been criticized because 
of the condition of their tenements and the character of their tenants, 
Mr. Bolton Hall wrote as follows in defense of the trustees to the New 
York Tribune, which we quote because we believe it represents a wide- 
spread error : " The trustees of Trinity Corporation are secular and not 
religious officers ; they are trustees, and are held in law to such adminis- 
tration of their trust as may result in the largest results to the corpora- 



NOTES ON LECTURE I. 24I 

tion. I submit that they have merely done that which the law clearly 
gives them the power to do. The law is such that if they improve their 
houses and make them thoroughly sanitary they will be assessed at a 
higher rate, and the houses will be less profitable as an investment," etc. 
— Quoted in the Kingdom, January 4, 1895. In the Life and Letters of 
Charles Loring Brace we read that nearly fifty years ago, when describ- 
ing some of the most hopeless scenes which he had witnessed in New 
York City, he writes : " But, after all, the inefficiency of religion doesn't 
strike me so much in such places, as in what I see every day, and what 
I realize constantly of our New England religion. Its affecting so sadly 
little any of our practical business relations ; so seldom making a mer- 
chant exactly honest." 

7. Rt. Hon. W. E. .Gladstone (article on the Lord's Day, McClures 
Magazine for March, 1895) says : " The question for the Christian 
is not how much of the Lord's Day shall we give to service directly 
divine. If there be any analogous question it is, rather, How much 
of it shall we withhold ? A suggestion to which the answer obviously 
is, As much, and as much only, as is required by necessity and by charity 
or mercy. These are undoubtedly terms of a certain elasticity, but 
they are quite capable of sufficient interpretation by honest intention 
and an enlightened conscience. If it be said that religious services are 
not suited for extension over the whole day, and could only lead to 
exhaustion and reaction, I would reply that the business of religion is 
to raise up our entire nature into the image of God, and that this, 
properly considered, is a large employment — so large that it might be 
termed as having no bounds. What is essential is that to the new life 
should belong the flower and vigor of the day. We are born on each 
Lord's Day morning into a new climate, a new atmosphere ; and in that 
new atmosphere (so to speak) by the law of a renovated nature, the 
lungs and heart of a Christian life should spontaneously and continu- 
ously drink in the vital air." 

The Independent of February 14, 1895, gives the following story of 
heroic loyalty to the Sabbath, which should shame many American 
Christians, who in this matter often obey men rather than God, when- 
ever any loss or inconvenience is involved. " The Sunday before 
Christmas the Turkish general commanding the garrison at Nicomedia 
summoned an Armenian merchant of the town and ordered him to open 
his shop for business, as he wished to buy some goods. The merchant 
respectfully replied that on Sunday he could not transact business, his re- 
ligion requiring him to devote the day to religious observances. The 
Turk cursed him and his religion, and repeated his order. The merchant 
remained firm. The general struck the man in the face, and commanded 
him to open his shop and transact business, on pain of being ' flogged to 
pieces.' But this Christian merchant said : ' You may beat me or kill 
me, if you will, but I will not do what I know to be wrong.' At this 
the furious pasha sent for the police, and said to the merchant : ' Get 
out of my sight.' The merchant gave this order a wider interpretation 
than was intended, and 'got' so effectually that when the police 
arrived they could not find him. Meantime, someone suggested to the 
pasha the wisdom of dropping the matter, since Nicomedia is pretty 
near the capital and the foreign embassies. Monday morning the pasha 
went to the merchant's shop, saluted him as if nothing had happened, 
and, by way of atonement for the brutalities of the previous day, he 



242 APPENDIX. 

bought various articles of the relieved merchant. He did not pay for 
the goods, and probably will not. But the merchant is ready for con- 
gratulations on having got off so easily." 

The Sabbath is here considered only in its religious aspect. For other 
aspects, treated elsewhere, see alphabetical index at close of the book, 
and so on other topics, many of which are considered in several lectures 
from varied standpoints. 

8. Adventist, Catholic, Calvinist, Covenanter, Church and State. 

9. Regenerated individual souls are a vast matter, but principally 
because they are the material upon which the structure of regenerated 
society has to depend. — Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst, in Christianity 
Practically Applied, p. 429. While we are ready to say, Legislate . . . , 
Educate . . . , we say above everything else, Regenerate. — Workman's 
speech to workmen in Exeter Hall. 

10. Socialism in this more general sense [as the opposite of individ- 
ualism] implies the rejection of the doctrine of selfishness as a sufficient 
social force and the affirmation of altruism as a principle of social action. 
— Ely's Socialism, 3. Professor Ely quotes Bishop Wescott as saying 
that the central idea of socialism, using the word in this same general 
sense, is that " the goal of human endeavor is the common well-being of 
all alike ... as opposed to the special development of a race or 
a class." — Certain it is, that it [social perfection] can never be brought 
about by any mere political institutions, by checks and counterchecks of 
interest, by any balance of international powers. Only Christianity can 
effect this universal brotherhood of nations, and bind the human family 
together in a rational, that is, a free moral society. — Guizot, History of 
Civilization, 1 : 31, note. That something more than industrial changes 
is needed to rid labor of injustice, was incidentally shown in a recent 
statement, from a purely business standpoint, that Southern mine owners 
had found no foremen so "valuable" in handling negro workmen as 
men of their own color, since they were " more relentless" in keeping 
the men up to work than any others. So, in the North, the labor con- 
flict is quite as much labor against labor as labor against capital. Evi- 
dently, all parties to the conflict need a new spirit. 

11. Our leading evangelists — Mr. Moody, B. Fay Mills, and others — 
rebuke personal and social sins with great faithfulness, but many pastors 
neglect personal ethics in the examination for Church membership, and 
fail to organize their new forces to promote social ethics. The pastor, in 
dealing with a new heart at white heat, should shape it to a right 
ethical pattern, lest it become impossible to do so when the stamp of 
church membership has been put upon wrong habits that have passed 
the examination unchallenged. It is by such neglect of ethics at the 
critical moment, when change would be easy, that churches everywhere 
have become weighted and handicapped with members who never gave 
up their Sunday papers, their Sunday mail, their Sunday train, their wine 
glass, their vulgar stories, their stock gambling. 

12. Mr. Gladstone, writing in the columns of the Presbyterian, of 
London, on the subject of the most effective preaching, declares that he 
has "one thing against the clergy, both of the country and in the 
town " — they are not severe enough on their congregations. " They do 
not sufficiently lay upon the souls and consciences of their hearers their 
moral obligations, and probe their hearts, and bring up their whole lives 
and actions to the bar of conscience." The class of sermons which Mr. 



NOTES ON LECTURE I. 243 

Gladstone thinks to be most needed are of the class which offended Lord 
Melbourne, of whom he tells this story : Lord Melbourne was seen one 
day coming from a church in the country in a mighty fume. Finding 
a friend, he exclaimed, " It is too bad ! I have always been a supporter 
of the Church, and I have always upheld the clergy. But it is really too 
bad to have to listen to a sermon like that we have had this morning. 
Why, the preacher actually insisted on applying religion to a man's 
private life ! " Commenting on this singular episode, Mr. Gladstone 
remarks : " But this is the kind of preaching which I like best— the kind 
of preaching which men need most ; feut it is also the kind of which they 
get the least." The reader may here recall what a noted New England 
statesman of his day once wrote to his pastor, a divine equally distin- 
guished at the time, and which was most infelicitously made public : " I 
can testify," wrote this statesman, " that in all the years during which I 
have attended upon your ministry you have never aroused a single resent- 
ment nor for one moment disturbed the perfect restfulness I have always 
found in your preaching." This last incident, added by Christian 
Work, calls up an unpublished story of a business man of Brooklyn, 
who ingenuously told his pastor that " his corns never troubled him 
except when he was sitting in church and had nothing on his mind." 

13. We suggest the following sociological year for sermons or prayer- 
meeting talks or studies : 

January, Christian Education. Sabbath preceding Day of Prayer for 
Colleges. 

February, Municipal Reform. Sabbath preceding Washington's 
Birthday. 

March, Immigration. Sabbath preceding St. Patrick's Day. 

April, Sabbath Reform. First or second Sabbath, or both, which 
bound World's Week of Prayer for the Sabbath. 

May, Labor Reform. Sabbath following May I, the World's " Labor 
Day." 

June, The Family. First or second Sabbath, suggested by the fact 
that June is the wedding month. 

July, National Reforms. First Sabbath, as nearest Fourth of July. 

August, The New Science of Summer Charities. First Sabbath. 

September, Gambling. Fourth Sabbath, suggested by gambling on 
the harvest. 

October, Criminology. Fourth Sabbath. 

November, Charities. Sabbath before Thanksgiving. 

December, Total Abstinence. Second Sabbath. Suggested by holi- 
day perils. 

14. On questions about which good people are generally agreed one 
should, of course, be an advocate. The reference here is to open ques- 
tions about which equally good people hold opposite views. On these a 
judicial attitude is due. " We use the word honesty too exclusively in 
a commercial sense," says The Outlook. " Honesty demands the impar- 
tial attitude ; it compels a trinity of relationships. Each man becomes 
complainant, defendant, and judge ; and his decision and his attitude 
after his decision mark the degree of his honesty. Honesty implies the 
compulsion of the will to work in harmony with a decision taken when 
all sides have been brought to the bar of judgment unbiased by 
prejudice." 

15. A professor of Christian sociology could read and expound con- 



244 APPENDIX. 

cisely the whole English Bible during a seminary course in a half-hour 
per day, if more time could not be afforded. Better still, we think, if 
both the theological and sociological meanings were developed together 
in brief chapel expositions covering the entire Bible in a student's course. 

1 6. For example, the writer found the following sociological passages 
in a single evening : Gen. i : 27, ii : 21-24 ; iii : 3 ; iv : 17, last clause, 
xviii : 18-33 I Exod. i : 8-16, v : 1-9, xvi : 22-31, xviii : 13-27, 
xx : 1-17 ; xxi. 1-11. (Note that although slavery, like divorce, 
could not be abolished in Old Testament times, it was restrained to an 
extent never found elsewhere. All Bible countries have since abolished 
it and no others.) Exod. xxi : 27, 29, xxii : 21-27, xxn i : 6-12, 
xxxi : 1-5 ; Lev. vi : 1-5, xix : 9-18, 30-37, xxv : 8-55 ; Deut. xxii : 8, 
xxv : 1-3, 13-16, xxviii : 1-19 ; Psalms lxxii, c ; Isaiah xi : 10 ; Dan. 
vii : 13, 14 ; Matt, v : 43-47, vi : 10, vii : 12, xv : 1-6, xviii : 21, 22, 
xix : 16-24 5 xx : 20-28, xxi : 5, xxii : 15-22. (This passage, often quoted 
by those who would have Christians avoid politics, is a distinct command 
to Christians to perform their political as well as devotional duties. 
We are to render to government the duties due to government and to 
God the duties due to God.) Matt, xxiii : 23, xxv : 31-46 ; Luke 
x : 25—37. (Who is it that I feel toward as Jews felt toward Samaritans ? 
What class or race? They are the " neighbors " I am here taught to 
help.) Acts iv : 32, ix : 36-41, x : 9-16, 34, 35, xvii : 26 ; James i : 27, 
ii : 5-9, 14-17, v : 1-6 ; 1 John iv : 20, 21 ; Rev. xxi : 1-5. — Professor 
R. T.Ely's book on Social Aspects of Christianity is largely made up of 
sociological expositions of Bible texts. See also Bible Index at close of 
this book. 

17. The skeptic's sneer that the Bible is chiefly about another world 
is the opposite of truth. " Nearly everything in the words of Christ," 
says Professor Ely, " applies to the present life." — Social Aspects of 
Christianity, 55. 

18. Christ's great word was "the kingdom of God." Of all the 
words of his that have come down to us this is by far the commonest. 
One hundred times it occurs in the Gospels. — Professor Henry Drum- 
mond, Christianity Practically Applied, 1 : 468. The kingdom of 
heaven is the entire social organism in its ideal perfection. . . Every 
department of human life — the families, the schools, amusements, art, 
business, politics, industry, national policies, international relations — will 
be governed by the Christian law and controlled by Christian influences. 
When we are bidden to seek first the kingdom of God [Matt, vi : 33] 
we are bidden to set our hearts on this great consummation ; to keep 
this always before us as the object of our endeavors ; to be satisfied with 
nothing less than this. . . When the Son of man cometh shall he find 
faith on the earth ? Verily, he would find on the earth to-day a great 
multitude of those who bear His name, but who do not believe that the 
world could be governed by his law. — Rev. Dr. Washington Gladden, 
The Church and the Kingdom, pp. II-I2, 8, 34. 

19. Matt, vi : 10. 

20. Genesis is found to be the most original literary source for the 
study of social origins. — Professor Graham Taylor, D. D., Christianity 
Practically Applied^ I : 411. 

21. Rev. xxi. 

22. While there is much genuine philanthropy outside of Christianity 
, , . charity, as we know it, gets its chief religious authority and 



NOTES ON LECTURE I. 245 

incentive from him who gave as the summary of all the law and 
prophets the coordinate commands to love God and to love our neighbor. 
— A. G. Warner, American Charities, 7. An impartial observer would 
describe the most distinctive virtue referred to in the New Testament as 
love, charity, or philanthropy. — Lecky, History of European Morals, 
2 : 130. When Paul said (1 Cor. xiii), Faith, hope, love, these three ; 
but the greatest of these is love, it was not love to God, but love to man, 
to which he referred. Lecky, skeptic though he was, has this to say of 
the influence of Christ's love to man {History of European Morals) : 
"It was reserved for Christianity* to present to the world an ideal 
character that, through all the ages of eighteen centuries, has inspired 
the hearts of men with an impassioned love ; has shown itself capable of 
acting on all ages, nations, temperaments, and conditions ; has been not 
only the highest pattern of virtue, but the strongest incentive to its 
practise, and has exercised so deep an influence that it may be truly 
said that the simple record of three short years of active life has done 
more to regenerate and soften mankind than all the disquisitions of 
philosophers and all the exhortations of moralists. This has indeed been 
the well-spring of all that is best and purest in Christian life." 

23. I have no evidence in history that a mere man would have exalted 
man as Christ did . . the most convincing proof of divinity. — Ely, 
Social Aspects of Christianity, 59. Professor Ely calls Christ " the 
Altruist of altruists." — Christianity Practically Applied, I : 440. 

This minute and scrupulous care for human life and human virtue in 
the humblest forms, in the slave, the gladiator, the savage, the infant, 
was indeed wholly foreign to the genius of Paganism. It was produced 
by the Christian doctrine of the inestimable value of each immortal 
soul. — W. E. H. Lecky (rationalist), quoted, Brace's Dangerous Classes 
of New York, 13-14. 

24. It was from Judea that there arose the most persistent protests 
against inequality, and the most ardent aspirations after justice that have 
ever raised humanity out of the actual into the ideal. We feel the effect 
still. It is thence has come that leaven of revolution that still moves 
the world. — Emile De Laveleye, Socialism of To-day, p. 16. D'Israeli 
declared that there were only two living powers in Europe, the Church 
and the Revolution. 

The best features of the common law, and especially those which 
regard the family and social relations ; which compel the parent to sup- 
port the child, the husband to support the wife ; which make the mar- 
riage tie permanent, and forbid polygamy, if not derived from, have at 
least been improved and strengthened by the prevailing religion and the 
teachings of its sacred book. — Hon. T. M. Cooley, quoted, Christianity 
Practically Applied, 1 : 175. See Kidd's Social Evolution, 168. 

25. Only now, when the welfare of nations, rather than of rulers, is 
becoming the dominant idea, are historians beginning to occupy them- 
selves with the phenomena of social progress. . . The only history 
that is of practical value is what may be called Descriptive Sociology. 

. . . ^ materials for a Comparative Sociology and for the subsequent 
determination of the ultimate laws to which social phenomena con- 
form. — Herbert Spencer, Sociology. Human history is the terrestrial 
laboratory of God. To have here on this ball of earth a kingdom of 
God made out of the human race is the purpose of God. — President Geo. 
A. Gates, Christianity Practically Applied, 1 : 472. 



246 APPENDIX. 

26. On the social affection of early Christians for each other, see 
"Lecky'st Hi story of European Morals, 1 : 409 ; also Kidd's Social Evo- 
lution, 123-24, 149 ; also Ulhorn's Christian Charity in the Ancient 
Church. Professor Ely notes that the social significance of the Lord's 
Supper is fraternity, the invitation being to those who " are in love and 
charity with their neighbors." 

27. It has been aptly said that in this day of class churches we must 
have "not only an apostle to the Gentiles, but also an apostle to the 
gent eels.''* 

28. On sociological merits of the Middle Ages, see Ulhorn's Mediceval 
Christian Charities ; also Kidd's Social Evolution, 153 : Warner's 
American Charities, 10, 216 footnote ; Lecky's History of European 
Morals, 2 : 95. See also Guizot's History of Civilization. Had not the 
Christian Church existed when the Roman Empire went to pieces, 
Europe, destitute of any bond of association, might have fallen into a 
condition not much above that of the North American Indians, or only 
received civilization with an Asiatic impress from the conquering simi- 
tars of the invading hordes [of Mohammedans]. . . Though Chris- 
tianity became distorted and alloyed . . . though pagan ideas [were 
taken] into her creed ; yet her essential idea of the equality of men was 
never wholly destroyed. — Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 366, 374. 
The glory of the medieval Church is the resistance which it offered to 
tyranny of every kind. The typical bishop of those times is always 
upholding a righteous cause against kings and emperors, or exhorting 
masters to let their slaves go free, or giving sanctuary to harassed fugi- 
tives. — Fitzjames Stephen, quoted in Gladden's Working People and 
their Employers, 32. 

29. See Lecture V.; also in Appendix, Part II. , Chronological Data 
of Progress and Readings, arranged by centuries. 

30. On Roman justice, see Kidd's Social Evolution, 135L 

31. Heauton : Act 3, Sc. v. 

32. See chapter on " The Condition of Neglected Children before 
Christianity," in The Dangerous Classes of New York, by Charles Loring 
Brace. Also similar facts in his Gesta Chrisli, and in Lecky's History 
of European Morals, vol. 2, ch. iv. 

33. See on defects of Plato's Republic, free love, slavery, etc., Rev. 
Hugh Price Hughes, Philanthropy of God, 20-21 ; Behrends' Socialism 
and Christianity, 11. Those sayings of Epictetus, "Nothing is more 
becoming to him who governs than to despise no man . . . but to pre- 
side over all with equal care," and "It is wicked to withdraw from 
being useful to the needy, and cowardly to give way to the worthless," 
are worthy of praise, considering their age, but did not mean, when first 
spoken, all they suggest to Christian ears to-day. The English word 
good has no precise Greek or Latin equivalent ; it is a higher term, 
invested with a distinguishing spiritual capacity in expression. — Dr. 
D. H. Wheeler, Chautauquan, 20 : 523. 

34. Benjamin Kidd {Social Evolution, 134), concurring with George 
Henry Lewes, says : "Morality never, among the Greeks, embraced 
any conception of humanity." " The Christian religion," says Professor 
Sidgwick, in his History of Ethics, " identified piety with pity." See 
also Ely's Social Aspects of Christianity , 56-62. 

35. The political history of the centuries so far may be summed up 
in a single sentence : It is the story of the political and social enfran. 



NOTES ON LECTURE I. 247 

chisement of the masses of the people. — Benjamin Kidd, Social Evo- 
lution, 139. 

36. The history of Western civilization is simply the natural history 
of the Christian religion. — Benjamin Kidd, Nineteenth Century, March, 
1895. 

37. The Reformation was only a partial success, because there was not 
enough love in it. — Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, Philanthropy of God, 24. 
Bunyan's Pilgrim had only one thought. His work by day, his dream 
by night, was escape. He took little part in the things of the world 
through which he passed. — Professor Henry Drummond, Christianity 
Practically Applied, 1 : 467. 

38. It may be noticed how much farther the development of the 
humanitarian feelings has progressed in those parts of our civilization most 
affected by the movement of the sixteenth century, and more particularly 
among Anglo-Saxon peoples. That great wave of altruistic feeling, which 
caused the crusade against slavery to attain such remarkable develop- 
ment among these peoples, has progressed onward, carrying on its crest 
the multitude of philanthropic and humanitarian undertakings which are 
so characteristic a feature of all English-speaking communities, and such 
little understood movements as anti-vivisection, vegetarianism, the en- 
franchisement of woman, the prevention of cruelty to animals, and the 
abolition of the State regulation of vice. — Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolu- 
tion, 299. As to the less altruistic Roman Catholic nations, see 301-3. 

39. See Ballot on Reforms in Appendix. 

40. At every point . . . increase in temporal good waits . . . 
upon spiritual advance. — President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral 
Laws, 49. For every advance in religious belief we can point to a cor- 
responding social advance in the histoiy of humanity, while the only 
result you can show as a consequence of your doctrine of indifference in 
matters of religion is anarchy. — Joseph Mazzini, Duties of Alan, 25. 
See Eighteenth Century data in Appendix. 

41. See Mackenzie's History of the A T ineleenth Century ; also Nine- 
teenth Century data in Appendix. 

42. In Russia alone the open impurity of medieval courts yet survives. 
The mistress of the Czar, said the Union Signal in 1895, is a recognized 
official of the court, whose income is met from the revenues of the state, 
whose appearance at the theater is recognized by a rising audience, and 
whose photograph is displayed in the shop windows of St. Petersburg 
beside that of the imperial family. This record, duplicated in every 
court of Europe in the eighteenth century, by its loneliness to-day marks 
the progress of other European nations, who should shame the Czar into 
the nineteenth century. 

43. For statistics of divorce, see Lecture II ; for those of crime, 
Lecture V ; or see " Divorce" and " Crime" in alphabetical index at 
close of this book. The consumption of intoxicating liquors in the 
United States has increased from 3 22 gallons per capita in i860 to 18.04 
gallons per capita in 1S93. — The Voice, November 8, 1894. Same 
paper, August 16, 1894, gave per capita increase from 1878 to 1893 as 
2.2. The period named in the lecture, 1S67 to 1895, would be between 
the two preceding figures, about as given. Another black three might 
be added, as the prohibitory States are only about one-third as many as 
in the previous third of the century — instead of fifteen, only Maine, New 
Hampshire, Vermont, Kansas, and North Dakota. The enemies of 



248 APPEOTIX. 

prohibition in 1894 enacted a sort of anarchistic hotch-potch in Iowa, 
which retained the prohibitory law, but made a certain number of peti- 
tioners for a saloon " a bar to prosecution." In South Dakota, anti- 
prohibitionists, in 1895, secured resubmission, and the law will be lost 
unless the people vote more wisely on the direct issue than in selecting 
the legislature. In North Dakota, resubmission passed the so-called 
" upper house " in 1895, but failed in the other branch. It failed also 
at about the same time in Kansas, Maine, and New Hampshire, but it 
was a bad omen that enemies of prohibition were able to bring the ques- 
tion to a vote. In the same year a bill to provide adequate penalties 
for violations of the prohibitory law failed even in Maine. In Massa- 
chusetts, Ohio, and Minnesota the liquor question was at the front, in 
the form of local option, with little if any gain for temperance in the total 
result. Indiana was almost the only State in which temperance people 
secured favorable legislation that year. 

44. The religious people of Christ's time did nothing with their 
religion except to attend to its observances. Even the priest, after he 
had been to the temple, thought his work was done. When he met the 
wounded man he passed by on the other side. — Professor Henry Drum- 
mond, Christianity Practically Applied, 1 : 467. Rev. Charles F. Dole, 
in City Government and the Churches, Pamphlet No. 2, National 
Municipal League (514 Walnut Street, Philadelphia), raises the question, 
" How far are the people in the churches Christians?" He notes that 
at first the energies of Christianity were absorbed in making men 
humane ; then in making them personally honest and truthful and pure ; 
but he urges that now Christianity should advance to the work of making 
its votaries Christians, socially,, in business and politics. — Christians 
have not loved their neighbors. They have hired somebody else to love 
them. They have left it to the women. . . Sociology has rightly been 
said to be one-half of religion ; theology is the other half. . . If, then, 
ministers instruct their hearers about the nature of God, should they not 
instruct them equally about the nature of society. — Professor J. R. 
Commons, Social Reform and the Church, 12, 19, 20. I should say 
that half of the time of a theological student should be devoted [as half 
the commandments in Christ's summary] to social science [love to man]. 
. . . Let the reader take any hymn-book . . . and seek for the 
hymns expressive of burning, all-consuming altruism. — Ely, Social 
Aspects of Christianity, 17, 27. 

It has taken the Christian Church centuries even to approximate the 
position of Christ with reference to the social nature of religion. . . 
We may still go into many a prayer meeting and listen to prayer after 
prayer, and address after address, and hear not one word which would 
indicate that the speaker recognized the existence of anyone else in all 
the universe outside of himself and Almighty God. — Professor R. T. 
Ely, Socialism, etc., 232. With us, when a church finds itself in a 
difficult neighborhood, it skips. In the first ages of the Church the 
Christians used ' to run after the heathen ; now they run away from 
them. . . Speaking now for my own town only [New York], there is 
nothing in any large way that deserves to be called contact between our 
churched sanctification and our unhoused depravity. The leaven is in 
the attic and the meal down cellar. The meal remains meal, and the 
desiccated yeast cakes coddle each other. . . The pothouse politician 
cares more for his [the immigrant's] vote than the Church cares either 



NOTES TO LECTURE I. 249 

for his vote or his soul. . . There are no " masses " to the man who is 
running for alderman. . . Man has got to meet man. — Rev. Dr. 
Charles H. Parkhurst, in Christianity Practically Applied, \ 1431, 432. 
The Church . . . will soon do immeasurably more than it is now doing 
[for social welfare], or there may be nothing left for it to do but get out 
of the way of the kingdom of God. — President Geo. A. Gates, Chris- 
tianity Practically Applied ',' "1 : 481. If it was ever possible to set forth 
a full Gospel without canvassing rights and wrongs connected with 
wealth, poverty, legislation, and social order, it is so no longer. — President 
E. B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral d^aw, 9. 

45. The Church, in her official utterances to men as to what she deems 
most precious [including examinations of ministers and members], lays 
vastly more emphasis upon theology than upon Christianity. . . Upon 
such immensely important matters as the wrong of stock gambling, the 
legitimacy of trusts, and the various griefs of the laboring masses, mat- 
ters all highly vital in a moral point of view, and now interesting all the 
serious thinkers of Christendom — upon these only the Pope, among the 
ecclesiastical authorities of our time, has said one official word. . . Not 
to mention details, I would lay it down that every church should con- 
cern itself with all the charitable, educational, and reformatory work of 
every kind required in its community. It need not necessarily remove 
from public authority any such service that is well performed, but it 
should see that all are well performed. . . I am forced sometimes to 
fear that the Almighty may have in store a sweeping change in the agent 
of his saving work among men. To every body now called a church 
he may be preparing to say : " Weighed and found wanting ; the Lord 
hath done with you." The wonderful spread of the Salvation Army is 
some hint of this. — President E. B. Andrews, Christianity Practically 
Applied, 1 : 346, 347, 348, 349. 

46. The resolutions of the various denominations on temperance 
(which are fairly represented by the Presbyterian resolution below) may 
be found in The Pathfinder (send stamps), issued by Rev. A. J. Kynett, 
D. D., of Philadelphia, who is at the head of an excellent movement to 
organize church temperance clubs on a non-partisan prohibition basis in 
all denominations. The denominational temperance resolutions may 
also be found in the Hand-book of Prohibition Facts (Funk & Wagnalls 
Co., New York, 25 cents). The Presbyterian Temperance Com- 
mittee issues the declarations on temperance of that denomination in a 
leaflet freely circulated. They also supply a Pledge-book for each Pres- 
byterian church that will use it, and an ornamental " Family Pledge " 
for the wall of each home. The National Temperance Society, 58 
Reade Street, New York, and the N. W. C. T. U., The Temple, 
Chicago, have yet larger supplies of temperance ammunition. The 
author has condensed the most important facts and arguments bearing on 
temperance, for busy men, in briefest form in The Temperance Century 
(Funk & Wagnalls Co., New York, 75 cents; 35 cents). 

47. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, in 1892, and 
again in 1894, declared : " No political party has the right to expect the 
support of Christian men so long as that party stands committed to the 
license policy, or refuses to pnt itself on record against the saloon." 
A resolution of the Methodist General Conference in 1892, and another 
of the United Presbyterian General Assembly in the same year, are of 
precisely the same purport. Many other ecclesiastical bodies have taken 



250 APPENDIX. 

like action. Prohibition is the practically unanimous platform of Prot- 
estant churches, and the Roman Catholic Church is moving rapidly in 
that direction. So much for church utterances, on which Mr. John G. 
Woolley says : " The Church roars like a lion in general conference, but 
squeaks like a mouse at the general election. . . Election day is the 
cross-examination of the prayer meeting." — Address in Chickering Hall, 
New York, December 15, 1894. And General Neal Dow says : "The 
liquor traffic' exists in this country to-day only by the sufferance of the 
membership of the Christian churches. They are masters of the situa- 
tion so far as abolition of the traffic is concerned. When they say go, 
and vote go, it will go." In this connection should be read, not in 
wrath, but in solemn search for truth, Mr. E. J. Wheeler's Voice edi- 
torials on " The Ungodly League of Church and Saloon," now issued 
in a prohibition leaflet, at five cents, by Funk & Wagnalls Co., New 
York. Let the following suggestion, published recently in the Northern 
Christian Advocate, be also pondered: "A practical way to gain 
unanimity of action, and start a Christian Temperance League upon 
a permanent and hopeful basis, would be for the temperance com- 
mittees of all the denominations which have spoken strongly against the 
saloon to meet and draw up a plan of organization ; then set apart a 
temperance day for all the churches of America belonging to these 
denominations, and on that day have a league organized in every church. 
This unanimity would give prestige and enthusiasm to the movement. 
A regular program for the day should be published, that each church 
might thoroughly understand the extent and purpose of the work." 

48. We tremble for the consequences when this great denomination 
learns, from a recent decision of the United States Supreme Court on 
the Indian Territory liquor law, that the term " spirituous liquors " does 
not include beer. It is appropriate to note here, as an illustration of 
the fact that doctrine receives more emphasis than ethics, that the 
Episcopal bishops of the United States, early in 1895, issued a pastoral 
letter of admonition to rectors holding loose views of the incarnation and 
of inspiration, but had no word to say to those rectors who had advocated 
Sunday saloons, church saloons, and the "districting of the social evil." 
The anti-secrecy denominations, whose membership, Protestant and Catho- 
lic, is a larger host than is commonly supposed, have reason to congratulate 
themselves on a growing list of eminent men who are coming over to 
their views, on grounds of public policy, such as Joseph Mazzini ex- 
pressed as follows in Duties to Man (106-107): " Secret associations — 
which are a legitimate weapon of defense where there exists neither lib- 
erty nor nation — are illegal, and ought to be dissolved, wherever liberty 
and the inviolability of thought are rights recognized and protected by 
the country." But these anti-secrecy denominations will do well to con- 
sider whether their creed should not make abstinence from intoxicating 
drinks as essential to church membership as abstinence from secrecy. 
The following statement of The Voice, based on a symposium of infor- 
mation as to communion wine, will be found suggestive : " The Meth- 
odists, Disciples, and the Universalists are opposed to the use of 
fermented wine at communion ; the Episcopalians and some of the Ger- 
man Lutheran Synods are avowedly in favor of fermented wine ; the 
Baptists, Reformed Churchmen, United Brethren, Salvationists, Re- 
formed Episcopalians, Congregationalists, Unitarians, Catholics, and 
Jews have made no official declaration on the subject, permitting either 



Notes to lecture I. 251 

kind to be used. The Baptists, United Brethren, Salvationists, Re- 
formed Episcopalians, and Congregationalists, according to the above 
testimony, generally use unfermented wine. The Presbyterians gen- 
erally use fermented wine. The Jews use both. The Quakers do not 
administer the rite of communion." 

49. Professor J. R. Commons suggests that as the "monthly con- 
cert " has kindled a great interest in foreign missions, so a monthly 
prayer and conference meeting devoted to social questions (see note 13 
on sociological year) would soon save the Church from the reproach 
of neglecting this field at its doors. *The writer has tried the plan suc- 
cessfully. The call for such meetings comes from the foreign missions 
themselves, for one of the most powerful causes of the recent reaction 
against Christian missions in Japan, and a great obstacle to missionary 
work elsewhere, is the horrible evidence published to the world that 
Christianity does not Christianize, in the revelations of corruption in 
New York and Washington and elsewhere, which united social action by 
the churches might long ago have cured. 

50. See Professor J. R. Commons, The Church and Social Reform, 
43-44. Rev. Dr. A. J. Gordon, of blessed memory, a pastor who did 
not relegate reform to the rear, warned the Church not to be " out-mor- 
aled by the moralist and out-humaned by the humanitarian." Whether 
charities are identified with any particular denomination or not, it is 
usually, though of course not uniformly, the people of the churches that 
support them. — Professor A. G. Warner, American Charities, 316. I 
do not- affirm that all church-goers are philanthropists, but that most 
philanthropists are church-goers. — Dr. Washington Gladden, 7 he Young 
Men and the Churches, 44. 

51. It is said that during his [Charles Loring Brace] life he was able 
to touch and improve three hundred thousand lives. — Professor R. T. 
Ely, Socialism, etc., 260. 

52. A realistic story of what a federation of churches for philan- 
thropic work might do is Dr. Washington Gladden's Christian League of 
Connecticut (Century Co.). See description of work done by local 
federations of churches in Europe under the name of " Inner Mission " 
(in contrast to foreign missions) in Christianity Practically Applied, 1 : 

379 f - 

53. President E. B. Andrews characterizes the divisons of the 
churches as " flagitious anarchy." 

54. Professor Ely enumerates (Social Aspects of Christianity, 74 " ff) 
as matters which the Church should take up : (1) child labor ; (2) woman's 
work to the neglect of the family ; (3) Sunday labor ; (4) public play- 
grounds; (5) removal of children from neglectful parents ; (6) public cor- 
ruption ; (7) Saturday half-holidays ; (8) a juster distribution of wealth ; 
(9) a manly contest against wilful optimism. The W. C. T. U., with 
its forty departments of work, and the King's Daughters, with their 
manifold charities, are foregleams of the future Church ; but let us hope 
the picture will be changed so far that men will not then leave all the 
work to the women. One method of union reform work for the churches 
is suggested by the quondam Lenten noon Bible lectures of Phillips 
Brooks in Trinity Church, at the head of Wall Street, which was 
crowded to the doors with business men. In the same place Missioner 
Aitken of England, a few years ago, had similar audiences. These 
noon meetings and the equally thronged ones of Dr. R. R. Meredith 



2$2 APPENDIX. 

and Dr. Joseph Cook in Boston, and those of Dr. Pentecost for several 
months together in Glasgow, suggest as a new method in city missions 
the establishment of half -hour noon lectures on social reforms in the 
busy centers of our great cities all over the country, not for once a 
week or one week in a year, but for every day. Very many who never 
attend a noon prayer meeting would thus receive a practical application 
of the Bible principles to business life in the very heart of each business 
day. Such a lectureship should be endowed as are the preacherships of 
Harvard and Cornell. 

55. See letter by Cardinal Gibbons to the author {Civil Sabbath, 
129), expressing cooperation with the movement to stop Sunday trains, 
Sunday mails, etc. It was as the result of later correspondence that the 
Catholic Lay Congress passed a resolution favoring cooperation with 
non-Catholics in Sabbath reform. The author remembers also the tem- 
perance centennial in 1885 in Philadelphia, where the president of the 
local Catholic Total Abstinence Society presided and introduced repre- 
sentatives of a score of churches, each to report the temperance work 
of his denomination. As a sample of the rapidly multiplying instances 
of recent Roman Catholic cooperation in reform we subjoin a sample of 
the speeches at a meeting of their clergy in New York City in February, 
1895, which unanimously opposed the proposal to legalize Sunday saloons. 

Father McSweeny spoke of the European Sunday and American Sun- 
day, and said Europe would be vastly better off if it could have our 
Sunday. " When the founders of this government came here, they 
came for liberty, not for license. They didn't come here to found a 
new Germany or a new Italy or a new France. We who came after 
them had heard of George Washington and Jefferson and Hancock, and 
we wanted to share in the government they had helped to found. We 
had originally a quiet Sunday the country over. The people answered 
the ringing of the church bells, and we thanked God for the American 
Sunday. And now we do not want any foreigners to attempt to break 
up that Sunday and its observances. We don't want their summer gar- 
dens and their lager beer on Sunday. If they can't do without them, let 
them go back where they came from. Now I would impose a very 
simple obligation on the saloon keepers. I would insist that they take 
down their blinds, so that everybody can see what is going on inside. 
If, then, the policemen cannot see if the law is being violated, send 
them to an oculist. Now, Mr. Strong, try that, if you please, and save 
us our Sunday." Write any pastor or priest of Bay City, Mich., for 
report of "The Christian Union" there formed by Protestants and 
Roman Catholics. — Independent , February 14, 1 895. 

56. Author's " Plan of Work" for such a federation maybe found in 
Our Day, November, 1894 ; also in a free leaflet of National Bureau of 
Reforms, Washington, D. C. This plan shows how Endeavorers may 
be organized for a house to house canvass in the interest of reform and 
religion combined, such a canvass as Dr. Josiah Strong advocates, but 
broadened in scope. 

57. In Waterbury, Conn., the churches officially organized the Char- 
ity Organization of the city. See Christianity Practically Applied, 2 : 
235 f . Except in the largest cities, all humane work, anti-cruelty and anti- 
poverty movements alike, can best be combined in one " Humane Society," 
as at Mansfield, O., the constitution of whose society is a good pattern. 

58. Professor Amos G. Warner has shown, in his standard work on 



NOTES TO LECTURE I. 253 

American Charities (p. 8), that medieval chanty [it is not yet wholly 
extinct] had less regard for the recipient than for the giver, to whom it 
was partly a purgatorial " fire insurance," as to-day some of the giving 
of millionaires, alarmed at the unrest of the poor, is "cyclone insu- 
rance." On mistakes of medieval charity, see also Lecky's History of 
European Morals, 2 : 93. Rev. Dr. A. J. F. Behrends names as the his- 
torical causes of pauperism : " the pagan degradation of labor, the 
medieval canonization of poverty, the frequent and destructive wars of 
modern Europe, and the mischievous, though well-meaning, public pol- 
icy of England in dealing with the»poor." — Socialism and Christianity, 
224. See also 182 ff. 

59. One bane of church charity is its indiscriminate, emotional, un- 
reasoning, unscientific almsgiving. Its benevolence is often maleficent, 
rather than beneficent. . . The most hopeful church charities are 
educational. Alms seldom afford permanent relief, but one who knows 
how to live can take care of himself. Kindergartens, kitchen gardens, 
day nurseries, physical culture classes, saving schools, mothers' meetings 
(without bribes), penny-saving schemes, cheerful entertainments which 
instruct, musical and other artistic pleasures, friendly visits in homes on 
a basis of genuine fellowship, are some of the ways in which the churches 
may best work for the uplifting of the poor. — Professor C. R. Hender- 
son, Dependents, Defectives, Delinquents, 29, 61. 

One of the wisest writers on scientific charity is Mrs. Josephine Shaw 
Lowell of New York City, who has devoted talents that might have made 
her a leader of " society," in the narrow sense of the word, to society in 
the larger, sociological sense, preferring philanthropy to fashion. See 
her book Public Relief and Private Charity, Putnam's, 40 cents: also 
articles in Lend a Hand, 3:81; Chantauquan, 9 : 80. In an article 
contributed by her to the author's Associated Press of Reforms, she 
says: " Indiscriminate relief, that is, relief without any object beyond 
and above that of remedying physical suffering, has been found always 
and everywhere not even to relieve the physical suffering it is especially 
aimed at, while it creates much that but for it would never have existed. 
What do these contradictions mean ? What except that the moral 
part of us, being the important, in fact the real part of us, 
if allowed to perish, drags down with it the accessory physical 
portion ; while, on the contrary, if the moral part is lifted, all the 
nature and all the physical surroundings are raised with it ? The soul 
is more important than the life ; a man's character is what makes him a 
man ; and when, to save his life, his soul is degraded ; when, to keep 
him alive, his character is destroyed, his life becomes useless, and he 
had better be dead." — Let me cultivate, first, a strong self-regard ; let 
me gain some clear understanding of what my manhood is worth to me ; 
then let me remember that the manhood of the man who asks for alms is 
worth just as much as mine, and let me love him as I love myself. — Rev. 
Dr. Washington Gladden, The Church and the Kingdom, p. 72. 

60. Waterbury, Conn, (see foregoing note), is the only exception of 
which the author is informed. If there are other cases where the 
churches as such have officially centralized the charities of any city, 
he would like to know it. 

61. The United Charities Building in New York City is a model for 
other cities, but is the thought and gift of individual Christian benevo- 
lence, not of the churches. 



254 APPENDIX. 

62. There is reason to believe there are a great many pet paupers 
connected with our churches. — Ely, Social Aspects of Christianity \ 106. 

63. Write Rev. J. B. Devens, president, for particulars. 

64. That the blundering charity of the Church needs study and im- 
provement has been abundantly shown. Instances are given by the 
Charity Organization Society of New York of persons belonging to 
four, to five Episcopal parishes, to twelve Baptist churches, by way of 
connecting with their poor funds. Bishop Potter tells a good story 
of one of these repeaters — the overheard cry, " Run, mother, run ; 
here come the Sisters of Charity, and the baby has got the Protestant 
linen on." See Charities, in Alphabetical Index, for references to 
various aspects of the subject in this book and to the literature of the 
subject and other sources of information. The National Bureau of 
Reforms, Washington, D. C, will also aid by correspondence. War- 
ner's American Charities, (T. Y. Crovvell & Co., Boston, $1.75,) boards 
or associations of deacons should not read, but study rather, chapter by 
chapter. Such boards should also study the unexcelled reports of the 
New Yoi-k Society for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and the 
Handbook for Friendly Visitors Among the Poor, compiled by New York 
Charity Organization Society. Its motto is that " Charity must do five 
things : I. Act only upon knowledge got through thorough investigation. 
2. Relieve worthy need promptly, fittingly, tenderly. 3. Prevent un- 
wise alms to the unworthy. 4. Raise into independence every needy 
person, where this is possible. 5. Make sure that no children grow up 
to be paupers." These are the doctrinal "five points" of the "new 
charity." See, on same, Christianity Practically Applied, I : 241. Re- 
ports gathered by the New York Charity Organization Society, from 
fifty-three similar societies, showed that all considered the "friendly 
visitor " their most important agency, but also the most difficult to secure 
and manage. On the average it took three churches to supply one 
woman and eleven to supply one man willing and capable to go as a 
visitor among the poor. — On the work of deaconesses and nurses, see 
Christianity Practically Applied, 70 f, 363 f. 

65. On my suggesting this scene at the Beautiful Gate as a seal for 
the New York Charity Organization Society to its secretary, Mr. 
Charles D. Kellogg, he replied that it exactly represented the "new 
charity," and would have been used as the seal but for the fact that 
the Jews are among the most generous supporters of charity. (War- 
ner's American Charities declares that they even excel Christians in the 
administration of charity.) 

66. Dr. Behrends shows that more benefit to the poor has come 
from model tenements paying six per cent, dividends to the investor 
than from those rented so low as only to pay running expenses. — 
Socialis??i and Christianity, p. 211. 

67. Among the new appliances of scientific charity is the municipal 
lodging house, where even tramps may find a bed and food, instead 
of lying on the floor of a station-house, having first passed the " work 
test " and " bath test." These places act upon the law, " If a man will 
not work neither shall he eat." And having made work the necessary 
prelude to supper, a bath is made the equally necessary prelude to a bed. 
And while they sleep the multitudinous occupants of their clothes die by 
cremation in the hot clothes closet. The work and bath test eliminate 
the confirmed tramp and leave those worthy of aid. It is better that 



NOTES TO LECTURE I. 255 

these wayfarers' lodging-houses should be owned and controlled by 
the State than by private charity, but the latter should provide them 
when the former does not. The Helping Hand Institute of Kansas 
City offers to those who wish to help the needy a means of doing so 
economically and without putting a premium on idleness, by means of 
checks which can be given to those who ask for help. Each of the 
checks (which are sold at the rate of twenty for one dollar and are 
signed by those who give them away) " entitles the bearer to sufficient 
employment, under the direction of the Helping Hand Institute, to 
earn three meals, one night's lodging, shave, hair-cut, bath, library, 
medicine, and medical service." 

68. Professor J. J. McCook, in his special studies of tramps, sent 
inquiries to thirty-five chiefs of police. Of these 20 replied that no con- 
ditions of person — as cleanliness, etc. — were insisted on as conditions of 
public lodging in station houses or elsewhere, and 22 that they had no 
work test ; 22 put the proportion of able-bodied lodgers as high as 
ninety per cent, or higher ; only 3 as low as fifty: 11 thought com- 
pulsory work the best solution of the tramp problem. Most of the 
others advocated some form of punishment. The remedy suggested by 
Professor McCook himself is as follows : "I should recommend uniform 
laws in all the States, committing drunkards and vagrants to places of 
detention where they must abstain from drink, must work, must keep 
clean, must avoid licentiousness — and that for an indefinite period. 
They might be made to nearly or quite support themselves in such estab- 
lishments. And in that event we should save ten millions or so a year. 
And then there would be the chance of reforming them, of which there 
is now almost none whatever. . . The person who will give any beg- 
gar a coin just because it seems too hard to refuse him, ought on similar 
grounds to give razors and guns to madmen and children." — Charities 
Review, 3 : 69. See another article by Professor McCook in Charities 
Reviexv, January, 1894, reprinted from The Forum, August, 1893. The 
so-called " good nature " that gives to unknown beggars is really very 
bad nature, as Dr. H. L. Wayland has well said. — Christianity Practi- 
cally Applied, I : 450. 

69. Outdoor relief, the provision of groceries and fuel in their own 
homes, to all who might ask for aid, grew in Brooklyn in twenty years 
to such an extent that in 1870 one-tenth of the people were thus aided. 
Investigation of this evil led to its abolition in 1878. Professor A. E. 
Warner {American Charities, 305, 322) suggests that only large char- 
ities which can be reduced to routine are appropriate for State manage- 
ment (outdoor relief lacks routine); and that "private charities are 
especially useful along lines of philanthropic experimentation." 

70. What Horace Greeley called " the most awful lesson that there 
is an easier way to obtain a dollar than to earn it." 

71. The fact that in cities where a large proportion of the people 
profess Christianity it is so difficult to find the comparatively few friendly 
visitors needed is a sad commentary upon the kind of Christianity taught 
in our churches. — Ely, Socia lism, etc., 341. The Master says, "Follow 
me and I will make you fishers of men," and in effect we answer, " Not 
so, Lord : I will send lines and hooks and bait, and my proxy shall fish." 
Christianity in the United States is so far aloof from the real life of the 
wretched that they are not understood. — Charles D. Kellogg, Secretary 
New York Charity Organization Society, in Christianity Practically 



256 Appendix. 

Applied, 1 : 377. (The same writer in the same article, p. 378, quotes : 
" Love worketh no ill to his neighbor," to prove that the careless charity 
which pauperizes the poor is not true neighborly love.) See a very 
helpful article on " The Friendly Visitor's Opportunity," by Mr. Alfred 
T. White, president Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, in Charities Review, 
v 2 : 323. The " friendly rent collector " is a friendly visitor specialized 
and sometimes salaried, nominated by a charitable organization or col- 
lege settlement and accepted by such landlords as will to collect their 
rents in a friendly way with special reference to adjusting difficulties. 
They often prevent the loss that would have come both to tenant and 
landlord from a needless moving by a little friendly diplomacy. At Shel- 
ton, Conn., a Miss Adams of New York City was in 1894 given entire 
charge of a block of forty tenements, formerly used for mill operatives, 
which had been overcrowded and unsanitary. She was to renovate it, 
rent its tenements at rates the poorest families in the village could afford, 
and constrain the new tenants to observe sanitary rules and maintain a 
fair standard of cleanliness. 

72. Give for alms the things that are within. — Luke xi : 41. 

73. Send five cents to The Congregationalisl, Boston, for its booklet 
on Forward Movements, concisely describing the most successful 
institutional churches of all denominations, whose work can be further 
studied by sending to each for its reports. See, also, Addresses on 
Institutional Churches, by Drs. Conwell and Dickenson, and others, in 
Christianity Practically Applied, 2 : 350 ff. As to spiritual results, The 
Berkeley Beacon, November, 1894, says : " Comparing the institutional 
churches of the Congregational denomination with the remaining Con- 
gregational churches, we find that the number of additions on confessions 
of faith last year averaged six times as large in the former as in the latter ; 
and, notwithstanding the fact that institutional churches are generally 
located in the most discouraging districts, where churches on the old 
lines of work have died or been compelled to move away, the number of 
additions on confession of faith as compared with membership were last 
year thirty-three per cent, larger in the institutional churches than in the 
other churches of the denomination, indicating that the recognition of 
the whole man increases the spiritual life, instead of decreasing it, as 
some have feared." 

74. The International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tions, New York City, January 18, 1895. Dear Dr. Crafts : In reply to 
your card regarding amusements allowed in connection with the Young 
Men's Christian Associations, I would say that there is no iron-clad rule, 
but the associations are usually governed by the advisory utterances of 
the convention and the consensus of local opinion. Chess, checkers, 
crokonole, parlor croquet, and kindred games are in general use in the 
recreation rooms. Dominoes are especially popular in the railroad asso- 
ciations. Bowling alleys are found in most of the later buildings. 
Basket ball, a product of the Springfield Training School, is becoming 
very popular as a recreation in the gymnasium. The game of billiards 
has been suggested and possibly used in one or two places, but the 
general feeling is strongly averse to its introduction. Out of doors all 
the ordinary athletic games are in use, such as baseball, football, 
la crosse, with running, jumping, vaulting, throwing the hammer, etc. ; 
also boating, swimming, cycling, etc., etc. I would say again that the 
general sentiment of the members of the evangelical churches in any 



NOTES TO LECTURE I. 257 

Community largely govern the association in regard to the question of 
amusements. In some localities no games whatever are permitted, but 
there is a growing liberality in regard to the matter, so that the ordinary 
so-called " harmless games " are in very common use. Yours truly, 
H. S. Ninde. 

75. The representatives of religion are beginning to understand that a 
chief cause of their inability to " reach the masses " is because they have 
sought to do the reaching too much by talk and too little by hand. — 
Hon. H. R. Waite, Journal of Politics, December, 1894. The follow- 
ing poem seems especially pertinent to the institutional church move- 
ment : 

" The parish priest 
Of Austerlitz 

Climbed up a high church steeple 
To be near God, 
So that he might hand 
His word down to his people. 

" And in sermon script 
He daily wrote 

What he thought was sent from heaven, 
And he dropped this down 
On his people's heads 
Two times one day in seven. 

" In his rage God said : 
4 Come down and die ! ' 
And he cried out from the steeple, 
' Where art thou, Lord ? ' 
And the Lord replied, 
1 Down here among my people.' " 

76. Professor S. H. Woodbridge, of the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology, fought the bill through in 1S95, in the second session of 
that Congress, with little aid from the churches as such, which should 
now hasten to aid in the yet more difficult work of enforcing the law 
against the express and telegraph companies and banks. The law pro- 
vides " That any person who shall cause to be brought within the United 
States from abroad, for the purpose of disposing of the same, or deposited 
in or carried by the mails of the United States, or carried from one State 
to another in the United States, any paper, certificate, or instrument 
purporting to be or represent a ticket, chance, share, or interest in or 
dependent upon the event of a lottery, so called gift concert, or similar 
enterprise, offering prizes dependent upon lot or chance, or shall cause 
any advertisement of such lottery, so-called gift concert, or similar enter- 
prise, offering prizes dependent upon lot or chance, to be brought into 
the United States, or deposited in or carried by the mails of the United 
States, or transferred from one State to another in the same, shall be 
punishable in the first offense by imprisonment for not more than two 
years or by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars, or both, and 
in the second and after offenses by such imprisonment only." 

77. See statement of purposes, officers, etc., in closing pages of this 
book. 

78. A joint committee of eight Presbyterian and Reformed denomina- 
tions, in 1894, adopted a plan of delegated federation (since submitted to 
Presbyteries, but not sufficiently approved at this writing, June 30, 1895) 
of which the following article expresses the purpose : " The Federal 



25# APPENDIX. 

Council shall promote the cooperation of the federated denominations in 
their home and foreign missionary work, and shall keep watch on cur- 
rent religious, moral, and social movements, and take such action as may 
concentrate the influence of all the churches in the maintenance of the 
truth that our nation is a Protestant Christian nation, and of all that is 
therein involved." The failure of the churches involved to approve this 
plan seems to indicate not only a lamentable failure to appreciate the 
injury wrought by sectarian competition, but also and especially a failure 
to apprehend the social duties which the Church can discharge only by 
federation. 

79. See fuller particulars in Appendix, Part Second, at close of 
Chronological Data of Progress. 

80. The current estimate of reformers that there are now in this 
country 5,000,000 Christian voters, 4,000,000 of them Protestant, proves 
to be an understatement. See Rev. Dr. W. H. Roberts' table of 
Christian voters, showing that the number was, in 1890, 6,500,000, of 
which 4,500,000 were Protestant. The Christian vote, largest of all the 
"blocks" of votes in number, is least of all in influence, because the 
churches fail to appreciate the divine call to unite and save society. 
The five millions of Christian votes in the United States and the cor- 
responding number in Great Britain, with reenforcements of pen and 
prayer, could, if united, overthrow the following evils straightway : 

1. The liquor traffic in Africa and among savages elsewhere. 

2. The liquor traffic in Anglo-Saxon lands. 

3. The opium curse, promoted by Great Britain. 

4. The slave trade in Africa and the Kanaka slavery of the South Seas, 
permitted by Great Britain and Australia. 

5. The tolerated lust traffic of the British army and of British and 
American cities. 

6. The sometimes legalized, generally tolerated, race-track gambling 
of England and the United States. 

7. The Louisiana lottery, which has been twice outlawed but waits on 
the law's enforcement. 

8. The shameful divorce laws of North Dakota and Oklahoma, where 
divorces are offered on three months' residence, to attract divorce 
colonies, an evil which, in the case of Oklahoma, Congress could and 
should correct. 

9. The unspeakable law of Delaware making the law of consent seven 
years, and the laws of other States which fix the age below eighteen. 

10. The law-defying Sunday papers, which could not live if the Church 
unitedly resisted and resented their defiance of divine and human and 
humane laws. 

11. The Sunday trains, in stopping which the Sunday papers and 
Sunday mails would also be stopped. 

12. The Sunday saloons, which in most of our cities defy the laws by 
the consent of officers elected by Christian votes. 

13. The foul theater posters, which could be swept from the bill- 
boards, where they corrupt the youth, by enforcing the purity law on the 
one bill poster of each city. 

14. The daily sewers, called newspapers, that pour filth into every 
home, planting every evil seed which the churches are seeking to weed 
out, while Christians individually and as churches neglect to establish 
newspapers that will help and not hinder their work. 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 259 

15. The city rings, consisting of corrupt politicians, gamblers, harlots, 
and liquor sellers, who control nearly all our cities only because the 
churches do not unite against them the forces of righteousness. 

81. We are not merely to medicate and dress an ever open sore of 
pauperism and insanity and idiocy and crime, but to cure it. — Professor 
C. R. Henderson, Dependents, Defectives, Delinquents, 270. 



LECTURE II. 



1. It is claimed that the institution which Anglo-Saxons have in mind 
when they use the word home originated with the Puritans. 

Dr. Joseph Cook says : " Mrs. Browning's Portuguese Sonnets and 
Robert Browning's Prospice are the noblest expressions of Christian 
ideals concerning marriage that literature, ancient or modern, contains." 
— Our Day, 1894, 349. 

2. This exaggerated importance assigned to theft is usual in the legis- 
lation of barbarians. — Professor C. R. Henderson, Dependents , Defect- 
ives, Delinquents, 166. At present the aim seems to be to protect 
property rather than person. — Ely, Socialism, etc., 336. " The age of 
consent" for girls as to their property is eighteen (''majority") in all 
States, but as to the person it is lower in most of the States. — See 
Purity note, in Appendix, Part Second. 

3. Economics maybe defined as the science of those social phenomena 
to which the wealth-getting and wealth-using activity of man gives rise. 
— Ely, Outlines of Economics, 82. 

4. See chapter on " Oriental Idea of Father," in Trumbull's Studies 
in Oriental Life. 

5. The immorality of mining and lumber and military camps is 
similarly explained ; also some of the worst evils of immigration. Mr. 
Arnold White, in Charities Review, 3 : 77, says : " Since the home is 
the unit of the nation, celibate immigration should be discouraged by 
adequate restrictive means. . . Any nationality should be carefully 
watched when the female immigrants fall below thirty-five per cent, of 
the whole. On this basis Russia, Italy, and Hungary furnish unsatis- 
factory records." On this basis Mr. White justifies Chinese exclusion, 
and so would I if the exclusion was on this basis and applied with 
American impartiality to Europe and Asia. 

6. He who does not study the humor of the day misses many a serious 
and important truth : for instance, in the case of the philanthropic lady 
who asked a frowzy child in the street, " Where is your home?" 
" Haint got no home." " Poor thing, what do you do ?" "I board." 
The answer gave no occasion for canceling her pity. 

7. National Divorce Reform League Leaflet, No. II, p. 4. 

8. See my article in the New Englandcr, September, 1882, on " Lib- 
erty of Man, Woman, and Child in Unchristian Lands." 

9. Religions were necessarily studied at the Parliament on the basis 
said to have been adopted by an indulgent mother, who ordered that her 
child should be taught history " with all the painful parts left out." 
I am sorry that it is not consistent with my duty to discuss my present 
subject on that plan, 



26o APPENDIX. 

10. The Hindu who will not allow a doctor to see his wife's tongue and 
feel her pulse except by cutting holes through the curtain behind which 
she is hidden, will send that wife gladly to the libidinous priest whenever 
he so requests, counting such adultery as divine service by which she is 
made holy. Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt, W. C. T. U. Round the World 
Missionary, so stated in the author's hearing at Monona Lake Assembly. 
on missionary testimony. As to his daughters, this Hindu will strangle 
one at birth, train a second for marriage, and consecrate a third to the 
enrichment of his religion as a temple prostitute, thinking the last act 
even more meritorious than the marriage, and the first quite as much 
within his "liberty." The following incident is truth if not fact also, 
as it well may be. It is reported that a missionary visiting the grounds 
of a Chinese nobleman, and passing among the venerable trees, shady 
paths, and beside the beautiful lake, with its bridges, islands, and 
summer-houses, saw on a large sign, in Chinese characters: "Please 
don't drown girls here." Rev. Robert A. Hume of India, in the 
Missionary Herald of July, 1894, quotes the following description of 
the greatest day of one of the greatest Hindu feasts held at the junction 
of the Ganges and Jumna — the Sadhus referred to being so-called 
"saints," who live by beggary, considered so "spiritual" by some 
Christians at a distance as not to need Christ : ." Monday was the great 
day, the special feature being the procession of Sadhus to bathe. Never 
shall I forget the sight. . . It was estimated that a million of people 
were present. How can we speak of the disgusting procession ? At 
the head of the procession, about six elephants, then a brass band, then 
marching two by two and hand in hand, great numbers of these Sadhus, 
perfectly naked, their bodies and faces smeared with ashes, their voices 
raised in discordant shouts. They looked more like demc ns than men. 
After them were some palanquins, next more Sadhus, who had more or 
less clothing on, and in the rear the female fakirs." — There are in India 
twenty-one million widows, half of whom were never wives, many of 
whom are mere children, who are treated as if guilty of the death of their 
husbands. So says Joseph Cook in his 194th Monday Lecture. The 
foregoing facts represent all unchristian lands, ancient and modern, in 
their treatment of woman. The only religion that does not, by its 
impurity, assail the divine nobility of the family is Christianity. Great 
as are the evils of our Christian land in matters pertaining to the family, 
let us congratulate ourselves that they are at least branded as evils, not 
treated as legitimate business or meritorious worship. 

11. As the Mormons have been conquered but not convinced, 
Christian education will need to be used with redoubled energy, that 
the very belief in polygamy may be dislodged from the rising genera- 
tion, as otherwise the Mormon vote is likely to nullify if not repeal all 
anti-polygamy legislation. 

12. Fifth Report of the United States Commissioner of Labor on Laws 
of Marriage and Divorce in the United States and Europe, to be had 
free on application to National Bureau of Labor, Washington, D. C. 
(The documents of the National Divorce Reform League, Dr. S. W. 
Dike, Auburndale, Secretary, some of them valuable commentaries on 
the above report, will also be needed by all students of divorce.) The 
most important figures are as follows : Divorces in 1867, 9937 ; in 1886, 
25,535, an increase of 157 per cent,, while population increased about 
60 per cent. Between the census years, 1870-1880, divorces increased 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 261 

79 per cent., population 30 percent. In 1870 there was 1 divorce out 
of every 664 existing married couples ; in 1889, 1 out of every 481. 
The total divorces for the 20 years, 328,716. Of these 65 per cent, 
were sought by wives. Eighty per cent, of the marriages were performed 
in the same State that granted divorce, showing the divorce colonies less 
prominent factors than supposed. " In over 60 per cent, of the cases 
there was a notable lack of the influence of children." Twenty-five 
thousand three hundred and seventy-one couples had lived together 21 
years or more, and the average for all couples was 9 years. In the large 
cities the divorce rate is about 50 pqjr cent, higher than in the remainder 
of the States. So far as records show about 67 per cent, of divorces 
asked for were granted. In South Dakota divorces were granted on 90 
days' residence. New York is the only State adhering to the one 
scriptural ground of divorce, but legal separation, without permission to 
marry again, is granted for other causes. — See Tribune Almanac of 1895 
for statistics of conjugal conditions, June I, 1890, as to ages of marriage, 
etc. D. Convers gives further figures based on the same report. He 
says : In 1889, one-half of our population were under laws which 
required for marriage only the interchange of consent — which in Europe 
is the case only in Scotland. — Marriage and Divorce, 20. This book 
abounds in instances where the courts, in protection of the woman, 
assumed consent from cohabitation. This loose marriage law, while 
open to abuses, also prevents abuses by making loose conduct dangerous. 
Convers says further (pp. 131, 134, 135, 172): Even when the consent 
of parents is necessary to the legality of a marriage, it is usually held by 
the courts that it is not necessary to its validity. The wedded pair may 
be fined in such case, but are not separated. . . A married New 
Yorker, divorced and forbidden to remarry, crosses the Hudson to 
Jersey City, there marries, returning at once ; and the court held that 
marriage to be good in New York. . . New York and Tennessee allow 
the marriage of uncle and niece and of nephew and aunt. . . Whatever 
be the reason to explain it, the fact is clear that divorce reform depends 
more on women than on men. The laws are drawn to favor them ; they 
chiefly use the courts. It is emphatically a woman's question. — Convers' 
Marriage and Divorce, 172. The same writer shows that if divorce 
had been restricted to adultery and desertion, it would have prevented 
more than 134,000 divorces in 20 years preceding 18S9. 

13. Dr. S. \V. Dike in a document on Divorce Legislation (Series of 
1889, No. 3) thus sums up European laws of marriage and divorce, 
which should be studied for amendments to our inferior laws : " Gen- 
erally it may be said that marriage in Europe is now strictly a civil act, 
though place is made for a religious service, where desired. The im- 
proved laws of European countries are generally parts of a carefully 
prepared scientific whole, some of the later systems, as in Germany 
and Switzerland, being the work of eminent law professors. The 
legal age of marriage ; degrees of consanguineous or other relationship ; 
consent of parents (a much more real thing in Europe than here) ; rules 
for notice of intention ; provision for verifying the facts alleged, often 
including certification both of the fact and means of the dissolution of 
a previous marriage, whether by death or divorce ; strict requirements 
for publication ; restrictions as to locality within which the marriage 
must occur ; generally, provisions that ten months or a year, except by 
special dispensation, must intervene between the dissolution of one 



262 APPENDIX. 

marriage and the contraction of another ; express provisions that a per- 
son divorced for adultery cannot marry a paramour ; the most careful 
registration (and report to the statistical bureaus) of marriages as well as 
divorces — these are almost invariable features of European marriage laws. 
. . Divorce in Europe is very unlike divorce in the United States. 
There is a but a single divorce court for England and Wales, and in 
few (if any) European countries do the courts having jurisdiction of 
divorce correspond to the ordinary county courts of this country. The 
causes for which divorce may be granted in some countries in Europe are 
scarcely fewer than those in the United States, even extending to divorce 
by mutual consent. But the administration is far more carefully con- 
trolled than here. Belgium and some other parts of Europe are still 
governed by the Code Napoleon. But divorce by mutual consent is 
admissible only where the husband is at least twenty-five years old and 
the wife twenty-one, and is not allowed after twenty years of marriage 
life, or when the wife has reached her forty- fifth year. Attempts at 
reconciliation before divorce is decreed must be made in Holland and 
some other countries, though of late Prussia seems to have dropped the 
practice. A special feature of some legislations is judicial separation for 
a period of years (in Holland for five years), capable of conversion into 
absolute divorce at the end of the period. There were from six to 
fourteen of these separations annually in Holland among a number of 
divorces ranging from two hundred to four hundred. An active public 
opponent in the interests of the state is a common thing in Europe." 

14. Send to him for his speech in advocacy of a national marriage and 
divorce law. 

15. National Divorce Reform League Report for 1888, p. 36. 

16. Delivered before National Unitarian Conference ; published in 
full in The Christian Register, Boston, October 8, 1891 ; also in Lend 
a Hand, 1 891 : 283 ff. 

17. Convers' Marriage and Divorce, gives the Roman Catholic argu- 
ment against absolute divorce (legal separation is allowed) for any cause, 
and a valuable collection of facts, especially legal decisions, on the 
general subject. 

18. Correspondence with Mr. Wright as to his address drew from him 
the following caveat : " When you review the speech on divorce do not 
make the mistake which some critics have made. I was limited to a 
certain time for delivery, and practically closed the address in the 
middle : that is, I did not have the opportunity to show in what respect I 
believed that divorce temporarily would lead permanently to the doing 
away of divorce, nor did I have an opportunity to take up the ecclesias- 
tical view of divorce, all of which are essential to a proper understand- 
ing of the divorce question. My own views on the subject I find are in 
accord with those of Judge Sibley, Judge Bennett, and a long line of 
excellent thinkers back to and including Luther ; nor can I convince 
myself that these views are not in accord with the principles which 
Christ taught. It seems to me, on studying the question very broadly, 
that he was referring in what he said on divorce more largely to remar- 
riage, a subject which I do not discuss. 

" Thanking you always for your kindness, I am, sincerely yours, 

" Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner." 

This led to a request for the unpublished part of the argument, which 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 263 

is given in full in the Appendix — an argument that would be conclusive 
against limiting legal separation to one cause, but the author still thinks 
that absolute divorce is by Christ, and, for the general good, should be 
limited to " the one Scriptural cause." 

19. Matt, xix : 9. 

20. Leaflet of National Divorce Reform League, " Twelve Rea- 
sons ," etc. 

21. At the meeting of the National Woman's Council in 1895 the 
Committee on Divorce declared against any further legislation on 
divorce, State or national, until women have a voice in making laws — a 
recommendation favorable neither to woman suffrage nor to divorce. 

22. South Dakota in 1895 was generally reported by the careless press 
as having returned to its scandalous ninety days' bait for divorce colo- 
nies, and did almost pass a bill to that effect, for " business reasons," as 
one of its Congressional delegation informed me, to make up for losses by 
absconding State Treasurer and hard times. If a State is to traffic in 
the relations of man and woman, it might as well do it on the Omaha 
license plan as on the Oklahoma divorce plan. North Dakota is still in 
the ninety days' ditch and should be shamed out of it, as South Dakota 
was, by the protests of the friends of the family everywhere. As to 
Oklahoma's Territorial law, Congress should be asked to veto it. 

2%. That making divorces difficult decreases them seems to be the 
meaning of statistics from Canada, where divorces are obtained only 
from the Dominion Parliament through a committee of its Senate, which 
grants only 2 or 3 per year in a population of 5,000,000. Contrast the 
foregoing facts with increase of divorces through relaxed legislation in 
Australia. See Christianity Practically Applied, 2 : 58, 71. 

24. In 1870 there were 1,836,288 female wage earners, nearly one-half 
"domestics." Of the 2,647,157 in 1880 two-thirds were in other occu- 
pations. In an address at Chatauqua in 1894, Hon. Carroll D. Wright 
gave the following statistics from Massachusetts as representative : 
"Female labor constitutes nearly 12 percent, of the whole ; professional 
services, 46.26 per cent.; personal service, 40.66 per cent. In trade 
women are 11.09 P er cent °f the whole ; in transportation only .29 per 
cent.; in agriculture, .52 per cent.; in the fisheries 9 per cent.; while in 
manufactures female labor is 28.58 per cent, of the whole." A prize 
article in Once a Week, vol. viii. No. 19, gives a very full enumeration 
of the very numerous occupations which have been undertaken by 
women. The U. S. census bulletin of occupations, issued May 18, 1895, 
shows that during the census decade 1880-1890, while the increase in 
the number of men and boys engaged in gainful occupations was 27.64 
per cent., the increase in the number of women and girls was 47.88 per 
cent., but of the total number of women and girls over 10 years of age, 
only 16.98 per cent, are so engaged, while the percentage of men and 
boys is 77.28. The total number of breadwinners on June 30, 1890, was 
22,735,661, of whom 18,820,950 were men and boys, while only 3,914,- 
711 were women and girls. In Great Britain, in 1891 the percentage of 
women and girls above 10 years of age so engaged was 34.42 per cent., 
but had increased only from 34.05 in 1881 {The Voice, July 25, 1895), 
showing that the maximum seems there to have been reached. It may 
not be irrelevant to add that in the decade 1880-1890 the increase of our 
population was only 24 per cent., the lowest except for the war decade, 
1860-1870, when it was 22. Figures are as follows for decades ending 



264 APPENDIX. 

1800, 35 ; 1810, 36 ; 1820, 33 ; 1830, 33 ; 1840, 32 ; 1850, 35 ; i860, 
35 ; 1870, 22 ; 1880, 30 ; 1890, 24. 

25. Ethics of Marriage. 

26. The crimes of man begin with the vagrancy of childhood. — Victor 
Hugo, quoted in Circular No. 5, Ohio State Board of Charities. 

27. On heredity, see " Notes on Purity" in Appendix. 

28. Send to The Philanthropist, 39 Nassau Street, N. Y., for White 
Cross pledges and related leaflets. 

29. That the " client " referred to failed in his attempt to profit by his 
unclean notoriety through a lecture tour is an omen of good. The darker 
side is given in Clokey's Dying at the Top. 

30. See discussion of purity in art in " Notes on Purity " in Appendix. 
For information as to methods of successful warfare upon crime-breed- 
ing literature and pictures, address the " fighting Quaker," Josiah W. 
Leeds, 528 Walnut Street, Philadelphia ; also, Anthony Comstock, 
Times Building, New York, and Mrs. Emilie D. Martin, W. C. T. U., 
superintendent of Department of Purity in Art, I Broadway, New York. 

31. See Appendix, " Notes on Purity." 

32. Ethics of Marriage, 163. 

33. The libertine, gambler, and drunkard, all of them morally insane 
and totally unfit to be harbored within home's sacred walls, are still 
retained there because society makes no provision to place them where 
they ought to be, within the walls of institutions Avhere they can have 
expert care and treatment, be self-supporting, and, best of all, be 
delivered from themselves. The drunkard in Chicago who pounded his 
sick wife to death with the body of their new-born child was an illustra- 
tion, carried to the supreme degree, of the cruelty to which the State is 
not yet awakened on behalf of the home. When women statesmen 
come to their own, let us hopefully believe, the home will not be left so 
shelterless as it is now. — Miss Frances E. Willard. 

Here it is appropriate to record the World's W. C. T. U. petition to 
the rulers of all nations in which is voiced the bitter cry of the women of 
all lands against the worst foe of the home. 

Polyglot Petition. — Honorable Rulers, Representatives, and Brothers : 

We, your petitioners, although belonging to the physically weaker sex, 
are strong of heart to love our homes, our native land, and the world's 
family of nations. 

We know that clear brains and pure hearts make honest lives and 
happy homes, and that by these the nations prosper, and the time is 
brought nearer when the world shall be at peace. 

We know that indulgence in alcohol and in opium, and in other vices 
which disgrace our social life, makes misery for all the world, and most 
of all for us and for our children. 

We know that stimulants and opiates are sold under legal guarantees 
which make the governments partners in the traffic, by accepting as 
revenue a portion of the profits, and we know with shame that they are 
often forced by treaty upon populations either ignorant or unwilling. 

We know that the law might do much, now left undone, to raise the 
moral tone of society and render vice difficult. 

We have no power to prevent these great iniquities beneath which the 
whole world groans, but you have power to redeem the honor of the 
nations from an indefensible complicity. 

We therefore come to you with the united voices of representative 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 265 

women of every land, beseeching you to raise the standard of the law to 
that of Christian morals, to strip away the safeguards and sanctions of 
the State from the drink traffic and the opium trade, and to protect our 
homes by the total prohibition of these curses of civilization throughout 
all the territory over which your government extends. Names. Resi- 
dences. 

34. See author's two articles " Darwinism Not Proven," giving that 
or more adverse verdict from the sixty-six most eminent writers upon it, 
in The Pulpit Treasury, June and Juty, 1884. 

35. " Take the tiniest protoplasmic cell, immerse it in a suitable me- 
dium, and presently it will perform two great acts — the two which sum 
up life, which constitute the eternal distinction between the living and 
the dead — Nutrition and Reproduction. At one moment, in pursuance 
of the struggle for life, it will call in matter from without, and assimi- 
late it to itself. At another moment, in pursuance of the struggle for 
the life of others, it will set a portion of that matter apart, add to it, 
and finally give it away to form another life. Even at its dawn, life is 
receiver and giver ; even in protoplasm is Self-ism and Other-ism. 
These two tendencies are not fortuitous. They have been lived into 
existence. They are not grafts on the Tree of Life — they are its 
nature, its essential life. They are not painted on the canvas, but woven 
through it." 

36. Kidd's Social Evolution, 279-281, 294-295. See also Marshall's 
Economics, 297. 

37. At the annual dinner to the Executive Committee of the National 
Association of Life Underwriters in 1894, the writer, in an address on 
*' The Ethical Aspects of Life Insurance," showed that ethics are rec- 
ognized not only in the rejection of the intemperate and licentious (Sun- 
day workers should be added) as bad risks, and in the cooperation of 
companies, which suggests the value of brotherhood in business, but 
also and especially in the very existence of life insurance, which, in the 
main, represents man's undying love for his household, a virtue so un- 
known in all pagan lands that even in cultured Greece and Rome insur- 
ance companies would have found little support. Instead of insuring 
himself for his children's sake the Roman killed superfluous children for 
his own sake. Let that state of things be put in contrast with the fact 
(stated in Public Opinion, .December 20, 1894), that in the United States 
alone the existing policies in 1892 represented $4,447,000,000. 

38. Criminals not the victims of Heredity, Eorum, September, 1893. 

39. While physical heredity is no doubt as powerful as was ever 
supposed, the exaggerated claims made a few years since for mental 
heredity are being largely discounted, especially through Weissman's 
influential denial that acquired traits are transmitted. See also St. 
George Mivart's reply to Weissman in Harper 's Magazine, March, 1895. 
Henry George, arguing that heredity is less influential upon mental traits 
than environment, says {Progress and Poverty, 350 ff.) of the famous 
case of " the Jukes," a great tribe of criminals and paupers descended 
from one neglected pauper girl, which is cited as showing hereditary 
transmission of vicious traits: "It shows nothing of the kind. . . 
Paupers will raise paupers, even if the children be not their own." He 
cites to the same effect the Janizaries, fanatical Moslems, who were 
torn from Christian parents at an early age, but educated to hate their 
parents' faith. Professor R. T, Ely {Socialism and Social Problems, 



266 APPENDIX. 

151-152, note) says : " The fact is frequently overlooked that heredity 
brings a set of circumstances with it, and what really belongs to the 
circumstances is often attributed to the heredity. A change of circum- 
stances shows whether a great influence is to be attributed to the circum- 
stances or to the heredity. It has been ascertained that ties of blood 
and marriage have long connected a large proportion of the criminal 
and pauper classes in the neighborhood of Indianapolis, Ind. Those 
thus related have been called, ' The Tribe of Ishmael.' Now the 
question in regard to this Tribe of Ishmael [also in regard to the famous 
" Jukes," see Warner s American Charities, 88 ff.] is, Which had the 
greater influence, heredity or circumstances ? . . . Such statistics as we 
have show that more than nine out of ten children are saved by change 
in environment. Heredity would seem to have great weight in the case 
of special talent, as teachers have frequent opportunity to observe ; but 
so far as ordinary moral character is concerned, circumstances would 
appear to be far more important." See also Pomeroy's Ethics of Mar- 
riage, 185. 

40. The safest charity is education and the best form in which to give 
it is the Christian kindergarten, for which a valuable manual is afforded 
in The Kindergarten and the Church, by Mary J. Chisholm Foster. 
Hunt & Eaton, New York, $1.00. 

41. Child labor is by no means always due to poverty. Alice L. 
Woodbridge of New York, who is an expert on this subject, says, " The 
slender wages of the children too often go to supply the family beer." 
— Sunday Problem, 141. The Children's Employment Commission 
(British), reporting on child labor in 1886, says : "Against no person 
do the children of both sexes so much require protection as against their 
parents." Quoted, Marx's Capital, p. 304. On many pages of Marx's 
book are cited facts as to the injuries to health and character caused 
by labor of children from 2^ years upward, kept at work long hours 
in crowded rooms ; also like hardships of women. — " There are sad 
children sitting in the market place, who indeed cannot say to you, ' We 
have piped unto you, and ye have not danced ' ; but eternally shall say 
to you, ' We have mourned unto you, and ye have not lamented.' " — 
Ruskin, Crozvn of Wild Olive, lecture i. Although child labor has 
been more and more restricted during this century it is by no means 
extinct, and there is need even in the United States both of better laws 
and better enforcement. See two books of Riis, How the Other 
Half Lives, The Children of the Poor. In 1880 there were 1,118,356 
children in the United States, between 10 and 16 years of age, at work 
in mines, factories, and stores. At this writing mines for 1890 are 
not reported, but in manufactures there were employed, in 1890, 
121,194 children — boys under 16 and girls under 15. On child labor 
and its restriction in Europe, see Behrends' Socialism and Christianity, 
152 f. On child labor in Illinois write Hull House, Chicago. 

42. The Massachusetts Bureau of Labor in 1883 reported the average 
expense of working men's families as $754.42, while the father's average 
earnings were but $558.68, leaving about $200 to be made up by wife 
and children. But see also in Appendix, " How Workmen Live," On 
the relations of modern industry to family life, see Ely's Socialism, etc., 
43 f. ; also 321 f. On the high death rate of the children of mothers 
working in factories, see Marx, Capital, 243. 

43. The Illinois Supreme Court, in March, 1895, declared unconstitu-. 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 267 

tional the sweat-shop law forbidding women to work more than eight 
hours a day, on the ground that it abridged her industrial rights to 
an equal chance with men. The decision is far-reaching. See Helen 
Campbell's Women Wage Earners and Prisoners of Poverty (Robert 
Bros.). New York has a law, often violated by inhuman merchants, 
that seats shall be provided for women employed in retail stores. Dr. 
Joseph Cook {Labor, 136), in a most valuable lecture on the hygienic 
and moral perils of young girls engaged in industrial pursuits, reported 
to an applauding audience that there was one business establishment in 
Boston employing a dozen girls, who were allowed and required to take 
a vacation of three days every four weeks, which resulted not only in 
better health for them, but also in better work for their employer. 

44. No man and no corporation can escape responsibility for the 
use made of property or wealth, which is potential power of service. 
Not only church corporations which hold tenement-house property, 
but every corporation, every individual who holds tenement-house 
property, is under obligation to hold and manage that property not 
solely with a view to making it yield a desired income. Primarily 
and always the obligation rests upon every holder of such property so 
to use it that it shall contribute to the welfare of his fellow-men. 
Should there not be the fullest and most public registration of the 
owners of all tenement-house property — the owners of the land as well 
as the owners and lessees of the houses — that the correcting and re- 
straining power of public opinion may prevent the worst abuses of 
such property ? — President Merrill E. Gates in The Independent, Jan- 
uary 10, 1895. If the average home of an English working man were 
only as healthy as a felon's cell, it would add eight years to the average 
length of the workman's life ; and who can estimate the value of 
that addition to the wife and children of the workman ? — Hugh Price 
Hughes, Philanthropy of God, pp. 276-277. Through game-preserving 
we have grouse and black-cock — so many brace to the acre, and men 
and women — so many brace to the garret. — Commujiism of John Rnskin, 
p. 125 (Crown of Wild Olive, lecture i). The bright side of the subject 
of the 4i Housing of the Poor" in Europe may be seen in the special 
report, 1895, of the United States Department of Labor on that subject, 
prepared by Dr. E. R. Gould, showing that model tenements are being 
rapidly multiplied in European cities with financial profit to the builders 
as well as hygienic and moral benefit to the tenants. For valuable 
points on self-supporting model tenements, which do not offer lower 
rents, which would only lower wages, but give more for the money, es- 
pecially privileges in common, such as reading rooms and playgrounds, 
see article by Dr. William Howe Tolman in Charities Review, 2 : 332, 
on " The Social Unions of Edinburgh and Glasgow," which are models 
for like organizations in other respects also. In the more crowded parts 
of London 70,000 are now in homes which have been built as a result of 
the movement inaugurated in 1844, by the Metropolitan Association for 
Improving the Dwellings of the Industrial Classes. 

Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, comparing British and American munici- 
palities in The Forum of November, 1892, shows how sanitary reforms 
in Birmingham saved 3000 lives per year, reducing the rate from 26.8 
per 1000 in 1874 to 19 in 1888. 

A pamphlet on Riverside Buildings of the Improved Dwelling Com- 
pany for the working classes, showing by plans and elevations how to 



Sc aleOeDensiti es 
Inhabitants per Acre 




900to1000 



MAP SHOWING DENSITIES OF POPULATION IN THE SEVERAL SANITARY 

districts of new YORK. See Lecture ii, p. 77 '. 

(Reproduced in The Literary Digest, February 2, 18Q5, from a map prepared by the 
Sanitary Commission.) 
[Persons to a dwelling ; Baltimore, 7.71 ; Philadelphia, 7.34 ; Chicago, 15.51 ; New- 
York, 36.78. New York's tenement-house census for 1894 shows 39,138 tenement 
houses in the city's twenty-four wards. Of this number 2346 are what are called rear 
houses, in which live 56,130 people, including 8784 children, who know little sunlight 
or air. In the twentieth ward the tenement population is 80,499. In the twelfth 
ward are 29,842 children under five years. 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 



269 



build comfortable and profitable tenements for the poor, may be had, on 
application, from Hon. A. T. White, 20 Joralemon Street, Brooklyn. 
See also article by same on "The Churches and Tenement House 
Reform," Christianity Practically Applied, 2 : 196, and another article 
on "Homes of the Poor" in Chantaiiqnan, January, 1893. See also 
Handbook of Sociological Information, 247-249, on model tenements of 
New York City. Send to Richard Watson Gilder, editor of The Century, 
New York, for Report of the Tenement House Committee, 1894, and 
summary of the tenement house laws secured by him from the New 
York Legislature in 1895. Also, send to United States Department of 
Labor at Washington for special reports on the slums of American cities. 
— Only five per cent, of the New York tenements are so bad that they 
ought to be razed. — Behrends, Socialism and Christianity, p. 209. 
Read Helen Campbell's Darkness and Daylight in New York. 

45. On sweat-shops, read Bank's White Slaves. The Massachusetts 
law against sweating may serve as a pattern or suggestion for other 
States. See Massachusetts laws in law library or in Ely's Socialism, 
320. 

46. See article on " Sanitation in Relation to the Poor," by Professor 
W. H. Welch, M. D., in Charities Review, 2 : 203. 

47. In New York, as a whole, 1 saloon to 200 persons ; in its slums, 
1 to 129. Here is a sample from a pamphlet by Robert Graham, the 
black squares representing saloons. 



EA3T 



\ r-a = m\ 

\ \ ■ 

\ \ ■ ■ j ■ . Jm 

\ Vast ~~ > 



FIFTH 



■ ■ ■ ■ 



_£H 



F O ORTH 



Id 
> 



m ^f7 MJLMMM 



-g—^m ■ « 



j! a_ 



U3 



\ t « J ul 

\ EAST rn 



T. HI PP 



STL 



S ECOND 



X/l 5T 



f \ rst 



ST 



An important fact in this connection is the statistical showing of Dr. 
E. R. Gould, an official inspector of the United States Department of 
Labor, that the amount spent by the poor of Europe, if saved, would be 
enough to add an average of two rooms each to their homes. 

48. In some parts of Australia, in order that parents may not give up 
healthy rural homes and crowd city tenements on account of school 
privileges, school children are carried free on the government railways. — 
Ely, Socialism, etc., 277. 

49. In Johnson vs. Johnson, Supreme Court of Michigan, 1894, the 




2J0 



APPENDIX. 



court — all the justices concurring — holds that a wife who has notified 
saloon keepers not to sell intoxicating liquors to her husband, can 
recover damages for injury to her means of support from one who sold 
her husband liquor during the first two days of an eighteen days' 
debauch, notwithstanding the fact that other sellers furnished him with 
liquor during the other days. 

50. If tobacco did not render a man so . . . self-satisfied he would 
surely feel a choking sensation when he drew baby's shoes . . . John's 
new coat and wife's new dress . . . through his pipe and blew them 
away in the lazy, curling smoke. — Rev. Charles Roads, Christ Enthroned 
in the Industrial World, 136-137. 

51. A table of home ownership for the whole country, issued in 1895, 
based on the census of 1890, shows that only 37 per cent, of the 12,690,- 
152 families then owned their homes ; in New York, lowest of the cities, 
only 6.33 ; in Rochester, the highest, nearly 44. By States and Terri- 
tories, the highest were : Oklahoma, 68.46 ; New Mexico, 62.70 ; Utah, 
60.65 ; Idaho, 58.47. The only other States above 50 per cent, were 
Kansas, Nevada, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Of the 4,767,179 who 
then occupied farms, nearly 64 per cent, were owners. The Outlook of 
February 2, 1895, in an article by its sociological editor, Mr. Spahr, 
based on figures of the census expert, Mr. George K. Holmes, gives the 
following diagrams as showing, in white, the proportion who have at 
least a part ownership in their residences. 27.97 per cent, of the owning 





Cities over 8000 : 
3,600,000 families. 



Towns and villages: 
4,200,000 families. 




Farms : 
j.,8oo,ooo families. 




Entire Country : 
12,700,000 families. 



families own subject to incumbrance, equal in the total to 37.50 per 
cent, of the value of such homes, that is, an average debt of $1257 on 
home of average value of $3352. Send for Extra Census Bulletin 
No. 98 on Farms, Homes, and Mortgages, which gives the other related 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 27 1 

facts. An interesting study in the science of statistics is the contrary 
uses made of mortgage statistics. The pessimists who cite mortgages as 
always synonymous with misfortunes will get little credit from those who 
have seen their helpfulness to the poor in building and loan associations. 
See opposite arguments from mortgage statistics in American Magazine 
of Civics, January and March, 1893. 

52. A " stag party " is very apt to become " a stagger party." 

53. For example : St. Louis, 1889, churches, 220, lodges, 729 ; 
Chicago, 1890, churches, 344, lodges, 1088. See Christianity Practically 
Applied, 2 : 46. A church in Tabw, la., has copied a point or two from 
the lodges as follows : Each member of a church there is invited to con- 
tribute fifty cents per month to the benefit fund, and those who comply 
are entitled to the following benefits: I. Regular sanitary inspection of 
their homes. 2. Free medical and surgical attendance in case of sick- 
ness or accident. 3. Three dollars a week while disabled. 4. A 
traveling certificate equivalent to a letter of credit in case of need, and 
5. Free burial in case of death. Provision is made for extension of these 
benefits to the other members of a family if one of them is a member of 
the church, and for the care of young children and orphans. 

54. Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst says {Ladies' Nome Journal, 
February, 1895) : " I consider the club to be one of the cleverest devices 
of the devil to prevent homes being made, and to sterilize and undermine 
them when they are made." 

55. Send to The Congregationalist, Boston, for free booklet on Or- 
ganized Work for Men and Boys. See also, Christianity Practically 
Applied, 2 : 245 f. , 345 f., on boys' brigades, clubs, etc. For information 
as to working girls' clubs, address Grace H. Dodge, care of William E. 
Dodge, New York. See also article in Chautauquan, 9 : 223. Papers 
on clubs for girls and wives may be read in Christianity Practically 
Applied, 2 : 269 f., 284 f., 290 f., 322 f. As to Home Culture clubs, 
write Miss Adelaide Moffett. Northampton, Mass. " The Domestic 
Circle," 222 West Thirty-eighth Street, is a club for young married 
people, worth studying by those wishing to form such a one. Without 
increased revenues the poor might be made much less miserable if they 
could be led by readings and discussions at conferences or by distribution 
of reprints to avail themselves of the Hints on Domestic Economy by 
Miss Juliet Corson and the Sanitary Suggestions by Dr. Charles D. 
Scudder, both in the Handbook for Friendly Visitors, prepared by the 
New York Charity Organization Society. Write the Junction City (Kas.) 
Cooperative Cooking Club for their plan of reducing by combining 
kitchen work. 

As to federations of women's clubs, address Mrs. Mary Lowe Dickin- 
son, president of National Woman's Council, 158 West Twenty-third 
Street*, New York ; also, as to King's Daughters. The Countess of 
Aberdeen (Arena, February, 1895) suggests as appropriate work for 
women's clubs, among other things : " The care and sanitation of the 
home, the nurture of the children, their physical, mental, moral, and 
spiritual education . . . our own spiritual and mental, moral and 
spiritual needs — how they can be supplied so as to fit us for our life's 
work." 

56. The Americans have completed their rednctio ad absurdum in 
pleasure as well as in business. Eating and drinking no longer suffice 
to bring people together, and the ladies say that if you want anyone to 



272 APPENDIX. 

come now, you must have something special to entertain your guests. 
You must have somebody sing, or recite, or play ; I believe it has not 
yet come to a demand for hired dancing, as it presently will, if it does in 
London. — W. D. Howells in The Cosmopolitan. As to teaching civics, 
correspond with the American Institute of Civics, 38 Park Row, New 
York, which publishes most valuable pamphlets and leaflets, of which 
fifty cents would bring a good variety to start with. 

57. See Appendix. 

58. Alice Stone Blackwell, in 1895, in The Woman's Journal, tells 
us in what States women can vote, and on what questions : " Women 
have suffrage on all questions in Wyoming and Colorado ; full municipal 
suffrage in Kansas, a limited municipal suffrage in Iowa, and school 
suffrage in Kentucky, Kansas, Wyoming, Michigan, Minnesota, Colo- 
rado, New Hampshire, Oregon, Massachusetts, New York, Vermont, 
Nebraska, Wisconsin, Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, 
Montana, Arizona, New Jersey, Illinois, Connecticut, and Ohio. The 
limited municipal suffrage of Iowa also includes a vote on school ques- 
tions. The form of school suffrage differs in different States. For 
instance, in Massachusetts women can vote for school officers, but not 
upon school appropriations. In New Jersey they can vote for school 
appropriations, but not for school officers ; the Supreme Court having 
decided the latter to be unconstitutional. In most States where they 
have school suffrage they vote for school officers." Dr. Joseph Cook 
suggests as a safe rallying cry for electoral reform, No sex, no shirks, no 
simpletons in suffrage, that is, he accepts woman suffrage only when 
safeguarded by the educational qualification on one side, and by com- 
pulsory voting on the other. It is significant that Miss Susan B. 
Anthony, early in 1895, made a long argument in The Independent for 
the educational qualification for voting. As working men are beginning 
to see that the people will not venture on government ownership of 
monopolies without civil service reform, so women should see that the 
perils of suffrage are already too great to double the number of voters 
without introducing the educational qualification. In place of com- 
pulsory voting, the author would have compulsory recording of reasons 
for not voting, which would allow for cases of conscience while 
effectively rallying to the ballot-box those who had no excuse worthy of 
record. If " Woman's rights" ever wins its case it will be under the 
nobler name of Woman's Duties. 

59. The plan which the author as a pastor used successfully, " making 
the Bible read like a romance, like a new book," as one of his members 
expressed it, is published at $10 per 100, 15 cents per copy, under the 
title, Reading the Bible with Relish. In this connection should be 
noted also, The Home Department of the Sabbath School, designed to 
enlist in the study of the regular lessons those who are unable to attend 
the school. Send to Dr. W..A. Duncan, 1 Somerset Street, Boston, for 
circulars of information. 

60. Benjamin Kidd shows that even parental altruism has been per- 
verted, not in individuals only, but in whole nations also [e. g., ancient 
Greece and Rome and modern France], by rationalism, which utters no 
efficient disapproval of sexual immorality and no authoritative call to the 
sacrifices of marriage and especially of motherhood, Social Evolution, 
283, 294, 303. 

61. Rev. Dr. John Hall of New York City, Rev. Dr. Tennis W. 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 273 

Hamlin of Washington, regard the increasing tendency to use Sabbath 
afternoon and evening for dinner parties and receptions, even in 
Christian homes of wealth, as one of the most serious perils of the 
Sabbath and of religion. 

62. Dr. Alfred Russell Wallace, the eminent scientist, in the Novem- 
ber, 1894, Nineteenth Century, brought the influence of his great name 
and of that prominent periodical to bear upon the duty and privilege of 
giving household servants, both men and maids, larger enjoyment of 
Sabbath rest. The civil law, both in Great Britain and in the United 
States, excepts " work of necessity p by which household work is chiefly 
meant, from its prohibition of Sunday work, trusting to the humanity of 
each household to limit the work of servants on that day by the proper 
interpretation of the word " necessity." Many servants are worked 
unnecessarily and unmercifully even in Christian homes on the Lord's 
day, in disregard of both divine and civil laws, but it is frequently the 
case that servants are released from work for half of the day and half of 
some week day. Dr. Wallace urges that Christians should regard it as 
a privilege, if not a duty, for those members of the household "who 
have spent the week largely in idleness or in pleasure, or in work of 
a kind different from that of their servants," to take the servants' 
Sunday work. This would not involve the keeping of anyone from 
church, except those who took care of the babies, in which the fathers 
should take their turns. A Sunday dinner, as the writer knows, may be 
the best of the week without keeping anyone from the banquet of the 
soul to prepare it, if only the wife has the wit and the will to so plan it. 
For all engaged on the Sabbath in works of necessity and mercy, we 
would have a written or unwritten law that they should have a consec- 
utive rest for twenty-four hours every week, including the first half or 
second half of the Sabbath — more, if possible. Where there's a will 
there will be found a way. 

63. See " Seventeen Propositions on Child-Saving," Hendersons' 
Dependents, Defectives \ Delinquents, 75-76. Also a very valuable 
number of The Charities Review, March, 1893, devoted to child-saving. 
Professor A. G. Warner, in a very able chapter on " Dependent 
Children" {American Charities, ch. ix, also pp. 347, 351), states as the 
conviction of many experts in child-saving, " that no child should be 
placed in an institution except on judicial approval. . . The de- 
pendency of each child should be ascertained by a court and the 
guardianship of the child then vested in the board of guardians." This 
chapter shows that New York, by making it easy for parents to 
transfer the care of their children, until they are old enough to 
earn something, to subsidized sectarian institutions, has increased the 
number of its dependent children until there is I to every 260 of the 
population [1 to 100 in New York City], whereas Michigan, by acting 
on the principles above described, has reduced the number of its 
dependent children to 1 in each 7256 inhabitants. Only twenty per 
cent, of the juvenile dependents in New York are orphans. Private 
benevolence pays only twenty-one per cent, of expense of dependent 
children in New York City ; ninety-seven per cent, in Philadelphia. 

64. The following words are copied from a private boarding-school 
advertisement in a leading religious paper : " Don't say that 8 or 9 or 10 
is too young to send him to me. I have to do what I can for older boys, 
but if I could fill my school with 8-year-olds, I shouldn't take one at 9 ; 
and I know my business." 



274 APPENDIX. 

65. Professor A. G. Warner {American Charities, 345) states that nine 
of New York's private and sectarian charities received, in the year end- 
ing October 1, 1892, as their per capita allowance from the State for 
support of a part of the inmates, $65,498 more than they expended for 
the maintenance of all the inmates. See also ch. xvii on " Public Sub- 
sidies to Private Charities." 

66. Professor A. G. Warner shows {American Charities, 224) that 
congregating children in asylums results, in the case of infants, in. high 
mortality ; in the case of older children, in low vitality. On p. 237 he 
says : " The placing-out system at its best is the best system." The 
New York Children's Aid Society distributed about seventy-five thousand 
children in Western homes between 1857 and 1893. Two of these 
have grown up to be governors of States, one a mayor, one a legislator, 
and others have become eminent, or useful at least, as ministers, lawyers, 
doctors, teachers, merchants, and farmers. See article on " Placing Out 
New York Children in the West," Charities Reviezu, 2 : 214. The 
Datigerous Classes of New York, by Charles Loring Brace, is largely 
descriptive of his rescues of homeless children. In the office of the 
Children's Aid Society, under a beautiful picture of the rich young 
ruler, the following words of Mr. Brace have been attached : " How any 
youth can grow up to manhood enjoying all the blessings of life in such 
a city as this, crowded with misfortune and cursed by crime, and not feel 
it his solemn duty to do his best to lessen these evils, is something 
incomprehensible." 

67. Dr. Wichern of the Rauhe Haus, being asked by what means he 
was able to produce such wonderful changes in the wayward children 
committed to his care, said, "By the Word of God and music." — We 
now know that the mere intellectual rudiments of education have very 
little influence indeed in preventing crime, though they may have a dis- 
tinct influence in modifying its forms. Such education merely puts a 
weapon into the hands of the anti-social man. The only education that 
avails to prevent crime in any substantial degree must be education that 
is as much physical and moral as intellectual; and education that enables 
him to play a fair part in social life. — Havelock Ellis, The Criminal. 

68. Statistics showing that criminals do not usually lack mental but 
oftener manual education are given in Behrends' Socialism and Chris- 
tianity, pp. 244-245. The author found ninety per cent, of the inmates 
of a Massachusetts State prison entered as having " no trade." 

69. F. B. Pratt of Pratt Institute makes the following distinction 
between " manual " and " industrial " education : " ' Manual training,' 
an education which has for its sole object the training of the will powers." 
" Industrial education stands for that training in the arts, sciences, and 
the crafts which makes a far better workman, whatever the condition of 
his industrial pursuit." — Handbook of Sociological Information, p. 9. 
Send for reports and circulars of the Industrial Education Association, 
21 University Place, New York, and for United States Department of 
Labor Report on Industrial Education. Those who wish to go into this 
subject fully will, of course, study in person or by reports the Massachu- 
setts Institute of Technology ; Cooper Union, New York ; Pratt Institute, 
Brooklyn ; Drexel Institute, Philadelphia ; Armour Institute, Chicago ; 
New York Trade Schools, etc. Massachusetts, in 1895, provided that, 
after that year, " manual training shall be given in every city having a 
population of twenty thousand, and authorizes instruction in cooking as 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 275 

a part of the regular curriculum throughout the State." The winning 
argument was as follows : " If Boston provides full collegiate preparation 
through her Latin schools, and full preparation for business through her 
high schools, surely there ought to be opportunity for boys who wish to 
learn trades to be taught the principles preparatory to such callings." — 
Dinners at nominal prices are provided for the children in the national 
schools of Germany through the cooking schools connected therewith. — 
Hughes, Philanthropy of God, p. 280. Henry Holt, in The Forum, 
April, 1895, discussing industrial discontent, says: "Manual training, 
then, and its accompanying instruction in principles, should cover ground 
enough to enable a man to practise more than one trade, and, if need be, 
to quickly learn a dozen. With rational teaching, this could be done in 
less time than, under the apprentice system, it takes to learn one." There 
are rumors going the rounds of the papers that agricultural colleges 
unmake more farmers than they make, whose probable falsity or possible 
truth should be investigated by some sociologist. It is the writer's firm 
conviction that the prospective minister would do well to learn a mechani- 
cal trade, after the fashion of the old rabbis, after the pattern of Christ 
and Paul — carpentry, for instance, or tent-making, or fishing, all apos- 
tolic. Such courage as the times call for would not then be so much 
challenged by the fear of loss of support for wife and children. It would 
be a good reserve battery for the future teachers of economics also, whom 
the corporations are seeking to silence — so Professor R. T. Ely says — 
(Socialism and Social Problems, 282), which statement Hon. Carroll D. 
Wright confirmed with instances. The Board of Regents of Wisconsin 
showed no lack of courage in their acquittal of Professor Ely, who had 
been attacked, notwithstanding his conservative and careful discussion of 
new economic doctrines. They said: "We cannot for a moment be- 
lieve that knowledge has reached its final goal, or that the present con- 
dition of society is perfect. We must, therefore, welcome from our 
teachers such discussions as shall suggest the means and prepare the way 
by which knowledge may be extended, present evils may be removed, 
and others prevented." 

70. Professor Bemis of Chicago University, as the result of special 
investigations, declares that American labor organizations do not gener- 
ally discriminate against the American boy in favor of the foreign immi- 
grant, nor do they oppose the apprentice system. — Doc. 129 of American 
Academy of Political and Social Science. Even this statement of Pro- 
fessor Bemis does not wholly convince the public that its former belief in 
this matter is wholly wrong. More investigation is needed. 

71. On Fresh Air Fund and kindred summer charities, see Christianity 
Practically Applied, 274 (., 293 f. The New York Association for Im- 
proving the Condition of the Poor proposes to utilize, during the sum- 
mer, some of the public-school buildings in the crowded districts of the 
city foirfree instruction in kindergartening and manual training of such 
children as may be induced to attend. As thousands of children in the 
tenement districts must live in the streets during the heated term, it is 
believed that many will be glad to spend a few hours every week in these 
"Vacation Schools," where play and study are so happily commingled. 
The school hours are only from 9 A. M. to 1 P. M., and the exercises are 
so arranged as not to prove irksome to even the smallest children. The 
experiment has already been adopted with success in Boston and in 
Other cities. Philadelphia has a Small Parks Association which is en- 



276 APPENDIX. 

deavoring to brighten the lives of the poor of that city by providing 
places where the little ones can romp and play at will without being tor- 
mented with the everlasting admonition to " keep off the grass." The 
want of such places, the members perceived, was particularly felt in the 
thickly built up sections of the city. The association thereupon urged 
that, from time to time, certain abandoned graveyards and vacant lots in 
the heart of the old city be purchased or leased for this purpose. Some 
time ago it was proposed that, until permanent playgrounds could be 
secured, owners or trustees of open spaces should allow temporarily the 
use of such places by the children. This has met with a general and 
generous response. New charities are branching out of Christian altru- 
ism faster than the sociologist can record them. The National Associa- 
tion of Elocutionists is seeking to induce every city of twenty-five thou- 
sand or more inhabitants to maintain a special school for stammerers. 
Dr. Honig of Berlin has invented a new ambulance, to consist of a litter 
carried by cyclists on their soft wheels. The movement to prevent the 
hideous and cruel docking of horses' tails won an effective law in Con- 
necticut in 1895. 

72. 77 Madison Street, New York. 

73. Helen Campbell, in an article on " Child Life in Factories," pub- 
lished through the Irving Syndicate in several papers August 2, 1894, 
says : "At all points, in fields, workshops, factories, mines, and homes, 
these children are working from ten to twelve, and even fifteen, hours a 
day. Not only is there the positive hardship and suffering that accom- 
panies toil of this nature, but the negative one of the utter absence of 
joy or any pleasure that rightfully belongs to childhood. Added to this 
is the ignorance which results and which settles like a pall on mind and 
spirits. The average age at which these factory children begin work is 
nine years old. They were found by the first factory inspectors to be 
not only delicate and puny, but so ignorant that many had no mental 
outlook beyond their own factory. The report of the New Jersey Bureau 
of Labor states as follows : ' Sixty per cent, had never heard of the 
United States or Europe, and ninety-five per cent, had never heard of 
the Revolutionary War. Many who had heard of the United States 
could not say where they were.' The Commissioner of New York State 
reported in 1887 : ' Year by year we have seen the demand increase for 
smaller and smaller children until it became a veritable robbery of the 
cradle to supply them.' School attendance, though made compulsory, is 
evaded at every turn, the most rigid inspection being almost powerless 
against the concerted lying of parents, whose greed is often as evil a 
factor in the child's life as any to be encountered in factory or shop." 
Confirmation of Mrs. Campbell's last sentence is afforded by the reports 
of the New York State Superintendent of Schools, which show that, in 
1851, the " total attendance " comprised 75.6 per cent, of the school 
population. This percentage has constantly fallen off with surprising 
regularity during the intervening forty years. In 1861 it was 65.6 per 
cent.; in 1871 it was 68.4 per cent.; in 1881 it was 61.4 per cent.; in 
1891 it was 57.8 per cent. William T. Harris, Commissioner of Edu- 
cation, in February, 1894, reported the following States and Territories 
as having compulsory school-attendance laws : Arizona, California, Colo- 
rado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, 
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, 
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 277 

Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washing- 
ton, Wisconsin, Wyoming (Pennsylvania since added). The laws of 
Massachusetts and Connecticut are the most elaborate and the most 
rigidly enforced. (New York undertook enforcement in earnest in 1895.) 
Laws usually apply from 8 to 14 years, and for 12 to 20 weeks. The 
tendency is to increase the time. In Massachusetts it is 30 weeks, in 
Connecticut the whole school year. In 13 States compliance with the 
law is a condition of employment, and in 10 States employment during 
school hours is forbidden for children under a specified age, usually 12 
or 13 — in New Jersey 14 for girls. pSix States provide free text-books, 
and California and Ohio clothing for the poor, while 3 States excuse 
them from school. — Handbook of Sociological Information, p. 8. On 
almost every aspect of education pamphlets may be had free on applica- 
tion to the Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. 

74. See a valuable article in Educational Review, January, 1895, on 
" One Year with a Little Girl," a minute study of a year beginning at 
her nineteenth month. 

75. Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst is quoted in The Independent of 
February, 28, 1895, to the following effect : " There is more of the 
marrow and quintessence of truth in a single chapter of organized events 
and analyzed incident than there is in a ton of news items, though swept 
up from the dirty floor of the entire habitable portion of the world." 

76. The Outlook (March, 2, 1895) said : " The cable has done many 
good things, but it has also made gossip international. For instance, this 
continent was gravely informed by cable from London that Mr. William 
K. Vanderbilt had purchased at auction a necklace consisting of thirty- 
nine pearls with a diamond clasp. It was also announced that the Prince 
and Princess of Wales, and what the late Mr. McAllister would have 
called a ' select party,' skated on a pleasant afternoon last week on the 
lake in front of Buckingham Palace, and that the Queen looked on from 
a window ; while from Cairo came the announcement that the Khedive 
has formally married a slave-girl who had been one of his favorites." 

77. " What dreffle things have happened this time?" said a child of 
five years as the head of the family opened the newspaper. — The finer 
sensibilities of delicate minds are hardened by constant reading of details 
of cruel and unclean actions. Those who are already feeble in purpose 
and idle are more strongly influenced. The daily newspapers are some- 
times direct stimulants to crime . . . and augment the ranks of the 
human animals of prey. . . Hardened men will kill others or commit 
suicide in order to be sure of getting their names in the newspapers. — 
Professor C. R. Henderson, Dependents, Defectives, Delinquents , 132. 
A committee of the Society of Friends of Baltimore, in 1894, secured 
one hundred signatures of the leading educators of Baltimore to the fol- 
lowing, and then sent it to every publisher in Maryland: " The under- 
signed, deeply interested in the education of the young, and in the main- 
tenance of public morals, and profoundly sensible of the vast influence 
exerted by the press, respectfully and earnestly appeal to the editors and 
journalists of our State for their cooperation. In particular we ask that 
the detailed and sensational reports of vice and crime, and the immoral 
orquestionable advertisements which appear in so many of our news- 
papers may be excluded. Cordially recognizing the sympathy manifested 
by the conductors of the public press, as a body, with the objects which 
we have at heart, we beg that greater care may be exercised in respect to 



278 APPENDIX. 

this important matter." The committee have received a large number of 
very kind and sympathetic replies from editors and publishers. The fol- 
lowing is published by Mrs. Emilie D. Martin, N. W. C. T. U., Super- 
intendent of Department of Purity in Literature and in Art : " Reso- 
lution unanimously adopted at the Tenth Annual Convention of the 
National Editorial Association, Asbury Park, N. J., July 5, 1894 : Re- 
solved, That the National Editorial Association is heartily in accord with 
every effort in the direction of elevating the moral standard of the press. 
We appreciate the interest that is being taken by the various woman's 
organizations in educating public sentiment in this direction, and will 
lend our united aid and influence in furthering the object." The author 
has found that daily papers are more willing to publish matter favorable 
to religion and reform than is generally supposed. For instance, when 
reports of reform addresses are furnished by the speaker, in good news- 
paper form, of the right length, breadth, and thickness, a column will as 
often be devoted to such use as less. We have not, because we ask not. 

78. Colonel F. W. Parker, in a contribution to the author's Associated 
Press of Reforms, says : " The social factor in a republican education 
stands above all other factors in importance. No course of study, how- 
ever elaborate, no methods or teachers, can instruct pupils in their duties 
toward all without the presence in the school of a representative of all 
grades of society, and of all phases of religious and political thought. 
The common school is the practice and preparation school of the nation ; 
it is the government in embryo ; the infant republic. . . The real danger 
of all schools not common, below the college, both parochial and private, 
is the segregation of one class of children in a community. The prod- 
uct of such segregation is lack of true sympathy — misunderstanding. 
Class-building has for its inevitable sequence, dislike, hate, and bigoted 
intolerance, all of which make a true democratic feeling impossible." 

79. One may see the progressive and conservative theories of Roman 
Catholic ecclesiastics, as to whether and how far the State has the right 
to teach, in a pamphlet which maintains that it has, but includes replies 
from those of the opposite view, " Education : to Whom Does it Belong ? " 
by the Rev. Thomas Boquillon, D. D., of the Catholic University at 
Washington. As to the claims made by numerous bishops that the school 
fund should be divided, probably the files of the Catholic Review of New 
York, from which we shall quote sufficiently on this point, would be the 
best original source. 

80. How difficult it is to persuade the Roman Catholic laity to send 
their children to parochial rather than public schools, is shown by the 
following quoted from The Catholic Review in The Congregaiionalist of 
January 30, 1890 : " The Catholic who deliberately refuses to send his 
children to his parish school is guilty of a violation of a law of the Church, 
and he gives scandal by setting an example of disobedience to his fel- 
low-Catholics. . . They know very well that they have rendered themselves 
justly liable to the discipline of the Church, but they no doubt are also 
aware that their pastors are restrained from administering wholesome 
discipline simply to avoid an open rebellion in the parish." Notwith- 
standing such threatening appeals for years previous, the census of 1890 
showed but 673,601 children in all parochial schools, many of them 
Lutheran. There were about as many more in private schools, 686, 106, 
but the pupils of the public schools numbered 12,563,894, including 
manifestly the vast majority of Roman Catholic children. 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 279 

81. In a famous case at Galatzin, Pa., the courts were asked to decide 
whether such teachers, by wearing their peculiar garb in the public 
schools, and requiring that they should be called " sisters," did not vio- 
late the State Constitution, which forbids sectarian teaching in such 
schools. The lower court said yes. The higher court, in a decision 
which might easily have been mistaken for a stump speech, reversed the 
decision as to the garb, declaring, however, that teaching the Roman 
Catholic catechism in the schoolhouse, even after school hours, would 
be a violation of the constitution. On this decision The Mihvaukee 
Catholic Citizen, with more sense, as "well as better law than the court, 
said : " We think that it would have been better public policy if the 
court had found a way to rule against the permission of a religious garb 
in the public school. These are common schools, and if we are fair 
enough to put ourselves in the position of Protestants, we will see that the 
presence of a Catholic sisterhood with all the insignia of their order, 
dress, rosaries, and crosses, has its religious influence, just as a flag or a 
uniform has its significance. There is no practical gain for Catholics in 
this decision, but rather the reverse ; for if the court is to be liberal in 
permitting Catholic sectarianism in the public schools, the door is open 
for a larger introduction of Protestant sectarianism." 

82. If any suppose that Roman Catholics admit the superiority of 
Protestant countries, as shown in Lansing's Romanism and the Republic 
and other literature, they will find the opposite claimed rather in Alfred 
Young's Catholic and Protestant Countries Compared, published by the 
Catholic Book Exchange ($1.00), which the New York Sun considers 
" the strongest piece of controversial literature on the Catholic side that 
has been put forth in recent times." It was reviewed in The Independent 
in March, 1895. 

83. At the Catholic Lay Congress in Baltimore, I heard from one of 
the speakers the applauded and excellent definition : " Education does 
not mean to lead out, but to lead up." 

84. To the primary teacher I would say . . . your constant purpose 
must be the moralizing and humanizing of the boys and girls under your 
charge. . . No man who takes a broad view of education can regret to 
see the growth of physical science as an educational agency. . . But it 
must not be allowed to drive the literary and the ethical from their 
supreme place. — Professor S. S. Laurie, in address to Liverpool Council 
of Education, 1888. What is morality but the being right with the total 
environment ? There is no totality with God left out. Any fundamen- 
tal separation in thought and life between right and God, morality and 
religion, is deadly dualism. — President George E. Gates, Christianity 
Practically Applied, 1 : 477. Touch the subject of education where you 
please, and apply it as you may, it can only achieve the best, and the 
most, when it has regard to him " in whom are hid all the treasures of 
wisdom and^knowledge." But in the eager exciting search, this is just 
what the secularist would have us ignore. His theory is that we are to 
look for the gold, but elsewhere than in the mine. — Rev. M. Rhodes, 
D. D., in Lutheran Tract, " They Must not be Divorced." See Kidd's 
Social Evolution, ch. ix, " Human Evolution is not Primarily Intellect- 
ual," for proof that we do not excel the ancients in brain power but only 
in heart culture. Not in craniums, but only in charities do we excel even 
the troglodytes. Altruism then is the power behind the world's progress 
in civilization, and on this account ethical and philanthropic studies 
should have large place in education, 



280 APPENDIX. 

85. " Ignorance is a cause of crime. Nevertheless 66.57 P er cent, of 
all prisoners charged with homicide have received the rudiments of an 
education, in English or in their own tongue, and 3.44 percent, have re- 
ceived a higher education. Ignorance of a trade is a cause of crime. 
But 19.35 per cent, are returned as mechanics or apprentices, and a much 
larger number have the necessary skill to follow mechanical pursuits. 
Idleness is a cause of crime. But 82.21 per cent, were employed at the 
time of their arrest. Intemperance is a cause of crime, though a less 
active and immediate cause than is popularly supposed. But 20.10 per 
cent, were total abstainers, and only 19.87 per cent, are returned as 
drunkards. The root of crime is not in circumstances, but in character. 
The saying of the Great Teacher will forever remain true : ' Out of the 
heart proceed evil thoughts, murders.' Science confirms the moral teach- 
ings of religion." — Rev. F. H. Wines, United States Census (1890) 
Bulletin, 182. 

86. The Bureau of Education has concluded, from statistics gathered 
from twenty States, that the proportion of criminals among the illiterates 
is about ten times as great as among those who have been instructed in 
the elements of a common school education or beyond. But it should be 
added that the thefts of educated criminals are, on the average, more than 
ten times as great. The illiterate robs a freight car ; the educated thief 
steals the whole railroad. 

87. The question of Bible reading in the public schools has been 
settled in Toronto, Canada, to the satisfaction of both Protestants and 
Catholics, by the introduction of a reading book containing selections of 
Scripture. A petition signed by many thousands of names — among them 
that of W. J. Onahan, who is known among Catholics as their most dis- 
tinguished layman in America — was presented to the Chicago Board of 
Education, in 1894, asking for the use of this or a similar book in the 
public schools of that city. The petitioners say : "As the whole reli- 
gious world united without objection in the universal prayers to ' Our 
Father who art in Heaven ' during the world's religious congresses of 
1893, we believe that all right-minded classes of Americans now agree on 
the daily reading in the public schools of suitable selections from the 
sacred Scriptures, and the recitation of that prayer and the two great 
commandments upon which hang all the law and the prophets, thereby 
fixing in the minds of the children the vital spiritual principles on which 
good citizenship and the future welfare of our country so largely depend." 
The Inter-Ocean is urging this movement to restore the Bible to the 
public schools of Chicago, from which it was suddenly expelled by a 
sinister attack in 1875, without opportunity for the people to be heard. 

88. Cardinal Gibbons, in a letter to a Methodist preacher (quoted in 
The Independent, February 21, 1895), urging the reunion of all Chris- 
tians, says : " The Catholic Church holds to all the positive doctrines of 
all the Protestant Churches." 

89. See extracts in Appendix from Easy lessons in Christian Doc- 
trine, whose use is above described. As to prayer, priests and preach- 
ers in Ansonia, Conn., in March, 1895, recommended the Lord's Prayer 
as found in Matthew vi : 9-13, for use at the opening of public schools. 
In this connection what follows in the next note from The Catholic 
Review gets new significance. 

90. " For God's sake, dear friends of religion, of morality and good 
prder, let us lay aside our prejudices and come together on the same 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 281 

common ground that will do justice to all with partiality to none, and let 
us resolve that at least Christian children shall be trained in Christian 
doctrine and in the Christian spirit, that they may constitute a safe and 
permeating leaven that with the blessing of God shall leaven the whole 
lump." — Quoted in Christian Statesman, November, 1892. 

91. The American Hebrezv, February, 14, 1890, commenting on an 
article by Rev. J. A. Faulkner in The Christian at Work, said : " On 
the point at issue he takes exactly and literally the same position which 
The American Hebrew has occupied. In order to be exact, we quote 
his own words : ' It is both feasible arid proper that children should be 
instructed in the common schools in the main principles of religion, that 
there is a God, and that it is our duty to fear, reverence, and love him. 
Any distinctively Christian or sectarian instruction it is not within the 
province of a Democratic State to give. This must be left to the Church 
and the family. But it is madness for the State, in the interests of a 
false materialism, to banish all the higher truth from the training places 
of her future citizens in the most influential period of their lives.' 
This is in every way the theoretical view of the matter which we have 
always held. Mr. Faulkner then goes on to expound his ideas as to the 
practical method for carrying them out, and it is also identical with that 
which we have suggested : ' Let a committee of Jewish, Protestant, and 
Catholic laymen, representing all sections of the taxpayers, cull from an 
unobjectionable translation the more important historical and ethical 
portions of the Old Testament, and make those portions the subject of 
daily study in the schools. Is not the story of Joseph and of Esther as 
profitable reading as the history of Alfred the Great and of Paul Revere ? 
And are not the Proverbs of Solomon as excellent food for morals as the 
fables of .Fsop ? ' " 

92. If you examine into the history of rogues, you will find they are 
as truly manufactured articles as anything else. . . Let us reform our 
schools, and we shall find little reform needed in our prisons. — Ruskin, 
Unto This Last. The law in France requires that " schoolmasters and 
mistresses shall teach the children, during the whole duration of their 
school life, their duties toward their family, their country, their fellow 
creatures, toward themselves and toward God." 

93. A special cable dispatch to The World, of New York City, July 7, 
states that the Parliament of France is grappling in earnest with the drink 
evil, and has determined" upon four definite methods of restriction, as 
follows. I. Prohibition of such liquors as are declared dangerous by the 
Academy of Medicine. This will take in absinthe and various other 
concoctions. 2. State monopoly in other drinks containing over 15 per 
cent, of alcohol. This is the Swiss system, and virtually the same, in its 
main features, as the South Carolina dispensary system. 3. The repeal 
of all taxes on liquors containing less than 15 per cent, of alcohol (beer 
and wines). r 4. The introduction of temperance instruction into the 
primary schools at once, and the extension of such instruction a little 
later into the secondary schools. When these lectures were delivered, 
February, 1895, Georgia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Indiana had not 
adopted scientific temperance education. In March Indiana did so, 
and Tennessee soon after. The other two can hardly shut out the sur- 
rounding light for long. The secret opposition of rum-befriending 
politicians and the indifference of some teachers make it important 
that pastors and parents who value such teaching shall see to it that 



282 APPENDIX. 

the laws prescribing these lessons are obeyed. It is a surprising 
sample of the impracticability of much of our education that, notwith- 
standing the general study of hygiene in the schools, The Forum of May, 
1895, shows that, as a rule, schoolrooms are ill ventilated, poorly lighted, 
and overcrowded, which is largely the fault of school boards, but would 
be impossible if public sentiment were sufficiently enlightened and 
aroused by teachers and pupils and their friends. Ranke's Elements of 
Physiology gives thirty-five cubic feet of fresh air per minute for each 
person as a requisite to the best health. It is appropriate to note here also 
the substitute for alcohol in emergencies used by Dr. Sarah Hackett 
Stevenson of the National Temperance Hospital, Chicago. She says : 
" I have now learned how thoroughly we can meet exigencies of all 
kinds without the use of alcohol in any form, and that we have at our 
command remedies that are better. I find that the use of coffee and 
tea and alcoholic drinks create in the system such a condition that, when 
alcohol is administered to the patient, the system fails to respond. Car- 
bonate of ammonia dissolved in milk I find to be an efficient substitute." 
Here it is fitting to note also that the New York Christian Advocate finds 
that of 534 " Keeley cure" cases investigated 275 were cured — a good 
showing, though less than the boast. Chauncey M. Depew thinks the 
best results come from a combination of the "gold" and "gospel" 
cures. 

94. In this connection we urge not only upon teachers but especially 
upon the Young Men's Christian Associations and the various young 
people's societies a vigorous and persistent, though kindly, crusade against 
tobacco, the foe of purity and abstinence, of health and thrift. It is not 
worth while worrying confirmed slaves of tobacco, except to make them 
respect the rights of others to pure air. But it is relatively easy to rescue 
beginners. Their own headaches and heart-flutters and uneasy con- 
sciences leave no spirit in them for self-defense. Surely a young Chris- 
tian cannot be indifferent to the arguments that tobacco wastes money 
and strength, and incites to passion and appetite, and enthrones a weed 
as the master of the will. It is an encouraging sign of the times that 
many influential bodies of men have had their attention arrested by the 
undoubted evils of cigarette smoking among youths, and that they carry 
their reason one step further and say that what is so very harmful to the 
youngsters cannot be very beneficial for the elders. So, every day or two 
we learn that some "council," or "school board," or "legislature" 
has taken the matter into consideration. Anti-cigarette laws were passed, 
in 1895, in California, Nebraska, and West Virginia — probably in other 
States, but the so-called newspapers do not tell us. In nearly every 
legislature anti-cigarette laws and laws raising age of consent, and laws 
legalizing race-track gambling were introduced in 1895, and will be 
again in 1896 in many. 

95. See Atterbury's Sunday Problem (James H. Earle, Boston, pub- 
lisher, 35 cents), pp. 25, 37 ; also my Sabbath for Man, alphabetical 
index, " Hygiene." 

96. The difference between business and gambling is simply this, that, 
in gambling, one party or the other must lose, while in business both may 
gain, and commonly do so. . . New York thieves and pickpockets . . . 
never speak of having stolen a watch or other valuable ; they have "won " 
it. . . Gambling speculation is going through the form of purchase and 
§ale, without any thought of actual goods or actual trade ; it is just be^ 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 283 

ting on the future prices of things. . . It does not steady prices, but is 
one of the most potent forces in unsteadying them. — President E. B. 
Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law, 12, 70, 72, 74. The great majority 
of the phenomenal fortunes of the day are the result of what may be 
called lucky gambling. . . Wall Street is its headquarters, and millions 
upon millions of dollars are accumulated there to meet the wants of the 
players. . . Railroad stocks are its favorite cards to bet upon, for their 
values are liable to constant fluctuations, on account of weather, crops, 
new combinations, wars, strikes, deaths, and legislation. They can also 
easily be affected by personal manipulations. . . The fortunes started 
by luck afterward grow by the inherent attractive power of money. But 
the money which composes them is the money won from the unlucky and 
not the money, or in very small part that, earned by the railroads for 
transportation. More and more every year are men, from all parts of 
the country, taking their surplus in trade, in manufactures, in farming, 
and in all their multifarious pursuits, and bringing them into Wall Street 
to bet upon railroad cards. — E. Porter Alexander, Railway Practice, 56, 
57. In 1895 the governors of the New York Stock Exchange decided 
no longer to lend the countenance of that institution to swindling enter- 
prises. If they live up to that there will not be much left of the Ex- 
change. See John Bigelow's article on " Gambling " in Harper s Maga- 
zine, February, 1895. 

97. At the beginning of the recent fight with the Louisiana lottery, I 
was a visitor in the home of a congressman in the Southwest, himself a 
church officer and his household mostly church members. But when I 
referred to the lottery in uncomplimentary terms, his wife said, in frank 
surprise : "I don't see any harm in the lottery. All of us ladies buy the 
tickets, and the cook and the coachman. My husband is a banker, and 
he thinks no one should buy lottery tickets except with his own money." 
That fairly represented the sentiment of many church-going people of 
that section — and of other sections, too — so recently as 1890. Another 
incident is needed to illustrate the attitude of the pulpit of that section 
at that time. Being in New Orleans to speak on Sabbath reform, I 
incidentally said, by way of introduction, in an address to the union 
preachers' meeting : " Louisiana has had two blots on its escutcheon — one 
the absence of a Sabbath law, the other the presence of a lottery law. 
The first blot you have already removed, and in three years you will 
have an opportunity to remove the other." I said no more of the lot- 
tery, but at the end of my half-hour speech I found the preachers had 
'forgotten everything else. One prominent pastor rebuked me for going 
beyond my special theme. Others attempted to defend themselves, 
though unaccused, for not preaching against the lottery. The chief 
pastor of the city said " he did not believe in preaching on particular 
sins." But when the war with the lottery began he preached on its 
"particular" infamy so severely that he was accused of "inciting to 
lawless methods for its overthrow." The other pastors also forgot their 
theories about ignoring sins that were in politics, and fought bravely for 
the rescue of the eighth commandment from the Philistines. A letter I 
had written after that preachers' meeting to the" Postmaster-General, 
which he referred to the Attorney-General, had led the latter to cause 
the introduction into Congress of the anti-lottery law, and so the fighting 
was forced at Washington as well as in Louisiana. Despite twenty-eight 
millions of profits per year, which the lottery had available for bribery, 



284 APPENDIX. 

let pessimists note that the legislators in Congress and the people in 
Louisiana both-voted right. 

98. See booklet of The Independent, reprinted from its columns, en- 
titled The Bible : Ignorance Respecting It, by a College President. 

99. The signatures to the petition included the governors of the most 
influential States in the country, together with many State officials, and 
State superintendents of public instruction. Mrs. Hunt, in a letter to 
the author, February 2, 1895, in reply to an inquiry, says : " No, there 
is not as much being done in the colleges and institutions of higher 
learning as there ought. The time has certainly come when the colleges 
and universities should send out their students knowing why they should 
be total abstainers." 

100. Sociology, almost unrecognized in the American college curric- 
ulum ten years ago, although it has not yet attained to the exactness of 
a science, is becoming not only a common, but a popular college study. 
In this respect social science promises to excel physical science ere long, 
as it already excels it in its ministry to the highest needs of man and the 
highest work of God. Christian sociology, first recognized in the estab- 
lishment of a full professorship in 1890 in the Chicago Theological 
Seminary (Congregational), is now taught by lectures or otherwise in an 
ever-increasing number of colleges and theological schools. In this con- 
nection should be noted the following words of Phillips Brooks: "If 
we understand aright our country and our time, it is the prophetship of 
the scholar which men are looking for and not seeming themselves to 
find. The cry of the land is for a moral influence to go out from our 
schools and colleges and studies to rebuke and to reform the corruption 
and the sin which are making even the coldest-blooded man tremble 
when he clips his foot into some brink of the sea of politics. . . The 
scholar is disgraced if the nation go mad with cheating, and his hand is 
never laid, cool and severe with truth, on its hot forehead." 

The subject of colleges and reform suggests a word on football. The 
college football clubs are getting even harder knocks from the press than 
from each other. In view of the fact that there were more wounded in 
the Harvard-Yale battle, in 1894, at Springfield, in proportion to the 
number engaged, than in any battle known to history, one paper proposes 
that the colleges should settle their quarrels by arbitration instead of foot- 
ball. Corbett objects to the "double standard " by which the public 
condemns retail slugging while permitting it wholesale. But the hardest 
hit is the joint decision of the secretaries of war and navy forbidding the 
cadets of West Point and Annapolis to play football, on the manifest 
ground that the game is too brutal for civilized soldiers. Public opinion 
certainly calls for the suppression of the game as too brutal for gentle- 
men, too dangerous for amusement. I have no antipathy to football. 
In the big churchyard of my Brooklyn church, I used to play football 
every Monday afternoon with my Sabbath-school boys of nine to sixteen 
years of age. I so cured my own Mondayishness, and won the boys to 
Christ, and the onlookers to my congregation. But in that case the game 
fitted the name. It was football not handball, not slugging in disguise. 
The Outlook thinks it significant that Yale University, which held the 
championship at the close of the 1894 games, found no essay handed in in 
1895 worthy of the " Lit." prize, one of the chief prizes of the Univer- 
sity. Those who desire to go into the subject further should write to 
President Eliot of Harvard for his annual report for 1893-94, in which he 



NOTES TO LECTURE II. 285 

condemns inter-collegiate football, which the Faculty of Arts has since 
asked the Athletic Committee to discontinue so far as Harvard is con- 
cerned. 

101. In connection with the foregoing suggestion, the Princeton stu- 
dents were shown, in an address before the Sociological Institute, sup- 
plemental to the lectures, how beer is made, by means of a large chart 
and a miniature distillery, which first distills out of the lager beer the 
alcohol, seven per cent, or less, with which a torch is saturated to show 
it is really intoxicating "fire water," and then the white of an egg is 
thickened and whitened as the like ^ubstance of the brain is affected in 
the case of the drinker. Then the water is distilled, leaving a bitter 
half spoonful of nearly indigestible solid matter for each glass of the 
drink, which, if it were the best bread, would yet cost at the rate of 
$250.40 per barrel, but which in fact no one can be hired to eat when 
the " fuddle " is out of it. In the writer's opinion, the whole fire of the 
temperance army might well be concentrated on beer as the bridge across 
which eighty per cent, of the drunkards reach their land of woe, as is 
shown by statistics obtained at the New York Christian Home for Intem- 
perate Men, in response to a question as to the drink on which each 
inmate began. We recommend the following pamphlets on this subject, 
all published by the National Temperance Society, New York : Beer 
and the Body, Testimony of Physicians, Catechism on Beer, Readings 
on Beer ; 5 cents each. Consult also Total Abstinence by Dr. Benjamin 
Ward Richardson, 20 cents. As to doctors giving lectures on such a 
subject with experiments, it would enable them to be doctors indeed, 
that is, teachers, not mere dosers, physicians. The great mission of 
"the family doctor " should be, not to heal its diseases, but prevent 
them, being paid by the year to teach the family how to keep well, and 
doctors might well be employed in schools also, to teach that health is 
greater happiness than anything for which it is sacrificed. The Union 
Signal of May 2, 1895, quotes an editorial from the Journal of The 
Atnerican Medical Association, in which instances are cited where drink- 
ing doctors and medical students have been pf late refused appointments 
and diplomas by the profession as showing a tendency to recognize the 
value of an unfuddled brain in the delicate work of doctors. This mat- 
ter of temperance education extension has a very close relation to the 
proposed union of reform parties. In 1895 old party ties had become 
very weak. Democratic papers and Democratic officeholders abused 
each other. Republicans were as divided on the silver question as their 
chief opponents on the tariff. Landslide after landslide had created a 
landslide vote in both of the leading parties, which vetoed its own party 
candidates whenever they were too manifestly the creatures of bosses or 
themselves objectionable. The Populists had also turned down their bad 
lot of governors. Everything was favorable for a new alignment on the 
anti-salopn and anti-monopoly issues, if only the public had been edu- 
cated to feel their supreme importance. There is no short cut to abiding 
triumph. A campaign of education alone can bring fusion without con- 
fusion. The silver and tariff issues are in their very nature transient. 
Business will insist on their speedy settlement for its own peace and 
prosperity. In 1900 moral reforms will have a clear field for the new 
century, if only the public mind has been prepared by the needed educa- 
tion. 

102. Neighborliness is the essence of all that is best in social effort. — 



286 APPENDIX. 

Samuel A. Barnett, Toynbee Hall, in handbook of Sociological Informa- 
tion, p. 98. " Alas ! it is not meat of which the refusal is crudest or to 
which the claim is validest. The life is more than the meat. The rich 
not only refuse food to the poor ; they refuse wisdom ; they refuse 
virtue ; they refuse salvation. Ye sheep without a shepherd, it is not 
the pasture that has been shut from you but the presence." — Communism 
of John Ruskin, p. 95 {Unto This Last, Essay iv). You cannot do 
your duty to the poor by a society. Your life must touch their life. — 
Phillips Brooks. For reports of leading University Settlements in the 
United States, apply to University Settlement Society, 26 Delancey 
Street, New York ; College Settlements Association [conducted by 
Women's Colleges], 95 Rivington Street, New York ; Eastside House, 
Foot East Seventy-sixth Street, New York ; The Chicago Commons, 
140 North Union Street, Chicago ; Epworth League Settlement, Boston ; 
Andover House, Boston ; Princeton House, Philadelphia ; Kingsley 
House, Pittsburg. Hull House, Chicago, is quite fully described in 
Stead's If Christ Came to Chicago, ch. v. See Outlook of April 27, 
1895, for full list of New York City's numerous settlements and descrip- 
tion of their work. A College Settlements Conference was held in New 
York City, May 3-5, 1895. The subject most discussed, and the one 
that seems most far-reaching, was the relation of the Settlements to the 
labor movement. This discussion brought out varied opinions as to 
methods, but unanimous agreement as to the necessity of developing some 
policy. Mr. Percy Alden of Mansfield House, London, in his explana- 
tion of the relation of Mansfield House to the labor question, showed that 
there was greater liberty accorded the Settlement movement in England 
in this direction than is accorded it in this country. Dennison House, in 
Boston, has done very positive work in affiliating itself with the labor 
movement. Miss Addams, of Hull House, Chicago, urged the applica- 
tion of the principle of conciliation and mediation as the function of the 
Settlement in all labor troubles, and this seemed to express the consensus 
of opinion of the audience. Education was treated from the standpoint 
of emancipation. Next to the labor question, social life received the 
greatest attention and brought out the greatest variety of opinion. The 
Settlement was presented as a meeting ground ; a medium of introduction 
between the classes ; a social center of the neighborhood ; and, lastly, 
the illustration, through the life of its residents, of the spirit in the home, 
and the interpretation, through neighborhood relations, of Christ to man. 
See also Fairbairn's Religion in History and Modern Life, 1894 edition, 
3-6 (Randolph, $1.50). 

103. The other day, in the East Side of New York, a Jewish mother 
from Russia was confined, and her little babe was born without a shred 
of clothing to put on it. The doctor, who had come from the College 
Settlement, sent back to the Settlement and got some baby garments that 
were kept for such an exigency, and brought them and put them on the 
little babe, and put the babe in the mother's arm. The mother shut her 
eyes and rested for a moment in that strange, sweet ecstasy of mother- 
hood, and then she opened her eyes and said : " What Jewish society 
sent these to me ? " The doctor said : " No Jewish society, my dear ; 
they were sent by some Christians." The mother shut her eyes and 
pondered a moment, and then she opened them again with wonder and 
said : " I didn't know that Christians could be kind." 

104. This pastor, Mr. Conte, preaching to two hundred Italians on the 



NOTES TO LECTURE It. 287 

Second clause of the Lord's Prayer, explained " his high ideal for the 
future of the Italian colony as representing the kingdom of God on North 
Street." The Outlook, in commenting upon the undertaking of philan- 
thropic work by gilds, settlements, etc. , apart from the Christian name, 
says : " They are mistaken when they think that to acknowledge their 
loyalty to Christ will create prejudices against them and put an obstacle 
in their way. It will lesson the prejudices and remove the obstacles. In 
all men, even the lowest and most ignorant, is a spiritual nature. For 
all reform, the direct appeal to this spiritual nature is the quickest and 
most efficacious method of enlisting the will on the side of the friend and 
the reformer. And no name so quickly appeals to this nature and elicits 
so quick a response as the name of Christ, as no spirit so quickly finds 
the unsprouted seed of divinity in the soul of man as the spirit of Christ. 
Wisdom and loyalty combine to demand of the Christian that he 
do Christ's work in Christ's name, as well as with his spirit : Wisdom, 
because that name is a powerful reenforcement of moral and spiritual 
work of every description ; loyalty, because honor demands that work to 
which Christ has called us, and for which he has inspired us, should be 
done in open, candid, and glad recognition of his leadership." 

105. Far and Near, in May, 1894, said of the University Settlement 
work in New York, for which it speaks : " There is one aim which we 
can avow and keep before us openly without harm or offense to any one 
— it is not to make our neighbors better or wiser, for very many of 
them excel us both in goodness and wisdom, but it is to make them 
happier." 

106. The illustrated papers and books so frequently found in barber 
shops, saloons, and other places of resort are chargeable with the sug- 
gestion and provocation of all the impulses which lead to rape, theft, 
arson, robbery, and murder. — Professor C. R. Henderson, Dependents, 
Defectives, Delinquents, 140. It would be fitting that the Ministers' 
Meeting, the Good Citizenship Committee, the Practical Ethics Club, or 
some like body, in every town should impressively request barber shops 
and newsrooms to exclude all literature whose pictures or titles or con- 
tents would, to young or old, be suggestive of vice or crime. Police 
Gazettes can be excluded by obscenity laws, if necessary, and in some 
States (it should be all) pictures of criminal acts may not be exposed in 
windows or elsewhere in sight of children. Anthony Comstock says : 
" The faro-bank, the roulette table, hazard, policy, and lotteries com- 
bined are to-day not doing the harm to this nation that pool gamblers 
and bookmakers upon the race-tracks are doing, supported as they are in 
their system of public plundering by otherwise reputable newspapers. 
The ' sure tip ' of the newspaper is beguiling many and many a youth to 
not only sacrifice his entire earnings, but tempting thousands to become 
defaulters, forgers, and thieves in order to get money to satisfy the insa- 
tiate gr^ed for gain awakened by these temptations." — Christianity Prac- 
tically Applied, vol. i, pp. 419-420. Editors are also greatly at fault for 
the reckless way in which they handle reputation, which Shakespeare 
truly described as more precious than gold. In the case of slander, 
retraction does not retract. Editors should hang on the front of their 
desks as a warning Will Carleton's lines : 

" Boys, flying kites, call in their white-winged birds— 
You can't do that way when you're flying words." 



288 APPENDIX. 



LECTURE III. 

1. While the producer is not, as often assumed, the sociological unit, 
the workshop, second to the home in the portion of life it covers, is also 
a secondary point of departure for sociological study, the home and 
workshop being the two foci in the sociological orbit. From home to 
shop and from shop to home, for six-sevenths of the days is the routine 
of life. 

2. Capital is every product which is used or held for the purpose of 
producing or acquiring wealth [as distinguished from property used to 
satisfy human wants directly, which,- in economics, is considered as 
" consumed "]. . . Production means the creation of utilities by the 
application of man's mental and physical powers to the physical uni- 
verse, which furnishes materials and forces. [All that nature furnishes 
is called "land" in economics.] This application of man's powers is 
called "labor." [Things furnished by nature become ." goods " when, 
by change of place or form, they become capable of satisfying any 
human want.] — Ely, Outlines of Economics, 103, 90, 91. 

3. To be poor is to live in perpetual anxiety about satisfying the very 
simplest wants, and to have all kinds of wants besides which you have no 
chance of satisfying. — William Morris, Hammersmith Socialist Library, 
No. 1. 

4. Ruskin shows in Unto This Last, Essay ii, that " the whole 
question of national wealth resolves itself finally into one of abstract 
justice." Injustice, which he calls elsewhere " the devil of iniquity or 
inequity " {Crown of Wild Olive, sect, i), may enrich a person, but only 
at a loss to the nation. — Justice is above that charity which is a substitute 
for justice, but justice can never wholly take the place of charity, nor 
even equal charity at its best. Even if justice should as fully triumph 
as is possible in an imperfect race, patience and charity would still be 
needed, and " the greatest of these is charity." 

5. The competitive system of industry is fast passing away. — Presi- 
dent E. B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral Lazu, 30. (Eight forms of 
trade combination specified, 30-31.) 

6. We reach solid ground for complaint in the fact that the products 
of society's toil are not distributed to individuals according to the causal- 
ity of individuals in creating those products. — President E. B. Andrews, 

Wealth and Moral Law, 81. All agree that the present distribution is 
unjust. — Ely's Socialism, 15. Shorter hours of work, better conditions, 
and a more equitable division of the social product among the producing 
factors are the reasonable demands of labor. — Frederick W. Spiers, 
Drexel Institute, Handbook of Sociological Information^ p. 29. Future 
generations . . . may even smile at our conceptions of present-day 
society as a condition in which we secure the full benefits of free compe- 
tition. . . A large proportion of the population in the prevailing state of 
society take part in the rivalry of life only under conditions which abso- 
lutely preclude them, whatever their natural merit or ability, from any 
real chance therein. — Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution, 232. It cannot 
be denied that the working classes have not shared in the advance of the 
present century as they ought to have done. — Behrends, Socialism and 
Christianity , 94. 

7. The rich tend to become very much richer, the poor to become more 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 289 

helpless and hopeless. — Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 378. See 
also pp. II, 63, 207. 

8. While the poor man has been getting on, he has not retained his 
old-time closeness to the average weal. — President E. B. Andrews, 

Wealth and Moral Law, 86. [That the progress of the workman has 
not been as great as claimed is shown on p. 84 ff.] Mr. Carey conceived 
that the actual distribution of wealth is sufficiently defended in showing 
that, in modern production, labor receives, relatively to capital, an ever- 
increasing share of an ever-increasing product. Bastiat, in France, and 
Mr. Edward Atkinson, in Americm [see Distribution of Profits, 75 f.], 
follow Carey in this generalization. . . Unfortunately for its ethical 
value as a social sedative, it omits to record that the laborer's share per 
unit of product — i. e., per yard, per ton, or even per dollar's worth — 
may increase in its ratio to the share of the capitalist in that same yard, 
ton, or dollar's worth of product ; yet if the number of yards, tons, or 
dollar's worth of product in which the capitalist gets his diminished share 
becomes, as his capital expands, a thousand or twenty thousand fold 
greater than the number of yards, tons, or dollar's worth in which any 
one laborer gets his increased share, then the disparity in condition be- 
tween employer and employed would, so far as the Carey-Atkinson law 
is concerned, continually become greater. — George Gunton, in Social 
Economist. 

9. Professor J. E. Thorold Rogers, in Work and Wages, shows that 
neither farmhands nor mechanics in Great Britain receive as much pur- 
chasing power in wages now as in the Middle Ages. Chart on page 
116, however, shows gain in United States as compared to 1840, while 
chart on following page shows that increase of wages has not been 
in proportion to the increase of wealth. For further facts showing that 
workman's condition has improved, even if not in just degree, see 
McMaster's His tory of the United States, on the year 1784 ; Sotheran's 
Horace Greeley, 45-46, 49-50 ; Kidd's Social Evolution, 222-226 ; Ely's 
Socialism and Social Problems, 258-259 ; Fabian Essays, 235 ; Hon. Jos. 
Chamberlain on " Last Half Century," in North American Review, 
May, 1891 ; Eclectic Review, December, 1894, review of material prog- 
ress of the poor since beginning of century ; also in Appendix, Chrono- 
logical Data on 1830, etc. 

10. There would be no [labor] problem at all, were it not for our 
ethical and Christian- ideals, which abhor injustice and inequality. — Pro- 
fessor J. R. Commons, Social Reform and the Church, 8. Rev. Dr. 
James Brand says, in The Kingdom : "It is true that multitudes of 
laboring men are well paid. But we believe that, in the majority of 
cases, labor organizations have a cause, that they are seeking fair play, 
and that certain forms of poverty are a true ' indictment of society ' and 
a cause for legal action. The existence of sweat-shops, the hours of 
labor on street-car lines, the tyranny of combinations of capital, the 
' truck system ' and the rent system of many employers, are cases in 
point." The writer found motormen in Wheeling, W. Va., working at 
their trying task fourteen hours a day, and in many places the hours are 
nearly as unjust as these. 

11. A gentleman pausing in the streets of Homestead, Pa., to listen to 
a speaker who was discussing monopoly, asked a workman by his side : 
" What wages do you earn ? " " About twelve dollars per day," was the 
reply. " Why don't you then save your money and be a capitalist your- 



29O APPENDIX. 

self?" "Ah, but I love whisky too well," was the candid but sad 
reply. 

12. The strikers for higher wages in the National Tube Works of 
McKeesport, in 1894, were earning $4 to $7 per day, except the common 
laborers, who received $1.40. 

13. On Sweating, see Banks' White Slaves; write Congressman for 
House of Representatives Report 2309 on Sweating. A sweater is defined 
by the Standard Dictionary as " an employer who underpays and over- 
works his employees ; especially a contractor for piecework in the tailor- 
ing trade." This work is largely done in crowded and filthy tenements 
by ignorant, foreign, unorganized workers, accustomed to a low scale of 
living, and, until the successful sweaters' strike in New York in 1894, 
thought incapable of self-defense, however wronged. That strike, coop- 
erating with friendly investigation and agitation, has somewhat mitigated 
the evil. 

14. Professor E. W. Bemis of Chicago University computed the wages 
of bituminous coal miners in 1890 as $6.87 a week, on an average, in 
Illinois ; $6.76 in Ohio; $7.55 in Pennsylvania. "Since these figures 
were gathered," says a writer quoted in The Voice in 1894, " wages have 
been reduced one-third at least in Ohio and western Pennsylvania, on each 
ton of coal, and the number of days of work per week has decreased one- 
half, so that despair is written on the countenances of thousands of our 
miners." Deduct from $6.76 one-third, and then divide the result by 
two, and the sort of wages on which men are trying to subsist and keep 
their families is found to be about $2.25 a week. This of course is eked 
out somewhat by earnings of other members of the family, but it is also 
depleted by the high prices which the men are often compelled to pay at 
company stores. In The Voice of March 14, 1895, the report of an 
impartial commission is quoted as to Hocking Valley miners, which shows 
that their working time was so short, and their wages so low in 1894, 
that it averaged but twenty-seven cents per day for the year. But in 
contrast to these "starvation wages," see in Appendix, Part Second, 
" How Workmen Live," for the usual conditions. 

15. Not absolute industrial equality, but " practical equality of oppor- 
tunity " is what the Fabian Society advocates. — Fabian Essays, p. x. 

16. Professor R. T. Ely shows that individuals are not to be blamed 
for using competition or even monopoly while the system remains, even 
though themselves desiring a better system. See Socialism and Social 
Problems, 192. On p. 380 the Nationalist Declaration of Principles is 
quoted as taking the same ground. 

17. A memorial of the woolen manufacturers of Massachusetts pre- 
sented to the Legislature, protesting against the pending fifty-eight hour a 
week bill for women and children in factories, contains these words : 
" Uniform hours of factory labor may be established by Congress in all 
the States, and until that is done the petitioners earnestly protest against 
legislation which will add to the disadvantages with which Massachu- 
setts manufacturers must already contend in the severe and close compe- 
tition of the present day." 

18. See Kidd's Social Evolution, 180; Ely's Socialism and Social Prob- 
lems, 179, 257-259, 267. Professor Ely says that workmen are too much 
disposed to think they do not need educated leaders. One of the bravest 
recent fights against corporations was led by Adolph Sutro, the California 
capitalist, of Sutro tunnel fame, as the successful candidate for Mayor of 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 291 

San Francisco in 1894. In 1895, at a mass meeting held in Brooklyn in 
support of a bill providing that the people of New York, Brooklyn, and 
Buffalo be permitted to vote on the question of the municipal ownership 
of street railways, the Rev. Dr. Rainsford, Mr. Ernest H. Crosby (the 
son of the Rev. Dr. Howard Crosby), the Rev. Father Ducey, the Hon. 
F. W. Hinrichs (the head of the Tax Department in Brooklyn under 
Mayor Schieren), and Mr. Thomas G. Shearman, not only gave their 
cordial support to the bill providing for a popular vote on this question, 
but every one of them most cordially indorsed the principle that the pub- 
lic highways should be under the pyblic control. In May, 1895, the New 
York Times published long lists of firms which voluntarily raised the 
wages of many thousand workmen, without strikes or even solicitation, 
on the first approach of better times, partly no doubt at the dictate of 
prudence, but partly in response to altruistic sentiment. 

19. See pp. 172, 175, 179, 300. " The history of Toryism in Eng- 
land," says the Review of Reviews, "is always the same. It is an un- 
broken record of successive surrenders." 

20 " So grew and gathered through the silent years 

* The madness of a People, wrong by wrong ; 

There seemed no strength in the dumb toiler's tears. 

No strength in suffering : but the Past was strong ; 
The brute despair of trampled centuries 

Leaped up with one hoarse yell and snapped its bands, 
Groped for its right with horny, callous hands, 

And stared around for God with bloodshot eyes. 
What wonder if those palms were all too hard 

For nice distinctions — if that Maenad throng — 

Whose chronicles were writ with iron pen 

In the crooked shoulder and the forehead low. 
Set wrong to balance wrong, 

And physicked wo with wo ? 

" They did as they were taught ; not theirs to blame 
If men who scattered firebrands reaped the flame : 

What wrongs the Oppressor suffered, these we know ; 

These have found piteous voice in song and prose ; 
But for the Oppressed, their darkness and their woe, 

Their grinding centuries, — what Muse had those ? " 

— James Russell Lowell: Ode to France, February, 1848. 

See also Hugh Price Hughes, Philanthropy of God, 259. 

21. The development which Marx contemplated is thoroughly materi- 
alistic. — Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution, 217. Material self-interest 
alone will not furnish a motive strong enough to shatter monopoly. — 
Fabian Essays, p. 271. If we are to have only the frank selfishness of 
the exploiting classes on the one side, and the equally materialistic self- 
ishness of the exploited class on the other . . . then the power-holding 
classes, being still immeasurably the stronger, would be quite capable of 
taking care of themselves, and would indeed be very foolish if they did 
not do so. . . Socialism of the German type must be recognized as ulti- 
mately as individualistic and as rt/zz'z-social as individualism in its 
advanced forms. — Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution, 218, 241. In the 
words of Richard Hovey in The Independent (August 16, 1891) : 

il Atheism in the palace smiles in his silken coat. 
But atheism in the hovel curses and cuts your throat." 

22, The laboring masses or their best leaders are coming to see that 



292 APPENDIX. 

genuine morality is needful to any valuable reform in their condition. 
They will one day discover that such morality Can be solidly based 
nowhere else than upon Christ. — President E. B. Andrews, Christianity 
Practically Applied, I : 349. 

23. No man can pretend to claim the fruit of his own labor ; for his 
whole ability and opportunity for working is a vast inheritance and con- 
tribution of which he is but a transient and accidental beneficiary or 
steward. — Fabian Essays, p. 126. 

24. The Vice-President, when questioned as to the salaries paid to the 
company's officers, declined to answer ; but he admitted that, while the 
company had reduced its receipts $52,000, it had reduced the wages of 
its employees $60,000. From the testimony of Mr. Pullman and Mr. 
Wickes it seems clear that they intended that their employees should bear 
nearly the whole burden of the " hard times " rather than that the com- 
pany, with its twenty-five millions of undivided surplus, should bear any 
considerable share of this burden. 

25. We are surprised to read such a statement as the following from 
so humane and thoughtful a Christian sociologist as Bishop Potter : 
" Wages, it has been said, ought to determine prices, and not prices 
wages. It seems to have been forgotten that prices are but the conveni- 
ent registers of the ever-varying desires of men, and that the claim to 
fix wages by an ethical standard, independently of the market, really 
involves the assertion that human desires can be and ought to be unal- 
terable in direction, and constant in extent." Per contra, see lecture, 
" Is Justice a Peril to Capitalists?" by Dr. Joseph Cook in his Labor, 

p. 253 f- 

26. I believe that we can never make man worthier, more loving, 
nobler, or more divine — which is, in fact, our end and aim on earth — by 
merely heaping upon him the means of enjoyment. . . Ameliorations in 
your condition . . . seek as a means, not as an end ; seek them from a 
sense of duty, and not merely as a right ; seek them in order that you 
may become more virtuous, not in order that you may be materially 
happy. — Joseph Mazzini, Duties of Man, 17, 144. 

27. Apart from Christianity, it does not appear plain why I should 
love all men and try to promote their welfare. Fraternity may become 
a mere matter of taste, about which controversies may never terminate. 
— Professor R. T. Ely, in Christianity Practically Applied, I : 442. 

28. See Fabian Essays, 180, 228. 

29. Sometimes employers teach employees to skimp work in order that 
they may themselves rob the public. Whether you pay seven days' 
wages or ten for the painting or papering of your house depends on 
whether or not other urgent orders are waiting. 

30. Your English watchword is fair play ; your English hatred, foul 
play. Did it ever strike you that you wanted another watchword also- 
fair work — and another hatred — foul work ? — Ruskin, Crown of Wild 
Olive, lecture i. We look in vain among the working classes in general 
for the just pride which will choose to give good work for good wages. 
— John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, bk. iv, ch. vii, 
§ 4. Bishop Tucker of Uganda in Africa says : " Do you know, when 
we walk along the roads and see men mending them, or working in the 
fields, we say ' Well done, many thanks,' repeating the words twice." 
He suggests that brain-workers say that to manual workers, and manual 
workers to brain-workers, in other lands, 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 293 

31. Mind your own business with your absolute heart and soul ; but 
see that it is good business first. . . And be sure of this, literally — you 
must simply rather die than make any destroying mechanism or com- 
pound. — Ruskin, Fors Clavigera, iv. 

32. In the New York Christian Advocate of August 2, 1894, appeared 
the following : " Private Cedarquist was tried by court-martial for refus- 
ing to attend rifle practice on a Sunday, after being ordered to do so by 
his superior officer. The court found him guilty, and sentenced him to 
confinement for six months with forfeiture of pay. That no soldier has 
a right to disobey the orders of an^officer is clear. If he does so he 
should be punished, or there is an end of discipline. Cedarquist set up 
that he had religious scruples, and that the laws of Nebraska forbade the 
practice which he was ordered to attend. As to the last point, we can- 
not see that it applies. As to the first, there is some preliminary his- 
tory. Seven years ago it was proposed to abolish the Sunday morning 
inspection and Sunday evening dress parade. Most of the officers, among 
them Generals Sherman and Sheridan, opposed it. President Harrison 
passed an order limiting such work as this except in cases of clear neces- 
sity. Unless the young man exhibited an offensive spirit, the punish- 
ment is severe where the act was based on religious scruples. But there 
was nothing to do in the army but to enforce obedience to superior offi- 
cers. Such rules would relieve the private officer of responsibility in a 
matter of ceremonial observance, however binding upon him as an 
individual obedience thereunto might be." President Cleveland par- 
doned the brave soldier, and rebuked the officer who had required the 
unauthorized Sunday work of rifle practice. 

33. A strike is just such a contest as that to which an eccentric called 
"the Money King" [of San Francisco] challenged a man who had 
taunted him with meanness, that they should go down to the wharf and 
alternately toss twenty-dollar gold pieces into the bay until one gave in. 
— Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 227-228. 

34. Conan's Growth of the English Nation, 137. — The banner of the 
Glovers of Perth, seventeenth century, was : " The perfect honour of a 
craft or beauty of a trade is not in wealthe, but in moral worth, whereby 
virtue gains renown." — Quoted, Toynbee's Industrial Revolution, 224. 

35. Eugene V. Debs is reported to have said since the Chicago strike : 
" I will never again be connected with any strike organization. The 
strike has developed the fact that the sentiment of the people of the 
country is against strikers, and the Government stands ready to pull down 
such movements at the point of the bayonet. I shall hereafter advise all 
working men to seek redress at the ballot." Grand Master Sargent, of the 
Locomotive Firemen, says : " The lesson of the American Railway Union 
strike is that the employee must respect public sentiment and the law. 
Also that, when you have a quarrel with one man you cannot make all 
others suffer. Sentiment will be against you, and sure defeat will be the 
result." ^General Master Workman Sovereign, of the Knights of Labor, 
says : " I can imagine that an emergency might arise that would justify a 
strike, but, generally speaking, nothing more than a temporary victory 
can possibly be achieved in this way at best. Strikes widen the breach 
between capital and labor, and no matter which side is worsted, it is sore 
over its defeat, and will retaliate with vengeance at the first opportunity. 
It is in study and education and the wise use of the power that is placed 
in their hands through the ballot that working men must hope for relief 



294 APPENDIX. 

from the conditions of which they justly complain." On May 20, 1895, 
at the biennial session of the Railway Trainmen, Grand Secretary Shea- 
han said of the Chicago strike : " The general effect of the strike will, I 
believe, be beneficial in the end to organized labor. It has taught the 
lesson that, in order to win a fight of any consequence, you must be in 
the right. I do not pretend to say that the cause of the Pullman Com- 
pany was just, but I am obliged to admit that the strike against the rail- 
road companies, and particularly those with which our membership and 
that of other railway labor organizations had contracts, was wholly un- 
justifiable." In that same month the United States Supreme Court 
refused to overrule Judge Woods' six-months jail sentence of Mr. Debs 
for contempt, and he accordingly went to jail. See The American Re- 
public and the Debs Rebellion, by Z. Swift Holbrook, Bibliotheca Sacra 
Company, Oberlin, O., 35 cents. Notwithstanding above declarations 
against strikes, there were in May, 1895, numerous strikes of so violent 
a type as to require the intervention of troops. 

36. At the General Assembly of 1894, they repealed the rule which 
had previously refused membership to all engaged in the liquor traffic. 

37. This is the estimate of Professor E. W. Bemis. 

38. John Burns, M. P., gives the following definition of trades- 
unionism : "A medium of collective bargaining for its constituency. It 
is for labor what a chamber of commerce is for trade, or an institute of 
bankers for finance." — Quoted, Our Day, February, 1895. Labor 
unions usually aim at much more than " collective bargaining." Mutual 
improvement and aid have alsoalarge place. The insurance feature pro- 
motes thrift and temperance. The study of social problems, and so 
good citizenship, is also promoted. See Symposium on Labor Unions, 
Independent, May 2, 1895, 

See Trades-Unions : Their Origin and Objects, Influence and 
Efficacy, by William Traut, supplied by American Federation of Labor, 
10 cents. On the beneficial influence of labor unions in raising wages, 
see Ely's Outlines of Economics, Chautauqua edition, 50, 187 ff. Many 
Christian working men might attend labor meetings but that they are so 
generally held on the Sabbath. 

39. The point at which the process [historic evolution] tends to cul- 
minate is a condition of society in which the whole mass of the excluded 
people will be at last brought into the rivalry of existence on a footing 
of equality of opportunity. — Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution, 140. 
Whatever the future may have in store for labor, the evolutionist who 
sees nothing but certain and steady progress for the race will never 
attempt to set bounds to its triumphs, even to its final forms of complete 
and Universal Industrial Cooperation, which I hope is some day to be 
reached. — Andrew Carnegie, quoted, Sotheran's Horace Greeley, p. 323. 
The practical conclusion of Mr. Herbert Spencer's philosophy is the 
Christian conclusion . . . that no action is absolutely good that does not 
conduce to the well-being of all whom it affects ; and that human society 
is gradually evolving a social condition in which there will be no possi- 
bility of antagonism between the well-being of one and the well-being of 
all. — Hugh Price Hughes, The Philanthropy of God, p. vii. 

40. If you do not know eternal justice from momentary expediency, 
and understand in your heart of hearts how Justice, radiant, beneficent, 
as the all-victorious Light-element, is also in essence, if need be, an all- 
yictorious /^>v-element ? and melts all manner of vested interests and the 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 295 

hardest iron cannon, as if it were soft wax, and does ever in the long run 
rule and reign, and allows nothing else to rule and reign — you also would 
talk of impossibility ! But it is only difficult, it is not impossible. Pos- 
sible ? It is, with whatever difficulty, very clearly inevitable. — Socialism 
and Unsocialism (extracts from Carlyle), p. 22. 

41. Unscientific optimists expect to organize imperfect men into a 
perfect society. — Small and Vincent, An Introduction to the Study of 
Society, p. 74. The economist finds no single remedies, but sees many 
helpful means, and awaits, for the final solution of the question, the slow 
development of society, which yet may be somewhat hastened by intelli- 
gent action. — Professor J. W. Jenffs, in Handbook of Sociological Infor- 
mation, p. 52. See Socialism of John Stuart Mill, p. vii (Humboldt 
Library). 

42. Even the Fabian Society, whose very name suggests a slow and 
sure rather than sudden revolution, was at first catastrophic, as its mem- 
bers recall, by way of measuring their growth in wisdom since its found- 
ing in 1884, when they " placed all their hopes on a sudden, tumultuous 
uprising of the united proletariat, before whose mighty onrush, kings, 
landlords, and capitalists would go down like ninepins, leaving society 
quietly to re-sort itself into Utopia." — Sydney Webb, Fabian Tract No. 
51 ; see also No. 41. 

43. Just as Plato had his Republic and Sir Thomas More his Utopia, 
so Babceuf had his Charter of Equality, Cabet his Icaria, St. Simon his 
Industrial System, and Fourier his ideal Phalanstery. Robert Owen 
spent a fortune in pressing upon an unbelieving generation his New 
Moral World ; and even Auguste Comte . . . must needs add a 
detailed Polity to his Philosophy of Positivism. The leading feature of 
all these proposals was what may be called their statical character. The 
ideal society was represented as in equally balanced equilibrium, without 
need or possibility of future organic alteration. Since their day we have 
learned that social reconstruction must not be gone at in this fashion. 
. . . No philosopher now looks for anything but the gradual evolution 
of the new order from the old. — Fabian Essays, p. 5. However suc- 
cessful a revolution might be, it is certain that mankind cannot change its 
whole nature all at once. — Hyndman, Historical Basis of Socialism, 

P- 305. 

44. Christian Advocate, July 19, 1894. 

45. You knock a man into the ditch and then tell him to remain 
" content in the position in which Providence has placed him." — Ruskin, 
Croton of Wild Olive, lecture i. 

46. When Lasalle undertook social reform in Germany he found the 
laborers in what he called a stupid and damnable contentment — the 
cursed habit of not wanting anything. 

47. See Owen's Econoniics of Spencer, 163-164, 168-169. Labor legis- 
lation has made remarkable progress in many states during recent years. 
The record for 1893 may be found in The Quarterly Journal of 
Economics for 1894. 

48. See Fabian Essays, 250. 

49. See Kidd's Social Evolution, 208. 

. 50. The socialists are now inclined to take the position that what is 
needed to bring about socialism is not a reaction from excessive misery, 
but a strong and intelligent wage-earning population. — Professor R. T. 
Ely, Socialism, etc., 170. 



296 APPENDIX. 

51. Many talk as though nature were a Something apart from man, to 
which he must submit, but which he might not modify. If man is 
a part of nature his benevolent instincts are as " natural" as his preda- 
tory ones ; his reasoned mastery of natural forces is as " natural " as the 
forces themselves. — Warner, American Charities, 123. The sciences 
which deal with man deal with a being who is modified by his environ- 
ment, but who has the power of modifying that environment by his own 
conscious effort. . . Mr. Spencer . . . stoutly maintains that man by 
conscious effort, especially by collective or state effort, not only does not 
help this development, but actually hinders it. In this the whole theory 
is abandoned, for it is plain that if man by conscious effort can hinder 
a process he can help that process in the same way. . . The laws of 
economics are not natural laws in the sense in which the word is often 
used, namely, laws external to man and not at all the product of man. 
— Ely, Outlines of Economics, 77-79. The fatuity of all efforts to 
create a sociology has been the observance of physical phenomena apart 
from moral forces. . . The chief sociological fact is that human relations 
depend upon what people believe. — Professor George D. Herron, D. D., 
Christianity Practically Applied, 1 : 457. There is no room in his 
[Spencer's] system for the theory and application of active, in addition 
to passive Social Dynamics. . . Sociology, according to Ward [Dynamic 
Sociology], is, on the contrary, teleological. "Dynamic sociology aims 
at the organization of happiness. . . Society, which is the highest prod- 
uct of evolution, naturally depends upon mind, which is the highest prop- 
erty of matter." . . It is not necessary to agree with Ward about the 
essence of mind, in order to use his exposition of mental function in 
social progress. . . Professor Wagner of Berlin has lately said . . . 
" economic and other facts with which welfare is concerned are capable 
of more or less modification by exercise of the human will." . . The 
men whose attention is devoted chiefly to historical data will be inclined 
... to regard society as a mill of the gods, which grinds so exceed- 
ingly slow that men cannot accelerate its motion. — Small and Vincent, 
An Introduction to the Study of Society, pp. 46, 51, 67, 73. 

52. The thought of the latter [Karl Marx] that socialism comes as 
a result of a natural evolution, and not as the result of man's determina- 
tion to replace the present social order by a better. . . That which he 
[Marx] and his friend Engels predicted has not taken place, because 
social efforts have been put forth to guide social evolution. — Professor 
R. T. Ely, Socialism, etc., 25, 259. See also 72 ff. 

The term sociology, invented by August Comte, meant, in his usage, 
" social physics," " the social movement being subject to invariable 
natural laws, instead of to any will whatever." See Comte's Positive 
Philosophy, Martineau's Translation, 444, 465. Nothing could be 
further from explaining the facts of universal history than this theory 
that civilization is the result of a course of natural selection which 
operates to improve and elevate the powers of man. . . In every case 
it is not the race that has been educated and hereditarily modified by the 
old civilization that begins the new, but a fresh race coming from a lower 
level. — Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 346, 348. Mr. George 
cites classic art, literature, and history as showing that the human race 
has not gained physically or mentally in two thousand years past. 
Progress has been moral and social. It is impossible to understand by 
what strange blindness socialists adopt Darwinian theories, which con- 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 297 

demn their claims of equality, while at the same time they reject 
Christianity, whence their claims have issued and where their justifica- 
tion may be found. — Emile De Laveleye, quoted, Behrends, Socialism 
and Christianity, p. 66. For further matter on biologic sociology, see 
Fabian Essays, 258, Owen's Economics of Herbert Spencer, 35, and 
article by Professor S. N. Patten, in criticism of Spencer and Ward, 
Annals of American Academy, May, November, 1894, January, 1895. 

53. We need examples of people who, leaving heaven to decide 
whether they are to rise in the world, decide for themselves that they 
will be happy in it, and have resolved to seek — not greater wealth but 
simpler pleasure ; not higher fortune but deeper felicity ; making the 
first of possessions self-possession. — Communism of John Ruskin, 
pp. 99-100. In all true Work, were it but true hand-labor, there is 
something of divineness. Sweat of the brow ; and up from that to 
sweat of the brain, sweat of the heart ; which includes all Kepler 
calculations, Newton meditations, all Sciences, all spoken Epics, all 
acted Heroisms, Martyrdoms, — up to that " Agony of bloody sweat" 
which all men have called divine ! Oh, brother, this is the noblest 
thing yet discovered under' God's sky. Who art thou that complainest 
of thy life of toil ? Complain not. Look up, my wearied brother : see 
thy fellow workman there in God's eternity. — Carlyle, quoted, Socialism 
and Unsocialism, p. 122. The conditions of human life on this planet 
are likely to be always pretty stern, although we make them sterner 
than they need be by the widespread desire to grasp without giving, to 
consume without producing, to live out of other people if we can. 
What mankind needs, above all, is such inspiration as shall furnish us 
with an impetus to a raising of the general level of mankind, and which 
shall yet convince us that life is more than meat and the body than 
raiment. How shall we derive such inspiration save from the religious 
conception of life, as furnishing, not a theater for enjoyment, but 
opportunities for service ? It is not without significance that nearly all 
the important books of our time deal with the social problem. It is 
even more significant that the writers of those books are compelled to 
address themselves to the religious and ethical problem. — London Daily 
Chronicle, quoted in The Outlook, February 9, 1895. 

54. The cause of the wage-earner has been presented as too much 
a mere matter of victuals. . . The problem of all mankind is not merely 
how to produce and distribute wealth, but how to attain largeness and 
fulness of life. — Small and Vincent, An Introduction to the Study of 
Society, p. 78. The true veins of wealth are purple — and not in Rock, 
but in Flesh. . . A man's hand may be full of invisible gold, and the 
wave of it, or the grasp, shall do more than another's with a shower of 
bullion. The nominative of valorem is valor. — Ruskin, Unto This Last, 
essay ii : 4. 

55« His hundred Thousand-pound Notes, if there be nothing other, are 
to me but as the hundred Scalps in a Choctaw wigwam. — Carlyle, quoted 
in Socialism and Unsocialism, p. in. 

" Here and there a cotter's babe is royal born by right divine ; 
Here and there my lord is lower than his oxen or his swine." 

—Tennyson : Locksley Hall Sixty Years After. 

56. The characteristic American vice is covetousness ; not avarice, 
which is a mere desire to possess, but covetousness, which is a desire 



298 APPENDIX. 

to possess more and ever more. What are the virtues we praise ? 
Not in our pulpits on Sunday, but in our newspapers, our daily conver- 
sation, our practical emulation. . . The quality of character that makes 
success in the rough-and-tumble game of life is the quality we really 
praise. American life is a football game, and though sometimes we wax 
indignant over foul play and slugging, on the whole we still keep at the 
front the captain who wins, and deafen with our cheers the eleven who 
make the score, nor inquire particularly how they have made it. So we 
measure the merchant by the money he has made ; the lawyer by the 
fees he receives ; the newspaper by the total of its circulation and its 
advertising ; the college by the bigness of its endowment : and even the 
church by the size of its pew-rentals and the wealth of its congregation. 
— The Outlook. 

57. You will say, "Charity is greater than justice." Yes, it is 
greater ; it is the summit of justice — it is the temple of which justice is 
the foundation. But you can't have the top without the bottom. — Rus- 
kin, Crown of Wild Olive, lecture i. Labor leaders, pleading for jus- 
tice in place of charity, point out that the latter often goes to the rich 
employer, who takes advantage of the cheap lodging house and other 
charitable relief that reduce the expenses of living, as employers did of 
the old English poor law, to cut down wages and so turn the stream of 
charitable gifts into his own mill-race. Charitable institutions that manu- 
facture goods at a less cost than private manufactories can make them 
and pay a living wage are using orphans to make orphans, magdalens to 
make magdalens, paupers to make paupers, prisoners to make prisoners, 
charity to overthrow justice. On this subject see Owen's Economics of 
Herbert Spencer, pp. 18 ff. 

58. Karl Marx (p. 135) notes that if a workman, who, doing a normal 
amount of work, can continue to work thirty years, is, by overwork, cut 
down to ten years, he has been robbed of two-thirds of his labor power, 
and so of two-thirds of his life wages. — Some treasures are heavy with 
human tears, as an ill-stored harvest with untimely rain. — Ruskin, Unto 
This Last, essay ii. 

59. That is, as one has put it, spending all their strength in loading 
the cannon, and giving almost no thought to aiming and firing. 

60. It is the solution of the industrial question and not philanthropy 
which is needed, could the world but find the key to that infinitely com- 
plicated problem. — Dr. Mary B. Damon, New York College Settlement. 

61. Words of Sir Philip Sydney, when wounded, declining water in 
favor of a wounded soldier near at hand. — The market may have its 
martyrdoms as well as the pulpit ; and trade its heroisms, as well as war. 
— Ruskin, in Unto This Last. 

62. There are a few mitigations of the hardships of labor that can be 
accomplished by local agreements and local laws, such as early closing, 
the Saturday half-holiday, and profit-sharing, the first two of which 
would seem to entail no financial loss when the merchants of a whole 
city act together, while the last can be safely undertaken singly. James 
M. Gamble of Cincinnati, in 1894, added twelve per cent, to the year's 
wages of his employees on the profit-sharing plan. For statistics of 
profit-sharing in 1886 see Hon. Carroll D. Wright's First Annual Report 
as United States Commissioner of Labor. See also the standard book 
on the subject, Profit-Sharing, by Mr. N. P. Gilman, who states that, in 
J893, there were three hundred firms in Europe and the United States 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 299 

practising profit-sharing. See also Ely's Economics, Chautauqua edition, 
ch. v, and Roads' Christ Enthroned in the Industrial World, 157 ff. 

63. On free public baths, see Christianity Practically Applied, 349 f. 
On the Baltimore and Ohio Relief Association, organized by the company 
to provide insurance for sickness, old age, and death by joining its gifts 
with those of its employees, — one of the oldest and best of such associa- 
tions, — see Behrends' Socialism and Christianity, 144-155. Send also to 
Pennsylvania Railroad for description of another model association on a 
similar basis. 

64. A " Christian Stewards' League " is proposed, in accordance with 
recent suggestions of Mr. Gladstone". The movement in this country 
originates in Chicago, whence literature may be obtained of Mr. Thomas 
Kane. A pledge is desired, thereby illustrating anew a recent editorial 
in Zions Herald on " Pledges as Agencies in Practical Christian Work." 
The proposed pledge is as follows : " We covenant with the Lord, and 
with those who enter with us into the fellowship of this consecration, 
that we will devote a proportionate part of our income — not less than one- 
tenth — to benevolent and religious purposes." The neglected " talent " 
of the unfaithful steward in Christ's parable was money — the very talent 
whose powerful service is most likely to be neglected in these days. 

65. If your work is first with you and your fee second, work is your 
master, and the lord of work, who is God. But if your fee is first with 
you, and your work second, fee is your master, and the lord of fee, who 
is the Devil. — Communism of John Ruskin, p. 131. 

66. The " unemployed" question is the sphinx which will devour us 
if we cannot answer her riddle. — Fabian Essays, p. 56. It is often 
stated that one million men are out of work, ordinarily, in the United 
States. This is the careful estimate of the U. S. Bureau of Labor for 
a year of depression — 1885. See statement following in this lecture that 
the number was not more than that even in 1893, after the exodus of 
out-of-works to the farms and foreign lands. 

What the wage-earner wants is not so much larger annual earnings, but 
a regular receipt of income in place of the present uncertainty. — Professor 
R. T. Ely, Socialism, etc., 276. Massachusetts labor statistics show that, 
even in a good year, one-third of the wage-earners are out of work one-third 
of the time. — The first requisite of a good vagrant law is to recognize the 
three classes into which vagrants are divided. The next is that it should 
lay down rules for separating these classes and dealing with them accord- 
ing to their deserts. The tramp element is composed of — first, men who 
are willing or anxious to work ; second, men who will work if they have 
to, but prefer to depend on begging; and, lastly, men who will not work 
under any circumstances short of physical compulsion. The German 
method of dealing with these classes has the reputation of being the best 
and most successful in the world. The first class is assisted to find work ; 
the second is put in a workhouse where, under mild discipline, a few 
industries^are carried on, and attempts are made to secure the men 
employment outside ; and the third is put in another workhouse where 
the strictest discipline is maintained, and the rule is enforced that a man 
who will not work shall not eat. — San Francisco Examiner. Draft off 
those of bad character to special institutions, and leave the almshouse as 
a home for the unfortunate. — Warner, American Charities, 295. 

67. The San Francisco Call, which is a stanch advocate of the Mc- 
Kinley tariff, says, in the course of an article upon the financial situation 



300 APPENDIX. 

in Australia: " It will be remembered that the first patterings of the 
financial storm from which this country is now suffering were heard in 
Australia in 1890, and the storm fairly burst forth in the following year 
— two years before its effects were sympathetically felt in the United 
States." Professor Ely, in common with other economists, considers the 
tariff only a minor issue. See his Economics, Chautauqua edition, 283- 
284. Most interesting material for studies in logic and statistics is af- 
forded by the reasons given in 1893 for hard times, and in 1895 for the 
return of good times, bearing on tariff, silver, elections, etc. 

68. In Christian Work, October 4, 1S94. 

69. No remedy for the hard times would be more radical than a trans- 
fer of the unemployed multitudes of our town population to productive 
labor on the farms. — Rev. Dr. Washington Gladden, Working People 
and Their Employers, 68. See also Behrends, Socialism and Christianity, 
136-137. Write to Secretary of State for Vermont at its capital for par- 
ticulars of the successful Swedish colonization of its abandoned farms, a 
practical contribution to the double problem — the depletion of the coun- 
try, the repletion of the city. 

70. Progress and Poverty lays the idleness and consequent want of the 
unemployed to the fact that they are denied access to land (pp. 195, 197). 
This may be true as to city land, and of farm land speculatively withheld 
from use, but it surely is not true of the numerous vacant farms that 
wait for tenants to work them on shares or pay for them by instalments. 
Those who farmed for wealth have been disappointed, but the farmer is 
at least sure of a living. 

71. See Kidd's Social Evolution, 8. 

72. See in Appendix a letter by Professor R. T. Ely showing the 
danger of overestimating such facts as the one here stated, to which may 
be added the following by a writer in The Kingdom of October 26, 1894 : 
" We have heard the past summer of the army of the unemployed. We 
have seen detachments of them camped in our river bottoms. Yet it is 
the general testimony among farmers in the West that never has there 
been a season when it was so difficult to obtain men to work on their 
ranches as the last." It would be an interesting line for inductive studies 
to ascertain by inquiries of one hundred people who had migrated from 
country to city why they came, and put on record also the reasons a 
hundred of the poor in the city give for not fleeing from the city " wolf" 
to the shelter of some waiting farm. 

73. See later note in this chapter referring to Professors Ely and Com- 
mons. Though society does not owe every man a living, it does, no 
doubt, owe every man an opportunity to make a living somewhere. 

74. On this point see statistics in Rev. Dr. Josiah Strong's New Era. 

75. Germany and Hungary, with government railroads, encourage 
residence in the rural districts by cheap fares for workmen ; and Aus- 
tralian cities owning street cars add to the inducements free transporta- 
tion for school children. See Ely's Socialism, etc., 277. There is 
promise of further aid in the bicycle, which carried a school teacher, in a 
Cleveland race that I witnessed, 25 miles in an hour and 10 minutes ; 
also in the new gasoline motor for road carriages which, in 1895, in a race 
at Paris, went 750 miles at the rate of 16 miles per hour. Living in the 
suburbs will be promoted by all such inventions. 

76. General William Booth's Salvation Army Social Scheme (30 cents 
to in Reade Street, New York, will purchase a full report) is, in brief, 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 301 

as follows : (1) Temporary shelters providing food and lodgings for all 
the needy who are willing to pay in work ; (2) employment bureaus to 
secure permanent employment ; (3) Household Salvage Brigade to col- 
lect and utilize waste scraps of food, clothing, books, etc. ; (4) transfer of 
unemployed to farm colonies ; (5) rescue work, such as " Slum Sisters," 
traveling hospitals, prison-gate brigade, watch-care of drunkards, open 
doors for fallen women, industrial schools, asylums for moral lunatics ; 
(6) miscellaneous assistance in the form of improved lodgings, model 
suburban villages, the poor man's bank, the poor man's lawyer, matri- 
monial bureau, cooperative schemgs for purchase or production. These 
facts are mostly from General Booth's Darkest England and the Way 
Out. The Christian churches, separately or together, should do, or at 
least see that other agencies do, most, if not all, of these humane services. 
77* The plan adopted by Kildonan, a Scotch colony in the Hudson Bay 
settlement, though probably suggested by the proximity of Indians, 
would be a good plan by which to escape the loneliness of farm life. 
The homes of the colony are all on the river on adjoining house lots, 
from which the narrow farms of the same width run far back into the 
country, thus : — 



Another favorable form would be to build the farm village around a 
circle, so constituting a " Hub " in more than a Boston sense, with the 
fences of the ever-widening farms stretching back like spokes of the 
wheel. The electric street railways are likely to help the movement back 
to the country by enabling the poor to travel thirty miles from the city 
in thirty minutes for ten or fifteen cents, so combining the privileges of 
city and country. "Imagine now," says Rev. G. A. Jackson, "an 
ancient Israelite addressing these old families of Massachusetts, who 
would fain find some life worthier of their Puritan stock. ' Go back,' 
he might say, ' to your ancestral farms ; not to find riches there, but to 
make on them your homes, and to live there that nobler life. There set 
such examples of plain living and high thinking as will be worth more to 
the working families of the State than to double their incomes. Then 
urge the Commonwealth to make possible similar homes for all its fami- 
lies.' This would be practicable ; for there is agricultural land enough 
in Massachusetts to afford to each of our four hundred and twenty thou- 
sand families nine acres. The interest on the cost to the State of 
resuming and reapportioning these lands, as indicated, would entail a tax 
of but about two dollars on the thousand of our present assessed valua- 
tion." (Written in 1890.) 



302 APPENDIX. 

78. Those who wish to study cooperation, which has hitherto been too 
much confined to cities, should consult the following literature : the 
writings of Mazzini, Professor. Cairnes, and Dr. Washington Gladden, all 
of whom seem to regard cooperation as the chief panacea for the woes 
and wrongs of labor. See Gladden's Working People, etc., 44 ff., 206, 
208 ff., 234 ff.; Mazzini's Duties of Man, 127. The status of British 
cooperation in 1894 is given in a valuable article by Rev. Dr. James M. 
Ludlow in the Atlantic Monthly for January, 1895, which shows the 
unquestionable success the plan has achieved in cooperative production 
as well as distribution. The standard guide to cooperation is the Manual 
for Cooperators, edited by Thomas Hughes and E. V. Neale, and sold 
at is. (25 cents) by the Central Cooperative Board, Manchester, England. 

79. On German labor colonies, see Forum, 1892. On Holland; see The 
Voice, October 4, 1894. In New Zealand the Government has founded 

and fostered farm colonies under the name of village settlements. The 
Government leases an acre or less in the village and one hundred acres 
or less outside to any suitable applicant. See Ely's Socialism, etc., 305. 

80. What the Tribune advocates is, simply and solely, such an organi- 
zation of society as will secure to every man the opportunity of uninter- 
rupted and profitable labor, and to every child nourishment and culture. 
— Horace Greeley, Sotheran's Horace Greeley, pp. 212-213. " If an y 
man will not work neither shall he eat." . . The converse is equally 
imperative — " if any man does work he has a right to eat," and that 
right certainly can involve no less than such a quantity and quality of 
food as is demanded to make good the waste of nervous tissue, and pro- 
tect the body from disease and the mind from depression and despair. — 
Behrends, Socialism and Christianity, p. 151. On workmen's food see 
also pp. 120-123, I 49 _I 5 2 « Professor J. R. Commons, in Distribution of 

Wealth {set also his Social Reform in the Church, 35), says: "The 
rights to life and liberty are practically denied to laborers in our day by 
virtue of the denial of the right to employment. There is, therefore, 
pressing upon us the claim for recognition of this new and higher right, 
belonging to man as a man, by virtue of the very dignity of the manhood 
that is in him. The claims of justice rebel at the dictates of laws which 
have reduced the earth and all the opportunities for livelihood to the 
private possession of one-third of the race, and thus compel the other two- 
thirds to be either wage slaves or paupers. The right to work for every 
man that is willing is the next great human right to be defined and 
enforced by the law. . . This is twofold : 1. The right to security in the 
tenure of employment against arbitrary discharge, so long as one proves 
efficient and honest. 2. The right of the unemployed to have work fur- 
nished by the Government. . . But how is this right to be enforced? 
Its enforcement in the public service is by means of public judicial tri- 
bunals having power to try every case on its merits ; and in private 
service we may learn that it can be enforced in the same way, if we 
compare the history of the rights to life and liberty. . . The new courts 
that shall enforce the right to employment are courts of arbitration, 
created by Government and empowered to compel employers to submit 
to investigation and to suffer punishment for violating the right of 
employees to work. No man is to be discharged for any cause except 
inefficiency and dishonesty. Wages, hours of labor, conditions of work, 
are to be adjudicated by the courts." See on same Ely's Socialism, etc., 
332. In the Congress of 1894-95 a petition was presented from the New 



NOTES TO LECTURE lit. 363 

England Industry League asking for an amendment to the Constitution 
affirming the right of every one to be employed, also that Government 
would provide farms and factories where the unemployed may at all 
times obtain work. See on same Flint's Socialism, 404 ff. 

81. The Western farmers who, many years ago, got their land for 
little or nothing, are now growing old. They are renting their farms to 
men who will live on less than the full produce of the land rather than 
not live at all, and they are moving into the large towns and the cities to 
enjoy life, educate their daughters, and start their sons in business. 
Even so far West as Minnesota and^the Dakotas this is going on ; in 
Illinois and Wisconsin it is a common thing. — F. P. Powers, Lippincott's 
Magazine, February, 1895. 

82. See articles on " Relief for the Unemployed in American Cities," 
in Reviezv of Reviews, January, February, 1894. The Brooklyn Board 
of Charities has provided for those whose cry is for work, and as a work 
test for all able-bodied applicants for aid, two well-equipped laundries, 
two large workrooms for unskilled and unrecommended women, and two 
woodyards for able-bodied men — all under the control of the Brooklyn 
Bureau of Charities. — Charities Review, 2: 328. The municipal lodg- 
ing house is in effect a cheap hotel, where the lodgers, for a certain 
limited time, pay for their board by work. Where the experiment has 
been tried as a charitable enterprise or otherwise, it has, so far as I 
know [in Baltimore, for a fine example], always resulted in banishing the 
tramps and simplifying the problem of homelessness by eliminating the 
frauds. — Jacob A. Riis, in Handbook of Sociological Information, p. 78. 
See also Professor A. G. Warner, American Charities, 189. See article 
{Charities Review, 2 : 226) on " The Parisian Municipal Refuge for 
Working Women," whose object is " to give every working woman a 
place to lay her head when she finds herself destitute, and an opportunity 
to put herself once more in a good position." There are many places 
where there are no refuges except for " fallen women." General Booth 
tells a grim story of a helpless woman rejected at one of these because 
she had not fallen, who returned an hour or two later saying that she had 
become eligible. 

83. Professor A. G. Warner has suggested, as a rule of municipalities, 
the doing of public work in times of industrial depression rather than 
during times of general prosperity. — Handbook of Sociological Informa- 
tion, p. 51. 

84. The [private] employment agency is the vilest vulture that ever 
preyed upon a decaying body. — Quoted from an agent of United States 
Labor Bureau, Ely's Socialism, etc., 331. 

85. See description of benevolent loan associations in France, Charities 
Review, 2 : 315. See also same, 340, and Ely's Socialism, etc.. 333, on 
such loan bureaus in Germany, Switzerland, and elsewhere. Circulars 
descriptive of the kindred Penny Provident Fund can be had on applica- 
tion to Charity Organization Society, United Charities Building, New 
York. The Outlook, August 3, 1895, contained latest facts on benevo- 
lent loan associations up to that date in an article on " Pawnbroking in 
Various Countries," by Elbert F. Baldwin. 

86. There is no such thing as general overproduction, for more eco- 
nomic goods of all kinds have never been produced than men really need 
to satisfy their legitimate wants. — Ely, Outlines of Economics, Chautau- 
qua edition, 96. See also 237. One of the benefits which socialism 



304 APPENDIX. 

would admittedly secure would be to prevent waste by special overpro- 
duction in certain commodities, due to lack of information as to demand 
and supply. But even now this waste could be largely obviated by a 
National Bureau of Commerce, if not by an improvement of private 
commercial agencies. 

87. Congress, in March, 1895, ordered the United States Department 
of Labor to investigate the economic aspects of the drink problem, and, 
although no special appropriation was made, the commissioner, Hon. 
Carroll D. Wright, informed me at the time that it would be undertaken 
in a few months, at the same time furnishing me the exact words of the 
law and a provisional outline of the investigation as given below. The 
following is the exact wording of the law : " The Commissioner of Labor 
is hereby authorized to make an investigation relating to the economic 
aspects of the liquor problem and to report the results thereof to Congress: 
provided, however, that such investigation shall be carried on under the 
regular appropriations made for the Department of Labor." Commis- 
sioner Wright informed me that the lines along which a practical investi- 
gation can be conducted are something like the following schedule (given 
in The Voice of March 21, 1895) : " I. The relation of the liquor problem 
to the securing of employment : how far do, or may, employers exercise 
an influence by refusing work to persons who are known to be addicted 
to the use of intoxicants ? The practise of Government officials, large 
corporations, especially railroads, etc., should be learned. 2. Its rela- 
tions to different occupations ; how far is the use of liquors increased by 
night work, overwork, exposure to severe weather, etc.? 3. Its relations 
to irregularity of employment, such as may be caused by employment in 
trades which work by the season ; the interruption of occupation by 
strikes, commercial crises, etc. 4. Its relations to machinery : how far 
does the liquor habit prevent the use of fine and highly specialized 
machinery ; and, on the other hand, how far does the nervous strain in- 
volved in work with machinery induce the liquor habit ? 5. Its relation 
to the mode and time of paying wages : is the consumption of intoxicants 
affected by the frequency of payments, by the time of the week at which 
they are paid, and by the person to whom they are paid ? 6. Its relation 
to working men's budgets in different occupations in different countries, 
or the ratio between the cost of liquor and the cost of living. 7. Its 
relations to comforts, luxuries, and pleasures ; how far is the liquor habit 
counteracted by home comforts, good cooking, coffee-houses, music-halls, 
theaters, outdoor sports, etc. ? 8. Its relations to sanitary conditions ; 
how far is it affected by the plentifulness of food, by the ventilation of 
dwellings and workshops, by good drainage, etc. ? " 

88. As to above figures, " one-fifth," " one million," see Voice tables, 
May 17, 1894, August 30, 1894. — Considered merely as a question of 
social economy, ofdollars and cents, of tax bills and public convenience 
generally, the drink question is the question of the day. The tariff 
wrangle is a mere baby to it. — Professor J. J. McCook of Trinity Col- 
lege/Hartford, Conn. Another economic phase of the drink problem is 
the increasing frequency with which railroads and other business corpor- 
ations are adopting the rule of total abstinence for their employees in 
protection of business interests. See letters of railroad managers in The 

Voice, April 23, 1891. Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, ex-mayor of New York 
City, who is by no means a Prohibitionist, says: "The city of New 
York expends upon the police and courts annually a sum equal to the 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 305 

interest paid by the savings banks upon the enormous accumulation of 
$300,000,000 now deposited within their vaults. In other words, the 
liquor saloon absorbs a sum annually . . . through the agency of public 
taxation [besides the vast sum spent for drink directly] equal to the in- 
come on the savings of the great working classes of this city." — Charities 
Reviezv, 2 : 309. — During the splendid enforcement of the laws against 
Sunday saloons in New York City in the summer of 1895, The New 
York World dolefully proclaimed that the brewers were losing $250,000 
on each Sabbath, on which The Voice queried, " Who has that $250,000 
now ? " 

89. That the situation is one involving danger, and very great danger, 
to the favored classes in the future, provided considerable changes in 
government and industry do not take place, cannot, in my opinion, be 
denied. It seems to me that a denial implies a failure to apprehend the 
nature and force of the social movements which have taken place during 
the past generation. — Professor R. T. Ely, Christianity Practically 
Applied, 1 : 444. 

90. Vice and misery . . . follow . . . because land is treated as pri- 
vate property. . . Social maladjustments condemn large classes to pov- 
erty and vice. . . The growth of morality consequent upon the diminution 
of want . . . The rise of wages . . . would soon eliminate from society 
the thieves, swindlers, and other classes of criminals who spring from an 
unequal distribution of wealth. . . From whence springs this lust of 
gain? . . . Does it not spring from the existence of want? — Henry 
George, Progress and Poverty, 245, 317, 325, 327. See also 207, 208, 
33 2 > 374- I n view of the foregoing we suggest the following unabridged 
catechism : What is the root of all evil ? Want. What will create all 
virtues? Single tax. Mr. George has forgotten Robert Burns' song of 
" Honest Poverty," to which he will not leave even the cradle of genius, 
for he tells us (contrary to the biographers) that the thinkers, the dis- 
coverers, the inventors, the organizers, " are born in plenty " (336). 
Probably Mr. George would not agree with Archdeacon C. J. Wood that 
"the twofold law of Christ is poverty and labor" {The Kingdom, July 
12, 1895). The " Anti-Poverty Society," founded by Mr. George on the 
above grounds, ignored temperance and other kindred " moral reforms." 
Professor Ely {Socialism, etc., 74) remarks that the ethical element plays 
almost, if not quite, as subordinate a part in the socialism of Karl Marx 
and his followers as in the Darwinian natural science. . . It makes 
every social advance — religion and the family, art and literature — 
depend upon the development of the economic sphere. On p. 34 
Professor Ely quotes Frederick Engels as follows: "As soon as 
there is no longer any social class to be oppressed . . . there will be 
nothing more to repress." Professor Ely also refers to like views of 
Herr Bebel and adds (p. 35): "It is not by any means true that all 
socialists share his optimism in regard to the immediate moral effects of 
socialism." Graham W^allas says : " Under the justest possible social 
system we might still have to face all those vices and diseases which are 
not the direct result of poverty and overwork." — Fabian Essays, p. 184. 
The following bits of current humor are suggestive in this connection : 

• Kindly gentleman (from True Blue Club) — " And what has brought 
you to this deplorable condition? Drink — gambling?" 

Gentleman of the pavement (spotting his man) — "No, indeed, sir; 
my misfortunes are entirely attributable to free trade, monometalism, 



306 APPENDIX. 

and the death duties." Immediate relief on generous scale. — Punch, 
London. 

" This is the third time you have been brought before me for stealing," 
said the judge. " Can't you live honestly ? " 

" Not under de present 'ministration, suh ; dar's got ter be a change 
in national politics fust !" — The Constitution, Atlanta. 

91. John E. Potter, in Presbyterian Messenger. 

92. Warner's American Charities, 28. 

93. Pp. 65-66. See also Professor Ely's tract on The Relation of 
Te7nperance Reform to the Labor Movement, published by the W. C. T. 
U. We might add, as the testimony of another expert witness, the fol- 
lowing : Professor J. J. McCook of Hartford, the great specialist on 
tramps, who has studied them thoroughly, says: " Sixty-three per cent, 
of them are confessedly intemperate," and he adds, " I believe industrial 
causes have but little to do with pauperism in general or vagabondage in 
particular." — Charities Review, 3: 65. That drunkenness does not 
recruit alone from the poor, but gets from the ranks of wealth in full 
proportion, is vividly proclaimed by a writer in the Contemporary Review 
in 1894 : " It is no use talking to me about culture and refinement and 
learning and serious pursuits saving a man from the devouring fiend ; for 
it happens that the fiend nearly always clutches the best and brightest and 
most promising. Intellect alone is not worth anything as a defensive 
means against alcohol, and I can convince anybody of that if he will go 
with me to a common lodging-house, which we can choose at random. 
Yes, it is the bright and powerful intellects that catch the rot first in too 
many cases, and that is why I smile at the notion of mere book learning 
making us any better. If I were to make out a list of the scholars whom 
I have met starving and in rags, I should make people gape. . . I once 
shared a pot of four-penny ale with a man who used to earn two thousand 
pounds a year by coaching at Oxford. He was in a low house near the 
Waterloo Road, and he died of cold and hunger there. He had been 
the friend and counselor of statesmen, but the vice from which statesmen 
squeeze revenue had him by the throat before he knew where he was, 
and he drifted toward death in a kind of constant dream from which no 
one ever saw him wake. . . I have seen a tramp on the road — a queer, 
long-nosed, short-sighted animal — who would read Greek with the book 
upside down. He was a very fine Latin scholar, and we tried him with 
Vergil ; he could go off at score when he had a single line given him, and 
he scarcely made a slip, for the poetry seemed ingrained. I have shared 
a pennyworth of sausage with the brother of a chief-justice, and I have 
played a piccolo while an ex-incumbent performed a dance which he 
described, I think, as Pyrrhic." Sir William Vernon Harcourt (quoted 
in The Voice, May 16, 1895) said, in 1895, in a speech on the local veto 
bill : " It is often said, and said with truth, that what we ought to apply 
ourselves to is to remedy the social evil of poverty. Is there any man 
who will deny that one of the greatest causes of poverty is excessive 
indulgence in drink ? This is a question which occupies the minds of 
the wage-paying and wage-earning classes, and there is nothing which 
operates so prejudicially on both classes as the evils arising out of drink. 
If you ask any man having acquaintance with those evils — if you ask 
successive home secretaries — if you ask the magistrates — they will tell you 
that one of the principal causes, if not the principal cause, of crime is 
excessive drinking. There is nothing so destructive of the happiness of 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 307 

the home, which we all value above all else, as this widespread and 
desolating misery." As to losses by drink to employers as well as em- 
ployees, The Voice, May 2, 1895, gives statistics to the effect that forty per 
cent, of railroad accidents are caused by drink. One-ninth of the annual 
product of the country {The Voice, March 11, 1895) goes to support the 
gin-mills. When the author was in Chicago, in May, 1895, the papers 
recorded large gifts by business men to the anti-gambling crusade of the 
Civic Federation, which were said to be prompted not by philanthropy 
but by self-interest, the losses by peculations of gambling clerks having 
become a serious matter. 

94. Warner's American Charities, 60-66. 

95. As a contribution to this investigation we record that of 600 
cases in a certain inebriate asylum, 450 became inebriates from associa- 
tion or from going with drinking men and indulging in the habit of 
treating. — Christian Work, December 13, 1894. 

96. Dr. Hale is the father of all the clubs, including the King's 
Daughters, that use the mottoes — 

" Look up and not down ; 
Look forward and not backward ; 
Look out and not in, and 
Lend a hand." 

97. The leading article in Lend a Hand, June, 1894, says : " Every 
one who is engaged in any of the departments of philanthropic work, 
whether it be classed under the head of charities or correction, is con- 
scious, at the bottom of his heart, that the questions relating to temper- 
ance and intemperance are the foundation questions." 

98. It is amazing to hear bright thinkers arguing as if poverty were 
always due to the fault of the people who suffer it. — President E. B. 
Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law, 88. 

99. But it has been suggested that Government might appropriately 
make some compensation to destroyed trades in such cases, in connection 
with its patent system, out of a royalty on the profits of patents. That 
valuable patents might properly be restricted in charges and required to 
pay a royalty to Government, is suggested by remarks of Benjamin Kidd, 
Social Evolution, 266-167, and also by the following on the " unearned 
increment " in the patent, from Edward Bellamy, quoted in Kidd's Social 
Evolution, 26"] : " AH that a man produces to-day more than did his cave- 
dwelling ancestors, he produces by virtue of the accumulated achieve- 
ments, inventions, and improvements of the intervening generations, 
together with the social and industrial machinery which is their legacy." 

100. The Fabian Essays, writing of the Church of England in 1 831, 
when British democracy was coming to birth, declare: " The Church, 
once a universal democratic organization of international fraternity, had 
become a mere appanage of the landed gentry " (p. 10). 

101. Christ ... is often lauded in the same breath in which the 
churches are condemned. — Ely, Social Aspects of Christianity, 76. The 
Outlook, in commenting on John Burns' address at a public dinner in New 
York, said : "At the dinner he reached the highest pitch of eloquence 
while picturing what the work of the Church would be if it became the 
work of its Master. The cheers that came from his labor audience at 
the name of Christ exceeded any expression of emotion the present writer 
has ever witnessed in a Christian congregation," 



308 APPENDIX. 

102. In medieval gilds the employers and employees in each trade 
cooperated in one organization devoted to the interests of the whole trade. 
The Southern Railway Company set a good precedent in February, 1895, 
when its employees demanded a restoration of former rates, in issuing a 
full and courteous statement of its financial condition to its engineers, 
firemen, conductors, and trainmen. — The best available document on the 
prevention of strikes by permanent boards of conciliation, appointed 
jointly by employers and their employees, is entitled " An Example of 
Arbitration," and may be had free of The Voice, N. Y. It is the story 
of the New York bricklayers' arbitration committee. Mrs. Josephine 
Shaw Lowell, who wrote the foregoing story, has since written again on 
the subject {The Voice, August 1, 1895) to deny that boards of conciliation 
are declining in favor in England. She refers for their methods to The 
Contemporary Revietu, May, 1890. 

103. The program was as follows : 
I. Regulation of the work in mines. 

1. Is work underground to be prohibited (A) for children under a 
certain age ? (B) for women ? 

2. Is there to be a limitation of the duration of work in such mines in 
which the work is associated with special danger to the health ? 

3. Is it possible in the general interest, in order to secure regularity 
in the drawing out of coal, to subject the work in coal mines to inter- 
national regulations ? 

II. Regulation of Sunday labor. 

1. Is Sunday labor— subject to cases of necessity — to be prohibited as 
a rule ? 

2. What exceptions are to be authorized should such a prohibition be 
issued ? 

3. Are these exceptions to be defined by international agreement, by 
law, or in an administrative measure ? 

III. Regulation of children's labor. 

1. Shall children be excluded from industrial work up to a certain age ? 

2. How is the age up to which this exclusion should take place to be 
denned? 

3. Is it to be the same for every branch of industry, or is it to vary in 
each branch ? 

4. What restrictions of hours of work and kinds of occupation are to 
be prescribed for those children allowed to participate in industrial work ? 

IV. Regulation of work for young persons. 

1. Shall the industrial work of young persons who have passed the age 
of childhood be subject to restrictions? 

2. Up to what age shall these restrictions be made ? 

3. What restrictions are to be prescribed? 

4. Are modifications of the general regulations to be prescribed for 
individual branches of industry? 

V. Regulation of the work of women. 

1. Shall the work of married women be restricted in the daytime or at 
night ? 

2. Shall the industrial work of all women, married and single, be sub- 
jected to certain restrictions ? 

3. What restrictions are recommended in this case? 

4. Are exceptions from the general regulations to be prescribed for 
individual branches of industry, and, if so, for what branches? 



NOTES TO LECTURE III. 309 

VI. The carrying out of the rules adopted by the conference. 

1. Shall regulations be made for carrying out and superintending the 
provisions agreed upon ? 

2. Shall conferences of the representatives of the governments inter- 
ested be held at intervals, and what shall be the tasks set before them ? 

104. Professor Bemis declared, in 1894, that he found among work- 
men " a growing disposition to adopt wise and conciliatory measures 
when employers are willing to come half-way." — Handbook of Sociologi- 
cal Information, p. 41. 

105. Bibliotheca Sacra, Oberlin, O. , July, 1892; reprint at ten cents each. 

106. John Rae, in Eight Hours of Work, seems to prove that, in 
many cases, a reduction of work to eight hours has not decreased pro- 
duction, so removing the chief objection of the capitalist, while, at the 
same time, invalidating the argument of labor leaders that such reduction 
of hours would provide work for a larger number of workmen. He 
holds that if each man was to lessen his product it would lessen the 
entire supply, raise prices without raising wages, and injure rather than 
improve the laborer's condition. His hope is rather in improved ma- 
chinery, in more abundant and cheaper products, resulting in higher 
wages and a higher standard of living. The one point as to which those 
reformers who are the best friends of the working men would inquire 
most diligently is what is done with the two leisure hours. If they are 
spent in additional reveling, or even in lounging about, instead of in- 
creasing their knowledge or efficiency or value as men, it would be just 
as well for them to work ten hours as eight. Research seems to show, 
however, that a great improvement takes place at once in the workman's 
aims and methods. With some vitality left from his short day, instead 
of seeking the saloon as he did when exhausted by long hours, he seeks 
the open air, taking an allotment, one or two acres of land, and raising 
his own vegetables, or, if younger, joining baseball or cricket clubs. 

107. On the high grade of intellectual ability developed among labor 
leaders see Fairbairn, Religion in History, etc., pp. 44 ff. 

108. I see no escape from the Church's responsibility to make deep 
and triumphant study of these grave problems now so earnestly and 
angrily discussed, and to teach the results from the pulpit and in every 
other possible way. . . Our Sunday-schools might be utilized in that 
interest. — Professor E. B. Andrews, D. D., LL. D., Christianity Prac- 
tically Applied, 1 : 349. The suggestion that social problems should be 
studied in the Sabbath-schools is underscored by the fact that a majority 
of Protestant criminals and slaves of the vices were once members of 
the Evangelical Sabbath-schools. See proofs in my Temperance Cen- 
tury, 136 ; also Clokey's Dying at the Top, 41, where it is stated 
that, of 3682 prisoners in Allegheny Co., Pa., in 1886, all but 107 had 
been in Christian (?) homes or Sabbath-schools or both. At the Phila- 
delphia Free Breakfast three-fourths raised their hands on the question, 
" How many have been Sabbath-school scholars? " A Bible class under- 
taking the study of practical Christian sociology should take a hint from 
the custom of Professor M. Cheyson of Paris and Professor Lindsay of the 
University of Pennsylvania, who take their classes on excursions to places 
of sociological interest, such as jails, asylums, etc., where the superin- 
tendent of the institution makes an address and answers questions as the 
basis for subsequent explanation by the teacher of the scientific bearing 
of the facts learned. 



3IO APPENDIX. 

LECTURE IV. 

1. The failure of communistic experiments in the United States and 
elsewhere is often urged as an objection against modern socialism. But 
in reality these experiments . . . throw little light upon the socialism of 
to-day. . . Modern socialism does not preach a doctrine of separation, but 
aims to change the whole structure of society. — Professor R. T. Ely, 
Socialism, etc., 182, 184. Communities were established through the 
influence of Owen and Fourier, and others, 1826-46. Those attempted 
in the United States are described in Noyes' History of American Social- 
isms, and more concisely in Sotheran's Horace Greeley. These separated 
colonies were but the skirmish-line of socialism, whose advocates now 
recognize the necessity of something more than local, or even national 
action in order to its adequate realization. Of the local Utopias, which 
are still being attempted, despite past failures, and are often cited as 
samples of socialism, Sidney Webb says in Fabian Tract No. 51, 
(p. 10) : " The aim of the modern socialist movement, I take it, is not to 
enable this or that comparatively free person to lead an ideal life, but to 
loosen the fetters of the millions who toil in our factories and mines, and 
who cannot possibly be moved to Freeland or Topolobampo." 

2. The word '■ revolution " is often used in the sense of evolution. 
The Fabian Essays declare : " By ' revolution' is to be understood, of 
course, not violence, but a complete change of system " (p. xiii). See 
also p. 44. "Socialists as well as individualists realize that important 
organic changes can only be (1) democratic, and thus acceptable to a 
majority of the people, and prepared for in the minds of all ; (2) gradual, 
and thus causing no dislocation, however rapid may be the rate of prog- 
ress ; (3) not regarded as immoral by the mass of the people, and thus 
not subjectively demoralizing to them ; and (4) in this country [Great 
Britain] at any rate, constitutional and peaceful" (p. 9). See also pp. 
91, 163, 186-187, 225-226, 250. Frederick Engels, in the introduction to 
the English translation of Das Kapiial, says that its author, Karl Marx, 
was led by his lifelong studies to the conclusion that England was the 
only country in Europe where the inevitable social revolution might be 
effected entirely by peaceful and legal means, although he expected the 
rich would subsequently rebel. 

3. Uncivilized man finds things ; semi-civilized man " raises " things ; 
civilized man makes things. . . Man is least dependent when [as a savage] 
he wants least, cares least, has least, knows least, and is least. . . Progress 
is ... a passage from independence to dependence. — Ely, Outlines of 
Economics, 3, 7, 73, 74. This book of Professor Ely is especially valu- 
able for its concise historic study of the development of industry from its 
crudest forms to its present complexity. 

4. The old-time argument that the farmers of the United States, with 
homes and lands of their own, would be an effectual barrier against 
socialism, is not heard in these days of Populists, whose mortgaged homes 
give them little feeling of landlordism. 

5. The writer's statement that a reduction of hours to eight cannot be 
made except by cooperation among competitors is based on the assump- 
tion that the benefits conferred upon the body, mind, and heart of the 
average working man, by a reduction of hours from 10, or 9, to 8, would 
not be sufficient in the case of "machine minders," at any rate, probably 
not even in most cases where a man's own muscle and mind are his chief 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 3II 

"power " to make the product of muscle, or mind, or machine, for the 
shorter hours equal to what it had been for the longer. We are aware 
that neither the fear of decreased production nor of increased vice was 
verified in the reduction of work to ten hours (see Marx's Capital, 131-132, 
Ely's Economics, 290), but as both strength and skill are more and more 
transfered to machines, the shortening of hours has less and less influence 
upon quantity and quality of work. We quote Rae elsewhere (see 
" Eight-hour Law," in alphabetical index) as claiming that in some cases 
the reduction to eight hours has not decreased the product, but it is yet to 
be shown whether or not it would cause such a reduction in most cases. 
The writer favors an eight-hour law^ but not by separate State action, 
unless it can be shown conclusively that the employers and employees of 
such a State will not lose by competition with longer hours in other 
States. Massachusetts manufacturers, as we show elsewhere, claim that 
the national government has power to pass such a law for all employees 
as it has already passed for its own. 

6. According to the annual report of the Bureau of Statistics of Penn- 
sylvania, just published, the strikes last year numbered fifty-three, about 
twice as many as took place in the previous year. Not one of these 
strikes was successful, the number engaged in them was seventeen thou- 
sand, and the average loss in wages was about eighty-five dollars. — Chris- 
tian Advocate, July 19, 1894. 

7. The fact that capital, if unjustly treated in one State, can flee to 
another, is a considerable check upon excessive anti-capital legislation. 

8. A number of Populists, Socialists, and Prohibitionists met in New 
York City on the eve of Washington's Birthday, 1894, and adopted a 
platform and constitution for a Commonwealth Club, to unite the reform 
elements for political action. The platform adopted is as follows : 

PLATFORM FOR COMMONWEALTH CLUB. 

" Differing as we may upon minor details, we, the members of the 
Commonwealth Club, favor united political action to secure the follow- 
ing : 

" The telegraphs, telephones, railroads, and mines should be owned 
and operated by the State ; the street cars, water, gas, and electric light 
plants should be owned and operated by the municipalities, and no pub- 
lic employee should be engaged or discharged for political reasons. 

" The currency of the country should be issued by the Federal Govern- 
ment alone, and not by private individuals or corporations. 

" To abolish the saloon, the liquor traffic, so far as demanded, should 
be conducted by the State without profit. 

" The land is the rightful heritage of all the people, and no tenure 
should hold without use and occupancy. 

" Machinery is the product of the cumulative thought of the past, and 
should not be monopolized against public interest. 

" The ideal of the future is the collective ownership and operation by 
the people of all the means of production and distribution. 

" To secure these ends, we demand the initiative, referendum, and 
imperative mandate." 

The Independent Labor Party of England, whose object is "the col- 
lective ownership and control of the means of production, distribution, 
and exchange," has as its present program : 



312 APPENDIX. 

1. Restriction by law of the working day to eight hours. 

2. Abolition of overtime, piece work, and the prohibition of the 
employment of children under fourteen years of age. 

3. Provision for the sick, disabled, aged, widows and orphans ; the 
necessary funds to be obtained by a tax upon unearned incomes. 

4. Free, unsectarian, primary, secondary, and university education. 

5. Remunerative work for the unemployed. 

6. Taxation to extinction of unearned incomes. 

7. The substitution of arbitration for war, and the consequent dis- 
armament of the nations. 

The proposed basis of union for Prohibitionists, Populists, and other 
reform parties, adopted at National Reform Conference, in Prohibition 
Park, Staten Island, June 28 to July 3, 1895, is as follows : 

" 1. Direct Legislation, the Initiative and the Referendum in national, 
State, and local matters ; the Imperative Mandate and Proportional 
Representation. 

" 2. When any branch of legitimate business becomes a monopoly in 
the hands of a few against the interests of the many, that industry should 
be taken possession of, on just terms, by the municipality, the State, or 
the nation, and administered by the people. 

" 3. The election of president and vice-president and of United States 
senators by direct vote of the people, and also of all civil officers as far 
as practicable. 

" 4. Equal suffrage without distinction of sex. 

"5. As the land is the rightful heritage of the people, no tenure 
should hold without use and occupancy. 

"6. Prohibition of the liquor traffic for beverage purposes, and gov- 
ernmental control of the sale for medicinal, scientific, and mechanical 
uses. 

"7. All money — paper, gold, and silver — should be issued by the na- 
tional government only, and made legal tender for all payments, public 
or private, on future contracts, and in amount adequate to the demands 
of business. 

"8. The free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the ratio of 
16 to 1." 

9. What is called the socialistic trend in court decisions has been very 
rapidly developed of late, and although some of these decisions are 
adverse to labor's claims, more of them are adverse to the assumptions 
of capital, and most of them defend the public in its right to have public 
commercial enterprises managed with primary reference not to private, 
but public interests. One of the latest of these decisions was that of 
Judge Gaynor on the Brooklyn strike, of which a summary and discussion 
may be found in the Literary Digest, issues of February, 1895. One of 
the earliest and highest of these decisions is that of the United States 
Supreme Court, case of Munn vs. Illinois, the opinion being written by 
Chief Justice Waite : " When one devotes his property to a use in which 
the public has an interest, he, in effect, grants to the public an interest 
in that use, and must submit to be controlled by the public for the com- 
mon good, to the extent of the interest he has created." It is significant 
in this connection that the New Jersey Legislature, in 1895, passed a bill 
making judgeships elective, supposably on the ground that judges named 
by the executive were too much in sympathy with corporations. The 
bill was defeated by the Governor's veto. 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 313 

10. In 1769, the year that James Watt invented the steam-engine, 
Napoleon and Wellington were born, which reminds us that 

" Peace hath her victories no less renowned than war." 

More influential upon the destiny of nations than Waterloo was the 
harnessing of water, transformed to steam, to the forces of production. 

11. The machines invented between 1750 and 1784 are enumerated in 
Fabian Essays, pp. 47, 48. Workmen became what Fabian Essays call 
" dependent machine-minders." TJje First Annual Repoit of the United 
States Commissioner of Labor, 1880, shows in detail how men have been 
displaced by machinery. The same, condensed, in Fabian Essays, p. 
54 f. — To do the work accomplished in 1886 in the United States by 
power machinery and on the railways would have required men repre- 
senting a population of 172,500,000, whereas the real population was 
under 60,000,000 — that is, 4,000,000 with machinery did what would 
have required 21,000,000 without. — Ely's Socialism, etc., 139. See also 
his Economics, Chautauqua edition, 19, note. In 1887 the Berlin Bureau 
of Statistics estimated that the steam-engines of the world were doing the 
work of 1,000,000,000 men — three times the working population of the 
world. See also Strong's Our Country, 122. 

12. The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century is discussed 
from an altruistic standpoint in lectures on that subject by Arnold Toyn- 
bee. See also Ely's Outlines of Economics on the same. 

13. Hon. Abram S. Hewitt says of the ante-factory period in Eng- 
land : " I do not pretend to say that the general condition of society was 
either satisfactory or commendable, or that the convulsion with which it 
was overthrown was not necessarily inevitable ; but what I do say is that 
there was no large proletarian class without a home and abiding place, 
and for whose care and sustenance no one was responsible." — Charities 
Review, 2 : 306. For the darker side of the picture see Pigeon's Old 

World Questions and New World Answers, p. 254, quoted in Behrends, 
Socialism and Christianity, pp. 222-223. 

14. To put political power in the hands of men embittered and de- 
graded by poverty is to tie firebrands to foxes and turn them loose amid 
the standing corn. . . Between democratic ideas and the aristocratic 
adjustments of society there is an irreconcilable conflict. — Henry George, 
Progress and Poverty, 381, 396. The economic side of the democratic 
idea is socialism. — Fabian Essays, 9. Industrial self-government is a 
very convenient and accurate definition of nationalism. — Edward Bel- 
lamy, quoted, Ely's Socialism, 23. We must go logically on and democ- 
ratize our industrial institutions. — Owen's Economics of Herbert Spencer, 
p. 38. See on same Ely's Economics, Chautauqua edition, 200. 

15. Karl Marx {Capital, 388, note) cites evidence that he was not a 
Christian in belief. Whatever was true of the man, his system was athe- 
istic in the*strict sense, without God — that is, it left God out except as 
impersonal " law," or, in modern phrase, it was agnostic in the sense of 
ignoring God. 

16. The necessity for some slight and occasional restraints upon in- 
dustrial liberty he admitted. 

17. Two conceptions are woven into every argument of the Wealth of 
Nations — the belief in the supreme value of individual liberty and the 
conviction that man's self-love is God's providence ; that the individual, 



314 APPENDIX. 

in pursuing his own interest, is promoting the welfare of all. — Arnold 
Toynbee, Industrial Revolution, ch. ii. At the beginning of this cen- 
tury competition was almost universally considered a sort of divinely 
appointed instrumentality for the fixing of prices in a just manner. — 
President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law, yi. Professor Ely 
{Outlines of Economics, 31) thus states of the central idea of Adam 
Smith's Wealth of Nations : " Men are by nature free and equal; the 
law should not establish artificial inequalities among them. What men 
need in business is not protection but liberty. Under free competition 
each man seeks his own interest, and, in seeking his own interest, pro- 
motes, as a rule [as Utilitarianism teaches], the best interests of society." 
On p. 43 the " central doctrine" is again stated, thus: " Not benevo- 
lence but self-interest would regulate men's relations for the general 
good. . . This theory implied, if it did not assert, that, in the economic 
world, there was little need of a moral law." In a footnote, p. 31, Pro- 
fessor Ely mentions the fact that Adam Smith recognizes important 
exceptions to his rule of industrial liberty, but " the impression which the 
book produced," he adds, " was in favor of the abolition of legal restric- 
tions." Although Adam Smith held to the selfish utilitarian theory of 
ethics, he was not a professed disciple of that school, as were nearly all 
his British successors in the leadership of political economy. In another 
note, on p. 35, Professor Ely calls attention to the fact that the labor 
laws against which Adam Smith declaims were laws against labor. On 
p. 50 the failure and abandonment in England of the theory of non- 
interference of the State in industry having been shown, the conclusion 
is stated that " the Creator . . . has made impossible an equilibrium of 
balanced selfishness among men." Utilitarianism, which is egoism, has 
failed. Let Altruism try its hand. 

18. The police {laissez-faire) theory of government limits its province 
to the protection of person and property against force and fraud. See 
John Stuart Mill, Political Economy, bk. v, ch. ii, § I. Edmund 
Burke, defending the police theory of government against the paternal, 
said it was the whole business of government to see that twelve honest 
men were put in every jury box. Macaulay spoke against what he 
called the " odious principle of paternal government," but advocated 
paternalism in his great speech on the ten-hour bill. We shall presently 
see how odious, even odorous, the police theory of government became 
before it died with the last century. 

19. The tyranny of corporations, which grew naturally from conditions 
of " industrial freedom," was as grievous as any tyranny ever established 
by government agency. — Professor H. C. Adams, Relation of the Stale 
to Industrial Action, 13. 

20. Liberty, I am told, is a Divine thing. Liberty, when it becomes 
" Liberty to die by starvation," is not so divine. — Carlyle, quoted in 
Owen's Economics of Herbert Spencer, p. 242. 

21. References to the official record and extracts from it maybe found 
in Marx's Capital, 136, 141-165, 261, 289-291, 310; also in Fabian Es- 
says, as quoted in lecture later. More recent investigations show that some 
of the cruelties of British employers lasted down to a recent date. An 
official inquiry in 1863 showed that British prisoners had more food and 
less labor than " free workmen," and it was seriously suggested that the 
dietary of the former should be reduced to that of the latter, lest work- 
men should seek to improve their condition by becoming criminals, — See 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 31$ 

Karl Marx, Capital, p. 430. See also Behrends, Socialism and Christi- 
anity, 152. These cruelties have not prevented Herbert Spencer from 
calling the laissez-faire plan the " industrial regime of willinghood." — 
Quoted, Owen's Economics of Herbert Spencer, 229. 

22. Fabian Essays, 58-61. See also 17. Not until 1819 were hours 
limited in England to twelve per day for children of nine years and up- 
ward, the law not allowing child labor below that age. Mrs. Helen 
Campbell {Christian Work, August 2, 1894), commenting on these 
cruelties of British child-labor, says : " These evils found counterpart in 
our own country, and in Connectiw.it and other New England States 
hideous abuses existed, described in full by Colonel Wright in the earlier 
Reports of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor. Employment of chil- 
dren was then at a minimum, but with the multiplying of population and 
the herding together in great cities, it has steadily increased, and with it 
the evils inseparable from it. . . In the tenement-house [sweat-shop], 
where numberless industries are carried on, children are at work strip- 
ping tobacco, sewing on buttons, picking threads, for from ten to four- 
teen hours daily. Out of 530 of these children examined during a period 
of eighteen months by Dr. Annie S. Daniel, one of the best known of 
New York physicians, but sixty were healthy, and these barely so. In- 
fantile paralysis was one of the common results of work begun in one 
case at three, and in many at four years old ; one family having twin 
girls of four, who sewed on buttons from six in the morning till ten at 
night." See also Hull House Maps and Papers for evidence that such 
cruelties exist to-day in Chicago. 

23. For the history of the Factory Acts and other British legislation 
in defense of working men, which a Parliamentary Commission, in 1894, 
pronounced so complete as to need no additions, and which British labor 
leaders, though still asking a stronger " Employer's Liability Bill," 
usually admit constitutes the best set of labor laws in the world, see 
Marx's Capital, 163, 175, 306-308 ; also first of Fabian Essays, the 
earlier chapters of Mackenzie's Nineteenth Century, and the historic sec- 
tions of Ely's Economics. Dr. Behrends (Socialism and Christianity, 
154) says : "In England and in Germany employers are liable for damages 
to the workman, or compelled to insure him against accident." 

24. See Shaftesbury's lament at the opposition of good men to his 
good laws, Ely's Socialism, etc., 69-72. 

25. One of the remarkable signs of the time in England of late has 
been the gradual spreading revolt against many of the conclusions of the 
school of political economy represented by Adam Smith, Ricardo. and 
Mill. — Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution, 23. Laissez-faire [Utilitari- 
anism also] rests on two assumptions, as Professor Cairnes (Essays in 
Political Economy, 244) has pointed out in no unfriendly spirit : First, 
that the interests of human beings are fundamentally the same — that 
which is»most for my interest is also most for the interest of other people ; 
secondly, that individuals know their interests in the sense in which they 
are coincident with others, and that, in the absence of coercion, they will, 
in this sense, follow them. The authority of English economy is shat- 
tered beyond recovery. . . First, the doctrine of laissez-faire cannot lay 
claim to scientific pretensions. Second, the abandonment of its scientific 
pretension destroyed whatever authority English economy ever had as a 
guide for constructive economies. — Professor H. C. Adams, Relation of 
the State to Industrial Action, 14, 27. The Sunday-School Times (July 



$l6 APPENDIX. 

28, 1894) says: "The conception of natural economic law, 0nc6 sd 
dominant, has in this age fallen into disrepute. " Laissez-faire" — " let 
us alone " — it is identical in spirit with the sullen insolence of Cain — 
" Am I my brother's keeper?" The celestial voice that asked of old 
that terrific question, " Where is thy brother Abel?" shall yet be heard 
and responded to by every one who would win profit or enjoyment from 
that which oppresses or degrades a single human being. — Horace Gree- 
ley, So'theran's Horace Greeley, pp. 175, 190. " How badly industrial 
distribution is now managed," is one of the unspoken morals of an article 
on " Pauperism in the United States," in The Kingdom, August 23, 
1895, by Mr. Frank B. Sanborn, Secretary of the American Social Science 
Association, in which it is shown that one out of every 140 people in this 
country receives charitable aid each year. He estimates the total char- 
itable expenditure as not less than thirty-five millions of dollars, an 
average of fifty cents per head for the whole population. 

26. The man who tells us that we ought to investigate Nature, simply 
to sit still patiently under her and let her freeze and ruin and starve and 
stink us to death, is a goose, whether he call himself a chemist or a 
political economist. — Kingsley, quoted, Fabian Essays, pp. 75-76. On 
the fallacy of "natural economic law," see also Communism of John 
Ruskin, 49-50, and address by Professor George D. Herron in Christi- 
anity Practically Applied, I : 457. 

27. His [Ricardo's] powerful mind, concentrated upon the argument, 
never stopped to consider the world which the argument implied — that 
world of gold-seeking animals, stripped of every human affection, forever 
digging, weaving, spinning, watching with keen, undeceived eyes each 
other's movements, passing incessantly and easily from place to place in 
search of gain, all alert, crafty, mobile — that world less real than the 
island of Lilliput, which never has had, and never can have, any exist- 
ence. — President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law. 

28. The fundamental principle of human action — the law that is to 
political economy what gravitation is to physics — is that men seek to 
gratify their desires with the least exertion. — Henry George, Progress 
and Poverty, 150. 

29. " Laissez-faire," exclaims a sardonic German writer. " What is 
this universal cry for laissez-faire? Does it mean that human affairs 
require no guidance ? that wisdom and forethought cannot guide them 
better than folly and accident ? " — Carlyle, quoted in Socialism and Un- 
socialism, 240. 

30. Positive Philosophy, ch. i. 

31. Competition made them perfect Ishmaelites. — Ely, Outlines of 
Economics, 57. 

32. Selling men in the markets has ceased in the civilized world, but 
Ruskin reminds us, in his lecture on " Traffic," that the no less wicked 
trade of under-selling men has lasted to this day. 

33. " It has taken the world ages to discover that war is bad politics ; 
that it is more profitable to trade with one's neighbors than to rob them. 
It is also beginning to be discovered that the principles and practises of 
war are bad in business ; that it is better that all should labor under fair 
exchange than that the spoils of industry should adorn the triumph of the 
conqueror." 

34. The more recent economists may be grouped together as the 
" ethical school." . . . The course of economic thought is largely, per- 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 317 

haps mainly, directed to what ought to be. . . With this compare La- 
veleye's definition. . . " Political economy may therefore be defined as 
the science which determines what laws men ought to adopt in order that 
they may, with the least possible exertion, procure the greatest abundance 
of things useful for the satisfaction of their wants ; may distribute them 
justly, and consume them rationally." . . . The ethical school places 
society above the individual. — Ely, Social Aspects of Christianity, 118, 
123, 129. See alsoBehrends, Socialism and Christianity, 271-272. — We 
have the rising school of orthodox political economists in England already 
beginning to question whether poverty itself may not be abolished, and 
whether it is necessarily any more a permanent human institution than 
was slavery. . . They are most anxious to preserve the freedom of the 
individual to try new paths on his own responsibility, . . . and desire, 
on scientific grounds, to disentangle the case for it from the case for 
such institutions as tend to maintain extreme inequalities of wealth ; to 
which some of them are strongly opposed. — Kidd's Social Evolution, 
223, 231. See also 24. That vast fortunes are not needed as incentives 
to earnest commercial endeavor is thus argued by one of them (Professor 
Alfred Marshall, quoted, Kidd's Social Evolution, 230-231) : " If the con- 
ditions of the country were such that a moderate income gave as good a 
social position as a large one does now ; if to have earned a moderate 
income were a strong presumptive proof that a man had surpassed able 
rivals in the attempt to do a difficult thing well, then the hope of earning 
such an income would offer to all but the most sordid natures inducements 
almost as strong as they are now, when there is an equal hope of earning 
a large one." 

35. The action which springs immediately from impulse or appetite is 
not free. The pursuance of a blind instinct or the subjection to a strong 
passion is the negation of freedom. Thus the animal is unfree. — Dr. 
Elisha Mulford, The Nation, no. 

36. This is the key-note of civilization, as Guizot shows in his history 
of it. 

37. True liberty is not the right to choose evil, but the right of choice 
between the various paths that lead to good. — Joseph Mazzini, The 
Duties of Man, 99-100. 

38. For instance, thirty-one railway officers have given me their opinion 
in writing (see Appendix of my Sabbath for Man) that railroads might 
discontinue Sunday trains without loss, but for competition ; which Con- 
gress could and should eliminate by passing the law which has been 
before it for several years against Sunday mails and Sunday trains. 

39. The cure of a little village near Bellinzona, to whom I had ex- 
pressed wonder that the peasants allowed the Ticino to flood their fields, 
told me that they would not join to build an embankment high up the 
valley because everybody said " that would help his neighbors as much 
as himself." So every proprietor built a bit of low embankment about 
his own field ; and the Ticino, as soon as it had a mind, swept away and 
swallowed all up together. — Communism of John Ruskin, p. 85. 

40. The Standard Dictionary gives the following most excellent defi- 
nitions of socialism and its near kin : " Socialism, collectivism, a theory 
of civil polity that aims to secure the reconstruction of society, increase 
of wealth, and a more equal distribution of the products of labor through 
the public collective ownership of land and capital (as distinguished from 
property), and the public collective management of all industries. Its 



318 APPENDIX. 

motto is ' Every one according to his deeds.' Socialism, as claimed by 
its advocates, is distinguished from communism in not demanding a com- 
munity of goods or property, and from nationalism in not asking that all 
individuals shall be rewarded alike. Fabianism is a modified form of 
socialism that aims to bring about similar results through the Fabian 
policy of putting industry under state ownership only so fast as the State 
can be made ready to operate it." 

41. Professor Ely says of the text of Christ's sermon at Nazareth, 
which Professor Henry Drummond calls " The Program of Christianity " : 
' ' When we call to mind the fact that the ' acceptable year of the Lord ' 
may well be taken to refer to that great economic institution, the year of 
jubilee, in which debts were forgiven, the land restored to the poor, and 
the slave set free, who would not say that we have, in Christ's statement of 
his mission, a magnificent statement of the heart purpose of the labor move- 
ment ? " — Christianity Practically Applied, 1 : 441. Socialism seeks a 
distribution which avoids the extremes of pauperism and plutocracy. 
This ideal is that of the Bible as expressed in Agur's prayer (Proverbs 
30 : 8, 9), " Give me neither poverty nor riches." — Ely's Socialism, etc., 
140. On Christian Socialists, see Fairbairn's Religion in History, 3 f. ; 
Ely's Socialism, etc., 382 ff. ; and pamphlet by one of them, Rev. W. D. 
P. Bliss of Boston, What Christian Socialism Is, 10 cents. See also 
Christianity Practically Applied, I : 88. 

42. We are surprised to find in so able a magazine as The Social 
Economist such an " argument " (?) as the following (October, 1894, re- 
view of Kidd's Social Evolution) : " The community would no more be 
enriched by having productive wealth equally distributed among all its 
members than by having all locomotive engines and ships broken up so 
that each member of the community could have a useless hunk of iron 
or wood to carry around in his pocket." It is the whole engine — the 
whole railway — that Socialists want for the whole people. P'or further 
matter on the " grand divide " fallacy, see Owen's Economics of Herbert 
Spencer, 34. 

43. It is true that shallow socialists have befriended anarchists on the 
ground that both seek the overthrow of the existing order. Anarchists 
are styled by Professor De Leon " impatient socialists." The executive 
board of the American Federation of Labor approved Governor Alt- 
geld's anarchistic pardon of the Chicago anarchists, and the Knights of 
Labor Journal approved and defended this act of the Federation. Such 
anarchistic socialism is the worst foe of true socialism, as fanatical para- 
sites are the curse of every reform. But more representative socialists, 
who seek their end not by revolution but by evolution, see in anarchists 
only scarecrows of labor's cause. The popular idea that socialism is 
a scheme of criminals for theft and robbery is shown to be a mis- 
take by Professor Ely {Socialism, p. 39), by various facts, among 
them an informal vote in the Elmira Reformatory in the presidential 
campaign of 1892, which resulted as follows : Democrats, 401 ; Re- 
publicans, 394 ; People's Party, 15 ; Prohibition, 1 ; defective, 8. On 
p. 92, Professor Ely says : " Socialists and anarchists are most bitter 
enemies." 

44. Socialism has nowadays too many, too honest, and too thought- 
ful devotees to be ignored. . . It is stronger at this moment than ever 
before, and is rapidly growing. — President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and 
Moral Law, 91. Socialism enlists the sympathies of many of the best 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 319 

minds. — Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution, 10. I honor the generous 
ideas of the socialists. — Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1883, quoted in Soth- 
eran's Horace Greeley, p. 3. For the benefit of those who suppose that 
socialistic views have been held only by the " unwashed," we subjoin from 
Sotheran's Horace Greeley, pp. 10, 11, a partial list of the contributors 
to the Harbinger , the organ of the American socialists at the middle 
of our century : Hawthorne, Theodore Parker, Emerson, Margaret 
Fuller, Greeley, Lowell, Whittier, Thoreau, Story, Parke Godwin, 
Bronson Alcott, George William Curtis, Channing, Higginson, James 
Freeman Clarke, Charles A. Dana^ George Ripley. The corresponding 
names in England are Maurice, Kmgsley, Carlyle, Ruskin, Morris, John 
Stuart Mill. On famous adherents of socialism, see also Ely's Socialism, 
etc., 157. — The [Fabian] society seeks recruits from all ranks, believing 
that not only those who suffer from the present system, but also many 
who are themselves enriched by it, recognize its evils and would welcome 
a remedy. — Fabian Essays, p. 11. See also p. 126. — What is called an 
"all-classes socialism " is stronger than a working-class socialism. . . 
Socialism will become stronger when it loses its class character and looks 
for leadership to men of superior intelligence and wide experience. — 
Professor R. T. Ely, Socialism, etc., 179, 249. 

45. Outside the educational and economic spheres they advocate 
a general laissez-faire or non-interference policy. . . Some of them 
hope that what they call administration may take the place altogether of 
government, by which they evidently mean repressive measures designed 
to control individuals. — Ely's Socialism, 34. Socialist Labor Party of 
United States, largely German, calls for repeal of "sumptuary laws," 
that is, temperance and Sunday laws. See Appendix of Ely's Socialism, 
etc. On German socialist opposition to the family, see Behrends, 
Socialism and Christianity, 274 ff. ; on atheistic tendencies, ch. x. On 
last, see Christianity Practically Applied, I : 87. 

46. Socialism is a challenge which society cannot ignore. If the evils 
alleged by socialism do not exist, the charges must be refuted. If they 
do exist, their cause must be discovered. If actual evils are due to con- 
ditions which society can control, social programs must be adopted 
accordingly. — Small and Vincent, An Introduction to the Study of 
Society. 

47. The [Fabian] society works for the transfer to the community of 
the administration of such industrial capital as can conveniently be 
managed socially. — Fabian Essays, p. x. The Fabian socialists, speaking 
of those who assume that the abolition of the wage system implies the 
abolition of the service of one man under another, say (Fabian Tract 
No. 51) : " We propose neither to abandon the London and Northwestern 
Railway nor to allow the engine-drivers and guards [conductors] to run 
the trains at their own sweet will." — The social problem of the future we 
considered to be, How to unite the greatest liberty of action with 
a common ownership in the raw material of the globe and an equal 
participation of all in the benefits of combined labor. — John Stuart Mill; 
Autobiography, ch. vii. The design of socialism is the abolition of the 
private receipt of rent and interest. It desires to abolish private property 
only in so far as it enables one to gather an income through the toil of 
others without personal exertions. . . Not only are the material instru- 
ments of production to be owned in common, but they are to be managed 
by the collectivity in order that to the people as a whole may accrue all 



$20 APPENDIX. 

those gains of enterprise called profits. . . We may call the chief pur- 
pose of socialism distributive justice. — Ely's Socialism, II, 14. 

48. See Ely's Socialism, etc., 192. 

49. The Individualist City Councilor will walk along the municipal 
pavement, lit by municipal gas and cleansed by municipal brooms with 
municipal water, and, seeing by the municipal clock in the municipal 
market that he is too early to meet his children coming from the munic- 
ipal school hard by the county lunatic asylum and municipal hospital, 
will use the national telegraph system to tell them not to walk through 
the municipal park, but to come by the municipal tramway, to meet him 
in the municipal reading-room by the municipal art gallery, museum, and 
library, where he intends to consult some of the national publications in 
order to prepare his next speech in the municipal town-hall in favor of 
the nationalizing of canals and the increase of the government control 
over the railroad systems. " Socialism, sir ! " he will say, " don't waste 
the time of a practical man by your fantastic absurdities." — Sidney 
Webb, quoted in Owen's Economics of Herbert Spencer, 172-173. 
Nearly four hundred "paternal" local improvement laws for the pro- 
tection of the people's health and life against selfish " liberty," were 
passed in England between 1802 and 1845. The sanitary restrictions 
upon the free use of land and capital form a thick volume by themselves. 
See Fabian Essays, 23 f, 60-63. The socialist philosophy of to-day is 
but the conscious and explicit assertion of principles of social organiza- 
tion which have been already in great part unconsciously adopted. The 
economic history of the century is an almost continuous record in the 
progress of socialism. — Fabian Essays, 4. Herbert Spencer, attacking 
socialism, speaks of " communistic theories, partially endorsed by one 
Act of Parliament after another." — Quoted, Owen's Economics of 
Spencer, p. 46. Hon. Robert P. Porter, superintendent of United 
States Census of 1890, in a letter from England {The Independent, 
April 18, 1895), says : " It is claimed, and I shall show hereafter with 
considerable truth, that whenever the Government or the municipality 
in England has undertaken enterprises heretofore managed by private 
individuals, the work has been more satisfactorily done, those employed 
have been better paid, and the people are better pleased with the 
result. The admirable result of the government management of tele- 
graphs in England makes State ownership of railways possible ; and 
I find its advocates among the most conservative business men of the 
kingdom. The excellent results from municipal ownership of gas- and 
water-works, and more recently tramways, and the profits from these enter- 
prises, have settled this phase of the municipal problem for all time to 
come ; while the newer spirits of reform are moving in the direction of 
the destruction of the slums of all large cities, and the erection of artisan 
dwellings." 

50. In Germany the proposed abolition of tuition fees has, within 
a few years past, been opposed as socialism, while no one there thinks 
of government ownership of railways as socialistic. The state of public 
opinion is curiously just the reverse in the United States. [The Fabian 
Essays give long lists of the forms of business which are already carried 
on, somewhere and in some degree, by civilized governments.] Parallel 
with this progressive nationalizing of industry, there has gone on the 
elimination of the purely personal element in business management. 
. . . Every conceivable industry, down to baking and milk-selling, is 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 321 

successfully managed by the salaried officers of large corporations of idle 
shareholders. More than one-third of the whole business of England 
[one-fourth in the United States, 74], measured by the capital employed, 
is now done by joint-stock companies. . . Even in the fields still 
abandoned to private enterprise, its operations are every day more 
closely limited (pp. 24-31). . . " The noteworthy fact about the corpora- 
tion is that its very existence testifies to the process of industrial and 
capitalistic aggregation " (78). . . As regards the great combinations 
of capital, State action may take one of three courses : It may prohibit 
and dissolve them ; it may tax an/1 control them ; or it may absorb and 
administer them. In either case the socialist theory is ipso facto 
admitted ; for each is a confession that it is well to exercise a collective 
control over industrial capital. — Ely's Socialism (91-92). "In the summer 
of 1895, when this book was going through the press, the attacks on indus- 
trial combinations were mostly concentrated on department stores. It 
was seriously proposed to tax the department stores out of existence by 
putting a tax of $5000 upon every line of goods carried beyond a single 
one, by any dealer. It is passing strange that all do not see the futility of 
attempting to force the new industrial era of combination back into the 
almost vanished era of competition. It is as futile as smashing new in- 
ventions. The evils of combination, it should be seen, can only be cured 
by carrying combination forward into cooperation. 

51. The most serious objections to socialism . . . are : The tendencies 
to revolutionary dissatisfaction it would be likely to carry with it [because 
all the blame we now scatter among many private parties for deficient 
industrial service would be concentrated on the government] ; the diffi- 
culties in the way of organizing several important factors of production 
under socialism, notably agriculture ; difficulties in the way of determin- 
ing any standard of distributive justice that would be generally acceptable, 
and at the same time would enlist the services of the most gifted and 
talented members of the community ; and finally, the danger that the 
requirements of those persons engaged in higher pursuits would be 
underestimated. — Professor R. T. Ely, Socialism, etc., 244. Mr. 
Benjamin Kidd expresses what he deems the special weakness of 
socialism, as follows, in The Nineteenth Century, March, 1895 : " The 
problem before it is simply : Is it a movement which is tending to pro- 
duce the greatest possible degree of social efficiency ; or is it one which 
is tending toward an. ideal that can never be made consistent with this, 
namely, the maximum of ease and comfort with the minimum of effort 
for the greatest possible number of the existing population ? The 
destiny of the movement may be foretold, not in any spirit of prophecy, 
but as the result of a strictly scientific forecast of the working of forces 
now, as ever, immutable and inexorable. In so far as modern socialism 
tends to realize the latter ideal to the exclusion of the former, to that 
extent pt must be a failure." 

52. The socialistic platforms are, as a rule, divided into two parts, the 
first of which contains a statement of the ultimate ideal, and the second 
of which presents immediate demands. — Professor R. T. Ely, Socialism, 
etc., 170. 

53- The American Federation of Labor, the largest labor body in the 
United States, in 1894, after a year's consideration of certain planks, 
rejected one proposing complete socialism and another proposing a labor 
party, but adopted the following labor creed : I. Compulsory education. 



%Z1 APPENDIX. 

2. Direct legislation, through the initiative and referendum. 3. A legal 
work-day of not more than eight hours. 4. Sanitary inspection of work- 
shop, mine, and home. 5. Liability of employers for injury to health, 
body, or life. 6. The abolition of the contract system in all public 
work. 7. The abolition of the sweating system. 8. The municipal 
ownership of street-cars, water-works, and gas and electric plants, for 
public distribution of light, heat, and power. 9. The nationalization of 
telegraphs, telephones, railroads, and mines. 10. The abolition of the 
monopoly system of landholding, and the substitution therefor of a title 
by occupancy and use only. n. The abolition of the monopoly privi- 
lege of issuing money and substituting therefor a system of direct issu- 
ance to and by the people. 

In the same year the British Trade Unions, at their annual meeting, 
adopted substantially the whole program named above, including the 
two rejected planks. To the objection that socializing industry destroys 
individual incentive, Professor Ely replies {Economics, 299-300) that this 
objection does not hold in the case of socializing monopolies, since 
" private enterprise, when it becomes monopolistic, ceases to be enter- 
prising." 

54. The legal systems of many countries have always regarded the 
natural treasures below the surface of the earth as public property, and 
they should be thus regarded everywhere. — Ely, Socialism, etc., 293. 

55* London ... is governed by a County Council, the majority of 
whose members [reduced to a tie by Conservatives in 1895], if not 
avowed socialists, at any rate act consciously under a pronounced 
socialist influence. [It] has acquired some twenty-one miles of street 
railways. . . The second illustration is found in the abolition of the 
contract system in the construction of artisans' dwellings by the munici- 
pality. . . It is also significant that Paris ... is under the government 
of a ^socialist municipal council. — Ely's Socialism, etc., 60, 63. See 
also 171. See The Century, July, 1894, on " What German Cities Do 
for Their Citizens." — Let the city renovate the tenement-house, even 
build its own tenement-houses, as Liverpool and Glasgow have done ; 
let it regulate and inspect the markets, keep down extortion and pawn- 
brokers' usury, as Berlin has done ; let it furnish cheap transportation, 
and carry children free to school and back, as Sydney and Melbourne 
have done ; let it furnish cheap gas, electric light and power, pure 
water, and even steam heat at cost to all the poorest, as various cities 
abroad and at home have done ; then should we have a city worth spend- 
ing enthusiasm upon. — Commons, Social Problems and the Church, 
130-131. Professor Ely, summing up the statistics of municipal lighting 
plants, says : " Public lighting secured a saving of over thirty per cent, 
[twenty per cent, for forty municipalities investigated by Omaha City 
Council in 1895] as compared with private lighting." — Ely, Outlines of 
Economics, 303. Had the public interest been guarded [in granting 
franchises] it would be easy to have three-cent street-car fares in New York 
City, or on each fare to have a surplus of two cents to be employed for 
public purposes, in the benefits of which all would share. — Professor R. 
T. Ely, Socialism, etc., 168. The tendency of socialistic thought lays 
increasing emphasis upon the municipalization rather than the nationali- 
zation of industry. — Ely, Socialism, etc., 23. 

56. The strike occasioned, in 1895, a strong petition, favored by many 
besides wage-earners, which asked the New York Legislature to allow 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 323 

New York City, Brooklyn, and Buffalo to own and operate street-car 
lines. The lower house voted favorably, but the Senate put the bill in 
" cold storage." 

57. The change which has in recent years come over economic think- 
ing cannot be more graphically stated than by calling attention to the 
fact that students are seeking for some principles by which the public 
activity of the State and the private initiative of the individual can work 
together for a common end, rather than searching for arguments by 
which government can be entirely excluded from the industrial field. — 
Professor H. C. Adams, Handbook of Sociological Information, p. 18. 
See same writer's pamphlet on Tht Relation of the State to Industrial 
Action, American Economic Association, Baltimore. — Government 
ownership of the telegraph would have one great advantage : it would 
emancipate us from the control of an organization which now has dan- 
gerous power, and whose methods have not been, in all respects, above 
suspicion. — Professor A. T. Hadley, Railroad Transportation, 256. 
One very great advantage of government ownership of the telegraph, for 
which the people are already ripe, would be the cutting off of its power- 
ful aid to gambling racetracks and lotteries. Congress has deprived the 
gamblers of the aid of the mail and the express, but for some reason has 
not laid its iron hand on the gambler's great ally, the telegraph, nor on 
the national banks that aid these public thieves. 

58. Twenty-five countries were declared to have postal savings banks 
in The Voice of April 4, 1895. Facts and Arguments as to Postal Sav- 
ings Banks may be found in a pamphlet of that title published by New 
York State Charities Association, Charities Building, New York. — I 
hope it will not forever be the reproach of America that she stands 
almost alone among civilized lands in not having introduced a postal 
savings bank. — Rev. Dr. H. L. Wayland, Christianity Practically Ap- 
plied, 1 : 454. See John Wanamaker on Lewin's History of Postal 
Savings, Charities Review, June, 1892. 

59. There is a strong popular feeling, to a large extent unsuspected 
by those in authority, in favor of government ownership of railroads as a 
system. — Professor A. T. Hadley, Railroad Transportation, 258. This 
admission is the more significant in that it occurs in an adverse argu- 
ment. See also " Oberlin and Princeton Ballot on Reforms "in Ap- 
pendix and other notes of this chapter. 

60. The [New York] Tribune list [of millionaires in New York City, 
1 103 in 1892] is instructive because it gives the businesses in which the 
millionaires have made their fortunes, the aim being to show that the 
great wealth of the country cannot be traced to the protective tariff. . . 
The list is conclusive in this respect. What the list does show is the 
connection of the concentrated wealth of the country with monopoly of 
some sort or another, or with the gains of land ownership. ... A con- 
servative estimate [Professor J. R. Commons, Distribution of Wealth, 
ch. vi] traces three-fourths of the great fortunes of the country [indi- 
vidually unearned] to a connection of some kind with the economic sur- 
plus. . . We cannot undo the past, but we can in the future secure 
management of monopolies favorable to a wide distribution of wealth ; 
and a wise system of regulation and taxation of inheritances will, in 
time, tend to break up the mammoth fortunes of the country. . . The 
abolition or restriction of unearned income would mean personally 
earned incomes in a large number of cases ; and this change would be 



324 APPENDIX. 

beneficial not only to society as a whole but to those cut off from the 
receipt of unearned income, which leads to idleness and extravagance, 
and thus to demoralization. — Professor R. T. Ely, Socialism, etc., 275- 
276. The Voice of May 9, 1S95, contains a table of thirty industries, 
each of which had either become, or was tending to become, a trust. 
The industries were as follows : Agricultural implements, boots and 
shoes, carpets and rugs, cars (railroad and street), chemicals, coffee and 
spice, cordage and twine, cotton goods, flouring, foundry and machine- 
shop, glass, gold and silver refining, iron and steel (crude), jewelry, 
leather, liquors (distilled), liquors (malt), lumber (rough), lumber 
(planing-mill), marble and stone, paints, paper, petroleum (refining), ship- 
building, silk and silk goods, slaughtering and meat-packing, soap and 
candles, tobacco, woolen goods, worsted goods. The following facts 
and tendencies for the decade from 1880 to 1890 are shown by the table : 
Capital has concentrated in all industries, but more than twice as rapidly 
in the thirty specified industries as in all the others. The number of 
employees per establishment has nearly doubled in the thirty specified 
industries, and increased about twenty-five per cent, in the other indus- 
tries. The average wages per employee have increased in nearly all 
industries, but they are now one hundred dollars or less per year in the 
specified industries than in the others. Gross profits per establishment 
have nearly doubled in the thirty industries, and increased by one-half in 
the other industries: In general, the more complete the organization of 
the trust, the more marked all these tendencies. — President E. B. 
Andrews shows that, although the monopoly price may not be greater 
than the former price under competition, the people may yet be losers, 
inasmuch as competition does, and combination does not, give the people 
the benefit of improved processes. If monopoly lowers price, competi- 
tion or the State might have lowered it more. — Wealth and Moral Law, 
41, 43. Dr. Behrends suggests that the government supervision now 
maintained in the interest of the people over banks, insurance companies, 
and railroads should be extended to " all associations created by law," 
especially to corporations to which government has granted valuable 
franchises or other aid. — Socialism and Christianity , pp. 1 61-162. Dr. 
Behrends also suggests (166) that it might be well to limit the net profits 
in the case of monopolies created by patents. It is quite practicable, 
following the example of England, to make it compulsory for the owner 
of an invention to allow others to use it on payment of a royalty. . . An 
American Commissioner of Patents suggested a further improvement, in 
the reserved right of the general government to purchase a patent at an 
appraised valuation, and throw it open to general use. — Ely, Socialism, 
etc., 297, 298. A commission to work the watchword " Fair trade or 
free trade," by proclaiming free trade in any commodity whose price was 
unduly raised by a trust, might be a partial protection in a land of 
protective tariff against the abuses of combination, which cheapens 
production and should cheapen prices as well. — Bills have been brought 
before half the legislatures of the Union to compel free competition by 
making trade syndicates absolutely illegal. To my mind there is no 
question that such legislation will be vain. . . Every great industry is 
destined to take on solidarity of organization and to maintain the same 
in perpetuity. — President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law, 36. 
Socialists firmly believe that trusts are the evolutionary link between 
competition and socialistic cooperation, showing both the possibility and 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 325 

necessity of nationalizing, for the benefit of all, those industries already 
nationalized in the interest of a few. — Naturally it is thought that 
large monopolistic undertakings will be socialized first, and business 
after business will be absorbed as it becomes monopolistic. — Ely's 
Socialism, 82. See also 480-481, Nationalist declaration to same effect. — 
The great capitalists, crushing out their smaller rivals and concentrating 
wealth into fewer and fewer hands, are the true progenitors of the 
revolution. In the United States fifty thousand people own everything 
worth having. Four men practically control and are rapidly absorbing 
the wealth of this fifty thousand. The only possible chance of retarding 
the approach of socialism is to stop*the tendency of capital to congeal in 
a few hands. — Fabian Essays, pp. xiii, xiv, xv. See also 92. 

61. We must anticipate serious obstacles to be overcome [in accom- 
plishing government ownership of monopolies] ; but the difficulties and 
disadvantages of private ownership and management are far greater. . . 
The socializing of monopoly would remove from individual ownership 
the gains of monopoly. This would tend to avoid those dangerous 
extremes in private fortunes which have been considered by political 
philosophers from the days of Aristotle to be dangerous, and especially 
so in a republic. — Professor R. T. Ely, Socialism, etc., 272. Wealth 
has grown at the expense of that human weal in whose service it won its 
name. — Ely, Outlines of Economics, 73. The anti-monopoly and anti- 
saloon issues are the supreme problems of the hour in politics, whether 
the point of view be moral or financial. It makes one skeptical of the 
truth of Lincoln's saying, " You can't fool all the people all the time," 
to see how easily the politicians, whose boodle is derived from the funds 
which the monopolies and saloons filch from the people, divert political 
attacks from these, their friends, but the people's foes, to such secondary 
issues as unbiased economists have shown tariff and silver to be — both of 
the latter intricate questions of detail appropriate for non-partisan com- 
missions of experts to handle, while the anti-monopoly and anti-saloon 
planks are suitable and sufficient for a political platform. Capital's 
gains by exchange from the Gorman high tariff to the McKinley higher 
tariff (impossible to any Congress during a democratic presidency) would 
be but a trifle compared to the gains to all legitimate business from 
turning the billion dollars and more spent for drink into the channels of 
honest trade. Labor would, by prohibition, make employment for a 
million more workmen, and, by the transfer of monopolies to the people, 
would secure shares in their profits by reduced rates and fares and better 
wages, compared with which any benefits from increased use of silver 
are as dimes to dollars. Even arbitration, profit-sharing, and coopera- 
tion, all excellent, are but skin plasters compared to the more funda- 
mental remedies of social ills, the abolition of rum and monopoly, from 
which they should not be allowed to divert our chief energies. It is to 
be hoped that the masterpiece of anti-monopoly literature, Henry D. 
Lloyd's Wealth Against Comtnonwealth, may be cut down to one-tenth 
of its present price ($2.50), and so bring its record of the "bloody 
assize " of this modern Jeffreys of monopoly to the knowledge of the 
people, who will become anti-monopolists as they are already anti- 
monarchists, and for like reasons. Monopoly is a much larger issue 
every way than monometalism. 

62. All businesses pertaining to transportation, as railroads, expressage, 
telegraphy, postal service, and the like, pertain naturally to the state 



326 APPENDIX. 

They are the nerves and arteries of the body politic, and should be di- 
rected from a common center. Professor H. C. Adams, Relation of the 
State to Industrial Action, 28. The present anomalous condition of 
railways — public highways before the law and whenever help is needed, 
but private property in fact and whenever profits are to be divided — 
ought to come to an end. — The Voice, August 16, 1894. 

63. An abstract of these reports is given in The Voice, November u, 
1894. The original reports can no doubt be seen at the State Depart- 
ment in Washington, or an official abstract obtained. Prussian railway 
statistics show that in 1889 [in those government-owned roads] one-sixth 
as many persons were killed and one-thirteenth as many injured in pro- 
portion to the number of passengers as in the United States. See Ely's 
Outlines of Economics, 300-301. In United States, 2727 railroad employees 
killed year ending June, 1894 (1 to every 320 employed), and 31,729 
injured (1 to every 28). About Berlin fare on working men's trains of 
government railroads was only two-thirds cent per mile, and has been 
further reduced by the zone system. See Ely's Socialism, etc., 277. 
Professor Ely shows that in Prussia, Australia, and New Zealand expe- 
rience has almost entirely silenced the former objections to government 
ownership and management of railways, such as are still heard in the 
United States. See also Ely's Economics, Chautauqua ed., 67-70. 

64. The total capitalization of the railways in the hands of receivers at 
the date given was $2,500,000,000, or one-fourth of the railway capital 
of the country. Inter-State Commerce Report, 1894. It is a notorious 
fact that many of the lines now in the hands of receivers were capital- 
ized out of all reasonable proportion to the actual cost of the properties. 
... It is worthy of special mention that only one of the 156 roads (in the 
hands of receivers, June 30, 1894),. is in the New England group, where 
the matter of the capitalization of roads is largely under the control 
of the State Commissioners. . . When public opinion shall regard 
transportation frauds in the same light [as those in the customs] the 
serious difficulty now met on every hand in endeavoring to convict those 
who wilfully violate the act to regulate commerce will have mainly dis- 
appeared. — Inter-State Commerce (1894) Report, 14, 69. 

65. To make money out of the building of a railroad, it was only nec- 
essary to subscribe the small sum requisite to obtaining a charter, with 
the right to issue first mortgage bonds. The original subscribers would 
then have at their disposal whatever funds the bondholders might furnish. 
They could pay themselves a good commission for selling the bonds. 
They could then organize as a construction company and contract to pay 
themselves a high price for building the road. These are but two means 
among many which afforded them an opportunity of transferring the 
bondholders' money to their own pockets in their double capacity as di- 
rectors and contractors. — Professor A. T. Hadley, Railroad Transporta- 
tion, 52. Among the worst of these [tricks of corporations] is. the 
habit of forming from powerful members of main corporations subcor- 
porations, and turning over to these all the profits earned by the larger 
concerns. . . Another style of vicious obliquity in this field consists of 
multiplying the number of shares [stock-watering] which represent a 
corporation's property, so that its face value is out of all proportion to 
the real value of the property represented. . . Another iniquity to 
which corporations at times resort is the freezing out of feeble stock- 
holders by the strong ones. — President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 327 

Moral Law, 75, 76, 77. For specific illustrations see abstract in The 
Outlook, February 9, 1895, of the report of the Pacific Railroad Com- 
mission of 1887, or get original from congressman. As to stock-water- 
ing The Outlook, December. 22, 1894, shows that when advocates of the 
pooling bill were claiming that railroads were not paying a normal rate 
of interest on their stock, the return was at least eighteen per cent, per 
annum upon the actual investment — no interest being in that calculation 
allowed for the " water." 

66. A lax sentiment and lax legislation affecting all stock companies 
alike. . . permits a kind of management little superior to piracy. — Ely, 
Outlines of Economics, 226. A railroad company approaches a small 
town as a highwayman approaches his victim. The threat, " If you do 
not accede to our request we will leave your town two or three miles to 
one side," is as efficacious as the " stand and deliver " when backed by a 
cocked pistol. — Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 141. The average 
level-headed private citizen has always been in the habit of replying to 
the blandishments of the "State socialist" that private business is 
always more cheaply and efficiently performed than public business. 
But in the past few years he has lost much of his faith in the sufficiency 
of this reply, and he is in a fair way of losing the rest. It is not true 
that the prevalent railing against corporations is altogether, and we 
doubt if it is mainly, due to the poor man's envy of the rich man, even 
when aggravated by the demagogue who wants votes. It is due to a 
genuine impatience with the lack of intelligence or honesty, or both, in 
private management of great interests. No socialist or demagogue has 
ever made more savage indictments of certain railroad managers than 
have been made by business men of large experience, by newspapers 
that are preeminently friendly to capital and private management, and by 
railroad men themselves. — New York Journal of Commerce, quoted in 
The Voice, August, 1894. — There never was a better time to inaugurate a 
reform. A reform which shall be radical and permanent. A reform which 
shall make an end of the sharp practices by which rival managers outwit 
each other, violate law, rig the market, and impose on public confidence. 
A reform which shall forbid " gentlemen" after entering into a " gen- 
tlemen's agreement " from putting a premium on the traffic-managing 
talent that can most surely dodge the agreement and evade the law. A 
reform which shall take the tylers off the doors of the offices, and the 
fingers off the lips of bookkeepers and accountants; do away with the grips, 
passwords, countersigns, and all the freemasonry of the craft of man- 
agers ; close the " suspense accounts," abolish rebates, and shut down on 
all the costly machinery of misrepresentation, concealment, and evasion. 
A reform, in short, which will pay a fair price for honesty, instead of a 
premium for dexterous deception, and give to every railroad bond the 
credit and currency of a gentleman's word. This is possible. Why not 
try it ? — JV/w York Tribune, August 13, 1894. 

67. The Kingdom, November 30, 1894. See letter of Rev. F. E. 
Clark in Review of Reviews, March, 1895, reporting like feeling of dis- 
trust and disgust toward American securities all over Europe. 

68. See note 9 of this chapter. The plan of Mr. E. J. Wheeler seems 
to the writer another case of impracticable mixed control. He states it 
thus in reply to a query : " We mean government ownership as well as 
control, but the operation of the roads should be conducted on a basis 
similar to that on which the operation of rivers, canals, and turnpikes is 



328 APPENDIX. 

now conducted. In that case the government would not have to employ 
an army of employees. Make the railroads public highways, as the Mis- 
sissippi River, the Erie Canal, and Broadway are public highways — free 
to all who conform to the necessary regulations." To this plan the fol- 
lowing objection has been published: "The enormous traffic passing 
in each direction over the narrow tracks of our railways renders neces- 
sary a very different system from that used upon rivers, canals, or 
streets. No haphazard, free-for-all system is practicable upon a rail- 
road, where two trains cannot pass, and where the lightning express 
and the slow-moving freight must both minister to the convenience of 
the public." 

69. In the Chicago strike, railroads having a combined capital of two 
billion dollars and employing more than one-fourth of all the railway 
employees of the United States acted together as the General Managers' 
Association, which the national strike report declared a concentration of 
power dangerous to the republic. On November 21, 1894, there was a 
meeting of sixty General Passenger Agents at Buffalo to arrange com- 
missions. Rev. W. D. P. Bliss states in a footnote to the American 
edition (issued 1891) of the Fabian Essays (p. 70), " If railroad corpo- 
rations in America continue to be absorbed at the rate they did in the 
twelve months previous to the last report of the Inter-State Commerce 
Commission, two years and a half will see only two railroad companies 
in the United States." — "It is said by a railway manager that, even 
now, it would involve an annual gaining of two hundred million of dol- 
lars if the railways of the United States were managed as a unit." — 
Ely's Socialism, 118. 

70. Paper on Chicago strike read at annual meeting of American 
Economic Association. Colonel Wright declares that the Inter-State 
Commerce law was " emphatically State socialism, it was emphatically 
compulsory arbitration, it was emphatically a law regulating the prices 
of commodities through the price of services." " The pooling bill which 
passed the House of Representatives in 1894 at the request of railroad 
owners and shippers he declares to be also ' State socialism."' " The 
Inter-State Commerce law drove the wedge of State socialism one- 
fourth its length ; the pooling bill would drive it twice as much more. 
There will be needed but one more blow to drive the wedge home, and 
that blow will come at the instance of business and not of labor. With 
twenty-five per cent, of the railways of the country now under control 
of the government through its courts, . . . that final blow will [soon] send 
the wedge its full length and bring entire government control." Among 
instances of " business " favoring government ownership of railroads 
may be cited the action of the Denver Chamber of Commerce, in Jan- 
uary, 1895, asking the National Government to foreclose its mortgage on 
the Union Pacific Railroad and establish direct government ownership ; 
also the advocacy of such ownership in general by an American railway 
president, and by Mr. James Hole, secretary of the British Association 
of Chambers of Commerce. — See Ely's Socialism, etc., 261, 267. On 
the British movement of business men to this end, see The Voice, De- 
cember 20, 1894. 

71. Professor H. C. Adams quotes the fact that between 1830 and 
1845 it "was the accepted policy of this country for the States to build 
railroads and canals. The experiment ended disastrously and caused the 
people of many States to so amend their constitutions as to forbid the 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 329 

State to undertake again any industrial duties. — Relation of the State to 
Industrial Action, 68. 

72. The Federation of Labor said nothing about civil service reform 
or about the destruction of the ginmill [in its labor creed, as given in 
note 54 of this chapter]. Yet, without the completion of these two 
reforms, every step that is in the direction of placing new powers in the 
hands of public officials will be viewed with the greatest distrust by the 
people. We believe in public ownership of telegraphs, telephones, and 
railroads, and municipal ownership of street-car lines ; but if the ginmills 
are to continue to create Tammany Kails in all parts of the country, and 
pothouse politicians, like some of the police captains and commissioners of 
New York and other cities, are to be managers of the railroad and telegraph 
systems, we for one want to stop right where we are and look the ground 
over a while longer. — The Voice, January 3, 1895. Being in a railroad 
town, the terminus of five divisions of various roads, when this chapter 
was edited, we found the railroad employees (whose voice in this matter 
will be influential, if not decisive) opposed to government ownership on 
the ground that it would make their life positions the sport and spoil of 
politicians — showing the need of emphasizing civil service reform as an 
essential part of the plan. On the relation of civil service to govern- 
ment ownership of railways, etc., see Ely, Socialism, etc., 287. 

73. See Ely's Economics, 304. Professor Ely objects to government 
paying for the railways what it would cost to duplicate them rather than 
market value on the ground that "it would make a portion of the com- 
munity bear the entire burden of a false public policy." — Socialism, etc., 
290. Those who think the only argument they need to bring against 
government ownership of railways is to cry "socialism," will be sur- 
prised to find that the Fabian Essays (p. 251) argue not only that such 
ownership does not imply socialism, but also that it may be adverse to it. 
See next note also. 

74. The strongest argument against the purchase of railroads by our 
government comes from the standpoint of a complete socialist, in the 
Fabian Essays (pp. xv, xvi, xvii) : " Governmental ownership of rail- 
ways would involve the payment of several thousand million dollars to 
the present owners of railway securities, all of which must seek reinvest- 
ment. . . Nationalization of railways in the United States would mean 
the immediate expropriation of all small capitalists by the big ones . . . 
causing the crystallization of all capital invested in the other industries 
in the hands of such a comparatively small number of owners that the 
advent of socialism would certainly be almost instantaneous." This 
argument would not apply to government directorship of railroads. 

75. The English nation, after a trial of free competition and no inter- 
ference, as thorough as could well be made, has undeniably returned to 
the principle of governmental activity, which she had abandoned — a 
principle which recognizes as the function of the state the protection of 
the citizens and the furtherance of their material and social well-being, 
by every law and every activity which offers a reasonable guarantee of 
contributing to that end. — Ely, Outlines of Economics, 52. We believe 
that government, like every other intelligent agency, is bound to do good 
to the extent of its ability ; that it ought actively to promote and increase 
the general well-being ; that it should encourage and foster industry, 
science, invention, intellectual, social, and physical progress. — Horace 
Greeley, 1850. 



33° APPENDIX. 

76. Our railroads have generally been able to do pretty much as they 
pleased with our little legislature in this big State, with its small number 
of Senators and Assemblymen, and they have usually dictated the 
make-up of the railroad committees in both houses. — New York Tribune. 
See on general subject of control of legislation by corporations, Ely's 
Socialism, etc. , 282-284. The passage of the railroad pooling bill through 
the House of Representatives in 1895 is ominous. Mr. Bryan took the 
position that every thoughtful man must favor the protection of the 
public either by competition or by public interference, and that the 
demand for public interference, not to secure low rates for the public, 
but to secure high rates for the road, was anomalous. Although the 
legislatures of 1895 were so-called " Reform Legislatures," elected by 
the landslide vote of 1894, they earned the reputation of being tools not 
only of the saloons, but also of the corporations, beyond all their prede- 
cessors — especially the legislatures of New York, New Jersey, Illinois, 
Wisconsin, Missouri, and Arkansas. In discussing municipal reform, 
the toughs and immigrants receive too much of the censure. The so- 
called " best citizens" are more to blame, one set of them for not voting,- 
another set for corrupting, by their secret traffic in franchises, the city 
government. " The corporations that furnish the funds, and the saloons 
through which they are dispensed, are the pillars on which the political 
boss erects his throne." 

77* President E. B. Andrews doubtless represents an unorganized 
many when he declares himself in favor of a reversed Fabianism, in 
which industrial individualism is to be retained as far as safely possible, 
instead of socialism being the favored side. He says : " Let us resort 
to State agency only when, and so far as, this is rendered necessary by 
the power and disposition on the part of individuals and corporations to 
maltreat the public at large." — President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and 
Moral Law, in. See also 47. 

78. As a sample of such an alliance, at Davenport, la., I twice 
addressed the public under the auspices of a movement to secure 
" Sunday rest " which was started by Jewish clerks with the concurrence 
of their rabbi. They enlisted as the second line of battle the Knights 
of Labor, and they two enlisted for a third line of battle the preachers. 
An audience made up of all these elements, which could not have been 
united under any other reform, followed with enthusiastic unity of senti- 
ment an argument against all Sunday work save of mercy and necessity. 

79. The resolutions, transmitted to me in a letter dated May 3, 1888, 
were as follows: "Whereas, it is a noted fact that wherever working 
hours are long, wages are low ; men and women become stunted, de- 
graded, and brutalized. Short hours increase wages, and men and 
women have time to develop. Wherever short hours have been devel- 
oped the race has been improved physically, mentally, and morally. 
Resolved, That the Central Labor Union condemns the employment of 
labor on Sunday and holidays established by law ; the first has a tend- 
ency to rob labor of its needed rest and spiritual improvement ; the 
latter breeds contempt for American laws and American customs. 
Resolved, That we will use our best endeavors to abolish Sunday labor 
and violations of established holidays. We will invoke the aid of the 
law in the furtherance of this object, and we invite all law-abiding 
citizens, and particularly those -who wish to elevate labor, to cooperate 
with us." The Sunday meetings of labor unions, to which we found Mr, 



NOTES TO LECTURE IV. 33I 

Powderly opposed, the author believes are an injury to the cause of labor 
in that they not only alienate the natural allies of labor— the churches — 
but especially in that they tend to exclude from the meetings of labor, 
when so held, many of the most conscientious working men, who believe 
the day should be devoted to worship and rest, not to politics and busi- 
ness — not even to labor politics and labor union business. 

80. See record of arguments made and action taken in my Civil 
Sabbath. 

81. The argument following is the substance of the author's reply, in 
a hearing on the Sabbath law before a committee of the Pennsylvania 
Legislature, in 1891, to the question by Representative Fow : " Mr. 
Crafts, don't you think the world has greatly changed since the Sabbath 
law was originated, and don't you think the law ought to be changed 
accordingly ? " 

82. Christianity early obtained for the working classes of the Roman 
Empire this great blessing [the Lord's Day]. Under the prodigious 
impulse of the leading races of modern times toward the production and 
the acquiring of material wealth, there would have come, without some 
such day, an absolute breaking down of the physical power, a wearing 
out of the brain, and a corresponding moral degeneracy. In fact, the 
Christian Sabbath may be said to have saved the modern European and 
American races. — Charles Loring Brace, Gesta Christi, p. 410. The 
author made an argument for the Sabbath, from the standpoint of com- 
mercial interests exclusively, before the Boards of Trade of St. Paul and 
Little Rock. The Denver Real Estate Exchange, as such, supported 
by resolutions the movement there for the Sunday closing of saloons. 
The resolutions are given in my Civil Sabbath, in the lecture on Sunday 
Saloons, which is the Board of Trade address referred to above. 



In a letter received at the time this page was going through the press, 
dated August 14, 1895, from D. De Leon, editor of The People, N. Y., a 
socialist paper, the following statement is made as to the function of 
government under socialism: " The 'government ' of socialism is only 
the central directing authority in production. . . The scope of govern- 
ment will be, must be greatly curtailed. . . The difference between the 
' scientific ' anarchist and socialist is that the latter imagines he can get 
along without that central directing authority in production." The social- 
ist who "imagines" he can get along without "government" in every- 
thing except "production" would be more "scientific" if he took the 
anarchist's position. " Personal liberty" in matters of appetite and lust 
is no more impracticable than in matters pertaining to greed. Dr. Edward 
McGlynn, in an article in Donahoe's Magazine (Boston), July, 1895, 
while condemning large fortunes as strongly as ever, rejects the popular 
doctrine Ihat one cannot acquire a million dollars without personal dis- 
honesty. "It is the machinery of distribution which is at fault," he 
declares. This machinery he shows to be faulty in three respects espe- 
cially : (1) land tenure, (2) transportation, (3) money. Through these 
three channels, which society itself has constituted, unearned wealth 
gravitates into the hands of the monopolists. He regards land monopoly 
as the chief evil and single tax as the best remedy for it. — The status of 
the single-tax movement in the summer of 1895 is given in two articles 



332 APPENDIX. 

in The Outlook of August 24. — John Stuart Mill's proposal (George's 
Progress and Poverty, 304) is that the state should take, not past, but 
future increase of land values in increased taxation. — Progress and Poverty 
startled and held the attention of thinking people, because it boldly rested 
its case on one universally recognized industrial fact, and one almost uni- 
versally accepted economic theory. The persistence of poverty in the midst 
of progress — deepest and most abject at the very spot where the accumu- 
lation of wealth is greatest — is the obvious fact. The theory that, of the 
various shares in distribution, land rent alone is an income secured without 
any corresponding service, that it absorbs all the advantages which accrue 
from superior soils and from superior location — the economic theory of 
rent — forms the second pillar of the single-tax doctrines. The statement 
of this fact and this theory, interwoven with wonderful skill, and yet 
wonderful simplicity, constitutes the substance of the single-tax litera- 
ture — a literature which has perhaps done more than any other literature 
of the generation to give for the general reading public a meaning to 
economic theory and an interpretation to industrial facts. — E. T. Devine 
in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 
See same periodical for January, 1895, p. 109, for concise discussion of 
proposed restrictions of trusts. — Private or company telegraphs only exist 
in the following countries : Bolivia, Cyprus, Honduras Republic, Cuba, 
Hawaii, United States. — The Voice, August 8, 1895. 

lecture v. 

1. Romans xiii : 1. 

2. See also an earlier address of Dr. Hodge on " The State and 
Religion," published in pamphlet form by The Christian Statesman, 
Allegheny, Pa., from which can be obtained other books and pamphlets 
on the same theme, to which the paper itself is also devoted. 

3. I. Political power is rightly exercised only when it is possessed by 
consent of the community. 2. Political power is rightly exercised only 
when it subserves the welfare of the community. 3. Political power is 
rightly exercised only when it subserves the welfare of the community 
by means which the moral law permits. — Dymond, Essays on the Prin- 
ciples of Morality, etc., quoted as " the threefold foundation of John 
Bright's public life," in Hughes' Philanthropy of God, p. 50. Dymond 
shows that the moral teaching of Jesus Christ is as applicable to public 
as to private life. — The nation is formed in no transient and no external 
circumstance, but in the Eternal, the I am [Exodus iii]. It subsists in 
no compact of men, but in the everlasting Will. — -Dr. Elisha Mulford, 
The Nation, 392. The object of government is to establish the right 
in the relations of men with each other. — Professor Woodrow Wilson, 
Handbook of Sociological Information, p. 6. In the light of the truths 
just quoted it seems like a bit of humor to read the serious statement of 
the Brooklyn Eagle, " Religion has nothing whatever to do with the 
performance of the mayor's functions." 

4. The duties which men owe to each other and to society are proper 
subjects of civil cognizance, but the duties which they owe to God are of 
moral obligation only. — Rev. Dr. James M. King, Christianity Practi- 
cally Applied, 1 : 175. Any machinery of government which men have 
yet devised is too coarse and clumsy for so delicate a task as the inculca- 
tion and encouragement of faith. — Bishop Phillips Brooks. 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 333 

5. Although Protestant denominations have of late unitedly refused 
national appropriations for their Indian schools, their record is not yet 
cleared up in the case of State appropriations, as was shown in the 
Baltimore preachers' meeting, where I heard, in 1893, the reading of a 
list of Protestant denominational institutions that were then being aided 
by the State. 

6. The national amendment proposed by the National League for the 
Protection of American Institutions is as follows : " No State shall pass 
any law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free 
exercise thereof, or use its property or credit, or any money raised by 
taxation, or authorize either to be used, for the purpose of founding, 
maintaining, or aiding, by appropriation, payment for services, expenses, 
or otherwise, any church, religious denomination, or religious society, or 
any institution, society, or undertaking which is wholly, or in part, 
under sectarian or ecclesiastical control." A similar amendment, pro- 
posed by President Grant, was introduced by the Hon. James G. Blaine 
in the House of Representatives on the 14th of December, 1875, was 
approved by the extraordinary votes of 180 ayes to 7 noes, but lost in the 
Senate by 28 ayes to 16 noes, lacking the requisite majority of two- 
thirds. It will also be remembered that both the Republican and the 
Democratic parties gave, in 1876, clear and decided pledges to the 
American people on the subject. 

The constitutional amendment adopted by New York State in 1894, 
through the efforts of the League, is as follows : " Neither the State, nor 
any subdivision thereof, shall use its property or credit or any public 
money, or authorize or permit either to be used, directly or indirectly, in 
aid or maintenance, other than for examination or inspection, of any 
school or institution of learning wholly or in part under the control or 
direction of any religious denomination, or in which any denominational 
tenet or doctrine is taught." 

7. In 1894 the Secretary of the Interior, Hon. Hoke Smith, advised 
the gradual withdrawal of aid to Roman Catholic Indian schools, and 
the appropriations of Congress were accordingly made on that basis. 

8. See numerous official documents cited in Schaff's Church and State, 
in McAllister's National Reform Manual, and in Supreme Court Re- 
ports, cxliii : 457. The nation does not forget that it is "a moral 
person," even in war. In the Instructions for the Government of the 
Armies of the United States in the Field are these words : " Men who 
take up arms against one another in public war do not cease on this 
account to be moral beings, or responsible to one another and to God." 
On the relation of Christianity to the State, see documents of National 
League for the Protection of American Institutions, United Charities 
Building, New York ; also address of its secretary, Rev. James M. King, 
D. D., on " Religious Liberty and the State," Christianity Practically 
Applied, 1 : 153 ; also lecture following on " Religious Liberty in Other 
Lands." 

9. February 29, 1892, Trinity Church case, United States Supreme 
Court Reports, cxliii : 457. 

10. See Lecture II, showing that the Bible rather expresses the " com- 
mon Christianity " of all Christian sects. 

11. It would at once put Christian integrity into a position of im- 
mense power ... if, in the pulpit, the home, and the Sunday-school, 
we were to commence concertedly to treat such civic duties as attending 



334 APPENDIX. 

the primaries, going to the polls even if it rains, accepting official position 
even if it is repugnant to you, and sitting on the jury even if it interferes 
with your business, ... as distinctly comprised within the domain of 
Christian obligation. . . What a wicked man will do on election day you 
can tell. What a good man will do you can't tell ; it wouldn't be sur- 
prising if he didn't do anything. . . Singularly enough, a watery day is 
apt to mean a rum government. . . Piety doesn't like to get its feet 
wet. Wickedness is amphibious and thrives in any element. — Rev. Dr. 
Charles H. Parkhurst, in Christianity Practically Applied, I : 436. The 
people, with the ballot in their hands, will be saying, " Lord, 
what wilt thou have me to do?" as when they take into their hands 
the bread and cup of the holy sacrament. — Rev. Dr. Washington Glad- 
den, The Church and the Kingdom, p. 38. 

12. The bane of politics to-day is the boodler's selfishness. It will 
not be enough to put in its place the taxpayer's selfishness. City gov- 
ernment is partly business, a reason why chambers of commerce should 
actively participate in it, as they are doing at last ; and it is partly 
housekeeping, a reason why women should have city clubs, if not 
municipal suffrage also ; but city government is also a matter of patriot- 
ism and of prayer, calling for high ideals and Christian enthusiasm. It 
was, therefore, a marked defect of the National Conference on Good 
City Government, held at Cleveland in May, 1895, which the author 
attended, that no word of prayer was heard in its meetings, which was 
the more surprising because the civic revival it represented was of 
Christian origin, and because the clubs participating were organized, in 
many cases, by preachers, and in most by Christians. Providence has 
been too manifest a power in American politics to be thus ignored. In 
striking contrast to this agnosticism stands the decision of the American 
Institute of Civics, in establishing its Department of Christian Citizen- 
ship, that more would be lost in intensity than would be gained in 
breadth by making it non-religious. This is also the position of the 
National Christian Citizenship League, 153 La Salle Street, Chicago. 
We need to get back to the starting point of Church philanthropy at the 
Beautiful Gate, and lift men out of their weakness and wickedness, out 
of their degrading poverty and corrupt politics, " in the Name of Jesus 
Christ of Nazareth." Ninety-nine one-hundredths of the membership 
and money and moral force in all reforms is Christian — their very spirit 
is Christian — our civilization is Christian — the nation itself, says the 
Supreme Court, is Christian — why then should we be afraid to inscribe 
on our Constitution, our Thanksgiving proclamations, our charities, our 
reforms, " In His Name." 

13. We will remember the tears that the Lord shed over Jerusalem, 
but we will remember, too, the cords with which he scourged out of the 
temple the knaves who were trying to convert piety and decency into 
shekels. — Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst, in Christianity Practically 
Applied, 1 : 432. In spite of the sneers of machine politicians, our 
nation's present need is Christian statesmanship, and the injection of 
such a spirit into our public affairs is possible only under the lead of 
those who truly appreciate the significance of Christian principles. The 
attitude of Christian citizenship has far too long been apathetic and 
apologistic ; its aggressiveness is the need of the hour. — Hon. H. B. 
Metcalf. 

14. Of course no pulpit should, in any case, announce a Sunday 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 335 

meeting in the interest of party politics. The press dispatches reported 
that the defeat of the Populists in Colorado in 1894 was partly due to 
the offense given to Christian voters by their Sunday meetings. Prohi- 
bitionists will lose no votes by confining their Sunday meetings to gospel 
temperance. Sunday politics should be left to the French and Spanish 
republics, as an un-American custom especially unworthy of reform 
parties. 

15. The public has generally indorsed the statement of Hon. Mans- 
field Story of Boston in the annual address before the National Bar 
Association in 1894, that State legislatures are growing worse and worse 
year by year. The Review of Reviews, May, 1895, said: " In nearly 
every State where majorities were reversed in the elections of 1894, 
there has been great disappointment to both parties in the results as 
embodied in the work of the legislatures." Hence the demand for 
vetoes. But let not Christian citizens think that vetoes can take the 
place of votes. Many infamous bills are signed by reputable executives, 
under pressure ; for example, in 1895, the governors of New York and 
Missouri, though elected as reformers, signed bills creating race-track 
gambling monopolies, in the first case in plain violation of a provision of 
the new Constitution, and in both cases under the hypocritical pretense 
of forbidding what they permitted. 

16. Cardinal Vaughan has this discriminating word to say to his people 
on the separation of national legislative politics from local administrative 
politics : " When you vote at a Parliamentary election, you will properly 
be largely guided by considerations of party politics. The question then 
before you will be the kind of policy you desire to see carried into law. 
But when it is a matter of the adminstration of laws already passed, other 
considerations present themselves. You should then inquire, not what 
are the party politics of the candidate, but what are his qualifications for 
dealing with matters of practical administration. Is he honest and disin- 
terested ? Is he intelligent, prudent, painstaking, in sympathy with the 
end to be attained, and trustworthy?" — The Outlook, December 
29, 1894. 

Many " good citizens " have observed politics so superficially that even 
the Lexow investigation has not disabused them of the false idea that a 
bi-partisan board is a non-partisan board. In reality such a double 
board is a double bolt fastening the city government, to its own ruin, 
to national politics and the spoils system, which together constitute " the 
ring," the driving-wheel of the political " machine." Every office and 
contract becomes a prize for which both parties contend through their 
representatives on the board, and often offices and contracts are doubled 
to make an even " divvy." It is not a case of competition, but an up- 
to-date " combine," a pooling of the profits. The "boss," whose con- 
trol of the metropolis in close elections makes him the arbiter of the 
State, so becomes State boss, as in Cincinnati, of both parties , and offers 
his marfthe mayoralty, with the privilege to " name his opponent." 

17. That a better system of choosing candidates is imperatively 
needed is at last securing national recognition. The Reform party in 
South Carolina only a few months since redeemed its pledge to establish 
a system of " direct primaries," at which the names of all candidates 
should be submitted directly to all the voters of the party, instead of 
being referred to delegates from petty caucuses. In California, in the 
recent campaign, the Democratic party pledged itself to a law strictly 



336 APPENDIX. 

governing all primaries, and its candidate — the only successful Democrat 
in the North — advocated the requirement that every citizen must vote at 
the primaries in order to register for the general elections. In Minne- 
sota, also, the St. Paul Pioneer Press finds among the legislators-elect a 
very general demand for a law regulating primary elections ; while in 
New Jersey the present governor has recommended the very system of 
combining primary elections with registration which is meeting with such 
favor in California. Rarely before has there been so national a demand 
for the same State legislation. In many agricultural districts the pri- 
mary is already in some measure what it should be. Particularly in the 
Southern States is it the custom of the farmers to attend the primaries 
in almost as great numbers as they attend the elections, and the party 
managers are time and again required by the pressure of public senti- 
ment to submit directly to the voters not only the names of candidates, 
but questions of party policy. It was due to this custom that the 
people of the Ashland district in Kentucky were able to retire Colonel 
Breckinridge when nearly every politician favored him, and that the 
people of Louisiana were able to retire the lottery when the newspapers, 
even more than the politicians, had been bribed to favor it. In a sim- 
ilar way, in the North, the New England town-meeting system — which 
is being also developed in the Northwest — secures in the small towns a 
popular control of nominations. Even more important is the gradual 
extension of what is known as the Crawford County system. This sys- 
tem, which had its origin in Crawford County, Pa., requires the names of 
all candidates to be published in one or more of the county papers, and 
then submitted directly to the voters in a duly announced primary. . . 
The line of reform which everywhere commends itself to conscience and 
common sense is to extend by law to all primaries the provisions which 
have worked so well where adopted voluntarily. The first thing neces- 
sary is to place primary elections under the control of the law,- just as 
regular elections are under its control. The next thing is to provide 
an official ballot on which the names of all properly indorsed candidates 
for party nominations shall be submitted to the party voters. — The 
Outlook, December 29, 1894. The author heard Rev. Dr. H. H. 
Russell, Secretary of the Ohio Anti-Saloon League, say that even of the 
men who attended his temperance meetings only one-tenth would respond 
affirmatively when asked to indicate by a show of hands how many of 
them had attended the last primaries. 

All the above suggestions relate chiefly to primaries for national par- 
ties. But the crucial question is how to establish effective primaries for 
the non-partisan citizens' ticket in city elections. This was recognized 
as the chief problem of municipal reform at the national conference 
of city clubs in Cleveland in 1895. C. C. P. Clark, M. D., of 
Oswego, N. Y., submitted a plan, which that city has vainly asked the 
politicians of the legislature to allow them. He notes that hardly a 
large city in the land does not every year or two go to the legislature to 
have its charter changed because the " boss " or " ring" has captured 
the new machinery last granted by the legislature. His new machine 
is declared to be so changeful in itself as to defy the ring to capture it 
in its kaleidescopic movements. His plan is as follows • " 1. Let the 
names of all the voters in a ward be deposited in a panel, publicly drawn 
therefrom one by one in the presence of the proper authorities, and dis- 
tributed, as they are drawn, into equal lots of not more than two hundred 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 



337 



and fifty each. 2. Each of these lots shall constitute a primary constit- 
uency, shall be assembled in strict privacy by personal notice to each of 
its members, and, organized like a town meeting, proceed to select from 
among the voters of the ward, but not of its own number, and by the 
vote of a majority of those present, a representative elector. 3. The 
electors so chosen in each ward, being duly assembled in public session, 
shall elect and appoint the aldermen and other officers of the ward. 4. 
The electors chosen in all the wards of the city shall, also in public ses- 
sion, elect the mayor and other elective officers of the city at large. 5. 
These proceedings are to be repeated every second year. 6. Any officer 
of a ward or of the city, including representative electors, may be sum- 
marily removed by the power to which he owes his office." 

The New York system of Good Government clubs, which are to be 
established in every voting precinct through a paid " promoter," was de- 
scribed as affording, when completed, a means of making nominations 
for city offices on a non-partisan basis of good citizenship ; also the 
English plan, by which a few leading citizens in each ward name the 
most suitable citizen as candidate for alderman, often without oppo- 
sition. Professor J. R. Commons urged that proportional representation 
would solve the difficulty; each interest naming for the general city ticket 
as many candidates as its tally of voters showed it would be able to elect. 
New York City's Committee of Seventy is yet another plan to be copied 
when possible. In most cities municipal reformers have thus far been 
able to do little more than choose on election day between candidates 
nominated at Republican and Democratic primaries. 

l8. WHERE NEW YORK PRIMARIES WERE HELD IN 1884. 
Chart prepared by Robert Graham. 





























LIQUO 


R SALOONS. 




SALOONS. 






NEITHER. 






*> 


•^ 


fs 


8 




vj 


;\ 


s 




?s 


•vj 


?s 


K 






1* 


s 


■5« 




3 


If 


|2 

i 


(3 

a 

1 




8 
8 ■*•» 

1* 




a & 
£1 


a 
* 


"« 

8 


Congressional 






























Convention.. . 


6 


7 


6 




!9 


I 






r 


3 




3 




6 


Assembly 






























Convention. .. 


'7 


18 


10 


9 


63 


3 


x 


3 


7 


7 


3 


4 


12 


26 


Aldermanic 






























Convention. .. 


17 


*9 


19 


9 


64 


3 


1 


3 


7 


7 


2 


4 


12 


25 


Primaries T 


16 


19 


443 


9 


487 


3 

TO 


65 
67 


3 
9 


71 

86 


8 
25 


2 

7 


204 
215 


12 

36 


226 


Totals. .. 


56 


63 


487* 


27 


633 


283 



Apart from Saloons 283 

In Saloons 633 

Next Door 86 

Total 1002 

* The County Democracy had 712 primaries ; other bodies only 24 each. 



33& APPENDIX. 

For full account of plans and tricks of New York primaries, etc., etc., 
see Machine Politics, by William M. Ivins. Harper's, 25c. 

19. Ruskin notes that idiot etymologically means one who is entirely 
occupied with his own private concerns. — Unto This Last, essay iv. 
There are churches, not a few, and larger ecclesiastical bodies, that need 
to improve their church politics before giving points to the politicians. 
Let them unhorse the church " boss," break the ecclesiastical "ring," 
and rally the absentee voters to the church polls, to which only a score 
out of a hundred usually take the trouble to come. 

20. According to the Chicago Tribune s annual report of crime at the 
close of 1894, there were 9800 murders reported that year (probably 
10,000 in all) as against 6615 in 1893. " Crime," says Professor J. R. 
Commons, " has increased in forty years five times as fast as the popula- 
tion. Yet ministers of the gospel know little of that divine science, 
penology. . . Christians, along with others, have made wonderful prog- 
ress in utilizing the results of physical science, steam, and electricity, but 
they know little of the results of social science." — Social Reform and the 
Church, 41, 42. In 1850 the criminals constituted 1 in 3500 of the 
population : in 1890 there were I in 786.5, showing that crime had 
increased nearly three times as fast as the population. . . In other coun- 
tries, by wise measures of precaution, the progress of crime and men- 
dicity has not only been arrested, but its relative proportion . . . has 
been steadily reduced. Here alone, among the great nations of the 
civilized world, crime is on the increase. . . We must get honest, com- 
petent, and faithful lawgivers ; and herein, it appears to me, the true 
mission of the churches is set before them — saving souls where they may, 
but saving society at all hazards. In other words, the churches must 
henceforth take an active part in politics, not to secure the success of 
party, but to insure the defeat of every bad candidate without regard 
to party. — Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, Charities Review, 2 : 314. Mr. 
F. H. Wines, Census Expert on Criminology, challenges the accuracy 
of the criminal statistics that seem to show a rapid increase of crime, 
because criminals on long terms are counted repeatedly, but there is no 
room for such mitigation in the case of murders (not murderers) com- 
mitted year by year. Mr. Moody, in May, 1895, gave 750,000 as the 
criminal population of our country — 500,000 of them young men. For 
those held in idleness in county jails he was securing a supply of good 
reading. 

21. If a man neglects his neighbor the tax-gatherer will find him out 
and compel him to care for him at greater cost. — Atkinson, Century, 
August, 1887, 583. Christianity is the creator of our modern civiliza- 
tion, and it must also be its preserver. . . In all prisons, moral and 
religious culture should be the leading reformatory influences. — General 
R. Brinkerhoff, President National Prison Association, in Circular No. 5, 
Ohio State Board of Charities. I doubt whether the Christian should 
ever use this word " incorrigible." . . The guilt is not redder than the 
blood. — Rev. Dr. H. L. Wayland, Christianity Practically Applied, 
I 5 453. In the Arena for February, 1895, Rev. Dr. Samuel J. Barrows 
compares penology in Europe and America. "Asa result of this com- 
parative study, the penological reforms and improvements which seem 
to be needed in this country are the improvement of jails, the abolition 
of the lease system, the extension of the reformatory plan, the adoption 
of the indeterminate sentence with the parole system, the extension of 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 339 

the probation system, both for youths and adults, as in Massachusetts ; 
work for prisoners committed to jail on short sentences, a higher grade 
of prison officers, the abolition of the spoils system in relation to prison 
management, an allowance to prisoners of a portion of their earnings, 
and its application to the needs of their families ; the extension of 
manual education and industrial schools among preventive measures, 
and the organization of societies for aiding discharged convicts, mainly 
in the direction of procuring thorn employment." 

The Lombroso school of penologists that seek the cause of crime in 
inherited peculiarities of the skull h^jive proved nothing. Professor C. R. 
Henderson {Dependents, Defectives, Delinquents, iig) but expresses the 
prevailing sentiment of penologists when he says: "Among all the 
persons actually charged with crime, comparatively few can be distin- 
guished from normal men by physical characteristics." Judge Wayland 
says, ad captandum : " The less the criminal's will is free, the more his 
body should be held fast." That laws with severe penalties, strictly 
enforced, are a great deterrent to crime and are seldom violated, is shown 
by the fact that in train robberies the United States mail is seldom dis- 
turbed, and also in the fact that many liquor dealers who do not take out 
State liquor licenses do pay internal revenue taxes. Swift, sure, severe 
punishments would greatly reduce the present epidemic of crime. On 
prison labor, see U. S. Department of Labor Report, 1885. On the 
indeterminate sentence, send to Concord (Mass.) Reformatory for pam- 
phlet by F. H. Wines, Census Expert, on Possible Penalties for Crime, 
or The Inequality of Legal Punishments. Papers on Penology, by the 
editor of The Summary, Elmira Reformatory, are valuable. Circular No. 
5 of Ohio State Board of Charities, Columbus, O., prepared especially for 
free use of preachers, gives Charles Dudley Warner's admirable description 
of the model reformatory at Elmira N. Y., which is based, as he says, 
on two propositions. " The first is that the object of imprisonment is 
not punishment, but the protection of Society and the change of the 
criminal into a law-abiding citizen. The second is that it is possible to 
change and create habits by coercive measures long enough applied to 
produce what physiologists call structural changes, physical and mental." 
The writer was surprised, on visiting this model prison of the world, as 
penologists deemed it, to find no chaplain, and told Mr. Brockway a story 
he had then just heard from Warden Durston at Sing Sing, one of whose 
former chaplains, on beginning his duties in that prison, had thrown his 
arm over the shoulder of a prisoner and asked, " Do you love Jesus?" 
The convict replied, " That's not what they put me in for." Mr. Brock- 
way said the story explained, as I had anticipated, the lack of a chaplain — 
it was because he had not been able to find a preacher of requisite tact 
that was willing to take the position — Professor Monk's "Practical Ethics 
Class," held every Lord's Day, is, however, the best Bible class of which 
we knovy, and worthy of ministerial study, although the Bible itself is not 
used. We have felt constrained in editorial capacity to criticize the 
introduction into the Lord's Day of scientific lectures, having no ethical 
or religious features, in view of the abundant proof that the national habit 
of suspending work, in schools as well as in shops, in the interest of rest 
and worship has a very large place in the moral development of individual 
and social life, and therefore should be among the habits promoted in a 
reformatory. 

22. Rev. Dr. H. L. Wayland (Christianity Practically Applied, 1 : 



34° APPENDIX. 

446, 454) speaks satirically of " crimes so small as to bring them within 
reach of the law " — the stealing of railroads and States being out of its 
reach as the triumphs of " Napoleons of finance." Criminal law does 
not, like death, love a shining mark. "Statutes" is often misprinted 
" statues," and in some cases it is hardly an error, for many statutes 
against popular vices are only dead statues, "like a painted Jove hold- 
ing idle thunder in their lifted hands." 

23. The Sunday press has succeeded, in New York, Massachusetts, 
and New Jersey, in canceling the law it first broke, in the fear that 
eccentric citizens might some time insist that the law be obeyed. After- 
noon editions were proposed in 1895. 

24. The Congregational Home Missionary Society has set an example 
that other ecclesiastical bodies should copy, in forbidding its secretaries 
and missionaries to travel from one appointment to another by Sunday 
train. Denominations that adopt resolutions against Sunday trains 
sometimes assign a preacher to a circuit on which he can fill his appoint- 
ments only by such a scandalous violation of the fourth commandment. 
That school-teachers as well as preachers have the national habit of law- 
breaking was impressively proclaimed by the act of the New York 
Legislature, in 1895, adding a penalty to its long-neglected law requiring 
scientific temperance education. The same legislature also enacted an 
effective penalty for its compulsory education law, which, like most 
other laws on the same subject, is violated by selfish parents and selfish 
employers alike — a penalty that should be widely copied, the withhold- 
ing of the regular allowance of the State school fund from every city or 
town which, on investigation, is found to have failed to enforce the law 
efficiently. The freshest instance of lawlessness among respectable 
people is the revolt of the aforesaid teachers of New York State, in con- 
vention assembled, under the bad advice of their State Superintendent, 
against the scientific temperance education law of 1895. As a majority 
of these are women of the better class the incident throws a shadow over 
the claim that women suffrage would weaken the " boss " and strengthen 
the law. 

25. Instead of legislative and executive officers controlling the vicious, 
they are, in many cases, controlled by them, with the permission of the 
virtuous. The foolish sheep accept guards nominated by the wolves 
from their own pack. 

26. The Governor of Iowa was, in this case, very severe on the 
rioters, declaring : " The strike as conducted in many places in the 
recent past is revolution, is anarchy, is the incipient stage of civil war " 
— all oblivious of the fact that he was elected by violators of the prohibi- 
tory law, whose "revolution" and "anarchy" and "incipient civil 
war " he had himself abetted. It was very significant, during the 
Chicago strike, when many had donned the white ribbon as a badge of 
sympathy with the strikers, that many others put on silken miniatures of 
the Stars and Stripes as symbols of sympathy with law and order, and 
hoisted flags on poles that were usually bare, except on national holidays, 
to proclaim the same. 

27. This same mayor was, during the same summer, reported as acting 
as umpire at an illegal Sunday ball game. 

28. See the story of Mayor Nehemiah, Nehemiah xiii : 15-22. 

29. Citizen — " I never see Captain Magood around any more." 
Policeman — " He's not on the force any more. Got put out." 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 341 

"Well! well! What for?" 

" Absin'-moindedness." 

" Absent-minded was he ? " 

" Yis, sor. He raided a gamblin'-den an' arristed a whole crowd o' 
city officials." 

" But they shouldn't have been there." 

" Av coorse not. He was so absin'-moinded he forgot to give them 
notice." 

30. Our judiciary is the best part of our politics, but the part played 
by the courts in the World's Fair Sabbath-closing case was a comedy of 
errors, which we do well to ponder now that it is complete. First, a 
Federal District Court, by a vote of two to one, sustained the law of 
Congress for Sabbath closing, and issued an injunction against opening. 
Second, the national Chief-Justice, without argument, suspended the 
injunction temporarily, and afterward permanently. Third, Judge 
Stein, in a local court, enjoined closing. Fourth, Judge Goggin, with 
two associates, took the matter up, and the two associates having out- 
voted Goggin in favor of the Sabbath, he drove them from the judgment- 
seat and sustained the injunction against closing. Then, the directors 
having been led by lack of patronage to close in order to placate friends 
of the Sabbath, they were fined by Judge Stein for contempt, and so 
reopened. Last of all, when the Fair was over, to escape their fines, 
they secured the decision that Judge Stein had no jurisdiction. Com- 
ment is needless. Contempt of court is, in such case, no crime. Labor 
leaders talk of " a proprietary class judge." See Fabian Essays, p. 148. — 
Judges receive railway passes, and, unfortunately, have been known to 
use them. — Ely, Socialism, etc., 284. The judge who issued an injunc- 
tion, in 1893, against Ann Arbor strikers, it was reported, was carried 
to court for that purpose on a special train freely furnished by one of the 
interested railways. A Chicago lawyer, in a paper read to its Sunset 
Club, said : " The rich and powerful are seldom indicted and never 
tried — well, hardly ever." On the same evening another lawyer said : 
" No man who is tried in the Criminal Court of Cook County, who is 
without means to hire able lawyers, can get a fair trial." — Stead's If 
Christ Came to Chicago, 355, 357. On Bureau of Justice to defend the 
poor, see Report of Boston Associated Charities, 1892, 29. 

31. Resolutions adopted by the Indian Conference, held under aus- 
pices of the Board of Indian Commissioners, at Washington, January 
16, 1895. 

Resolved : 

I. That it is the duty of the Federal Government to maintain at 
Federal expense, under Federal control, schools adequate for the secular 
education of all Indian children of school age not otherwise provided for. 

II. That the Government ought not to throw this burden on the 
churches, nor to subsidize schools under church control ; and now that 
nearly all the churches have ceased to accept subsidies from the Govern- 
ment, all such subsidies to church schools should cease as soon as the 
present contracts expire. 

III. That this Conference heartily indorses the position taken by the 
Administration, that the educational work of the United States Govern- 
ment should be so carried on as to expedite the day when the work of 
public education will be remitted to the several States and Territories. 

IV. That while, in the secular education of all Indian children, local 



342 APPENDIX. 

schools are indispensable, non-reservation schools should be maintained 
and developed as a most efficient educational factor in assimilating the 
Indian with our national life, until the reservations are abolished and 
the Indians come into our State and Territorial public schools. 

V. That we pledge our hearty support to the Secretary of the Interior 
in his declared purpose " to develop a competent, permanent, non-parti- 
san Indian service "; that we call on Congress and on the public press 
to cooperate with him to that end ; and that we indorse the secretary's 
recommendation of a bill making feasible increased compensation to 
army officers when appointed as Indian agents. 

VI. That, in view of the disclosures of the Commission to the Five 
Civilized Tribes concerning the corruption and gross injustice in the 
Indian Territory, we affirm the paramount duty of the United States 
Government to protect the right of every resident within its national 
limits to life, liberty, property, and a share in the public provision for 
education, and that no past compacts can exempt the nation from the 
fulfilment of this its supreme obligation. 

32. Qualifications for voting in the several States maybe learned from 
Document 12 of the National League for the Protection of American 
Institutions, Charities Building, New York. On the new voting machine 
see The Chautauquan, February, 1895, 619 f. — In Sweden a man seen 
drunk four times is disfranchised. — In the State of Indiana we have prac- 
tically put a stop to all bribery. Not a case of bribery has been known 
in the last two elections in that State. Yet five years ago Indiana suf- 
fered more from bribery than any other State in the Union. It was a 
pivotal State ; the parties were closely divided ; only about 5000 votes 
held the balance of power and could change the electoral college not only 
in Indiana but in the nation at large. Consequently thousands of 
dollars from both political parties went into that State for " campaign 
purposes " — largely for bribery. The price for single votes would go as 
high, as forty or fifty dollars. The evil reached such a serious state that 
most heroic measures were necessary to meet it, and we discovered those 
methods by the shrewd inventive capacity of some of our public-spirited 
people. In the first place we adopted the Australian ballot system. 
Then we adopted a bribery law. According to this law we do not punish 
the man who sells his vote ; we punish only the man who buys votes. 
We consider that the man who sells his vote is usually a poor fellow who 
has nothing else to sell, but we place a price upon his vote. We say 
that a man's vote in the State of Indiana is worth $300, and if a bribe- 
giver has not paid him $300 he is entitled to sue him for the difference. 
Thus if a man receives only $5 dollars for his vote, we give him the 
right of action in the courts for $295 against the man that bought his 
vote. And this right of action holds not only against the man who actu- 
ally bought his vote but also against all persons who handled the money, 
back to the ultimate source, so far as it can be traced. . . Two cases 
have been tried under it before the courts where persons who sold their 
votes have collected the difference from the vote-buyer. It only needed 
this test in the courts to demonstrate to the vote-buyer that he was put- 
ting himself into the hands of a person he could not trust, and moreover 
that he was defrauding a poor man of the only thing which he had to 
sell. It would be well if a similar law were enacted in other States. — 
Professor J. R. Commons in The Kingdom , July 5, 1895. 

33. See statistics of venal voters by Professor J. J. McCook, in Forum, 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 343 

September and October, 1892. See Ivins' Machine Politics, 58, 72, for 
proof that formerly one-fifth of New York voters were subjects of legal 
bribery as hired workers. The New York World of June I, 1894, con- 
tains a telegram dated at New Haven on preceding day, to this effect : 
" Ex-Governor Waller said to-day concerning the statement made by 
E. J. Edwards, relative to Mr. Waller, in the Sugar Trust inquiry : 
1 What Mr. Edwards referred to in his testimony was what I said at 
our last General Assembly regarding the use of money in elections. I 
then said it was notorious that the Democratic party had in the campaign 
of 1892 spent $100,000 dollars for election purposes, of which $60,000 
was used corruptly. I also remarked that I had no doubt that the 
Republican party in the same campaign had as large a fund and used as 
little of it for legitimate purposes as the Democrats did.' " 

34. By civil service reform is meant a reform in the methods of 
making appointments to and removals from the government service so as 
to have them made with the view to the candidate's or office-holder's fit- 
ness or unfitness, and not with reference to his services to some particular 
politician or political organization. — Theodore Roosevelt, Handbook of 
Sociological Information, p. 7. Hon. Carl Schurz, in The Relation of 
Civil Service Reform to Municipal Reform (Leaflet 3, National Munic- 
ipal League, Philadelphia) says : " The object of civil service reform is 
not merely to discover, by means of examination among a number of 
candidates for public employment, the most competent, but to relieve 
the public service, as well as our whole political life, as much as possible 
of the demoralizing influence of political favoritism and mercenary 
motive, and thus to lift them to a higher plane, not only intellectually 
but morally." This address also condemns exceptions in national civil 
service for offices nominally " confidential," and for others requiring 
bonds. It advocates for laborers on municipal works the registration 
system of Boston, used only in our navy yards, by which all applicants 
found suitable by a simple examination are entered for employment in 
the order of their application. For promotions he would have examina- 
tions cover knowledge required by duties of higher office as well as the 
candidate's record in the office he has occupied. He also urges that the 
selection of the heads of city departments, which he would confide to 
the Mayor, should be limited by law, in the case of Commissioner of 
Public Works, to civil engineers ; in the case of Police Commissioners, to 
the police ; so in fire department, etc. Good Government, the official 
journal of the National Civil Service Reform League, on the basis of 
what had been done to promote civil service reform by the Cleveland 
administration, and what was promised in message and cabinet reports 
in 1894, said on December 15 of that year (which issue contains annual 
report and address) : ' ' Everything, or nearly everything to which the 
civil service rules are applicable, will have been brought under them 
before the 4th of March, 1897." If this sanguine prophecy is fulfilled — 
and it will require a continued, if not increased popular demand to secure 
it — there will yet remain anti-spoils battles to fight in the fields of State 
and city politics. The paper above quoted cites, as showing how the 
"spoils system " spoils work, one of the 1890 census enumerators, who, 
being sent among certain Indians, added up as "agricultural products" 
not only wheat and corn, but also horses and wagons, oxen and plows, 
farm acreage, timber on the stump, etc. Another, ignorant of decimal 
points, reported 103 deaths among 100 people. This paper also show§ 



344 APPENDIX. 

that the Railway Mail Service in 1885, not having been disturbed by 
party changes in twenty years, showed but I error to 5575 pieces 
handled. Through the two subsequent changes in party supremacy 
this was increased to I in every 2834 in 1889, but under civil service 
rules in 1890-94, decreased to I in 7144. Professor H. C. Adams makes 
an interesting contrast between Germany and the United States in the 
matter of state action and individual initiative ; state action being 
most favored in Germany, individual initiative in the United States, 
with the result that Germany has bungling sewing-machines but well- 
governed cities, while we have better machines and worse cities. — 
Professor H. C. Adams, Relation of the State to Industrial Action, 71. 
Professor Ely would have civil service reform include besides the exam- 
ination, the preparation of candidates for the civil service by "a civil 
academy, surpassing in equipment the military and naval academies by 
as much as civil administration is more important than the army and navy 
in a country devoted to the arts of peace." — Ely, Socialism , etc., 348. 
Daniel was trained for statesmanship in such an academy (Dan. i). 
Ponder the monumental stupidity of laws making it possible for such 
a governor as the pardoner of anarchists to remove from their place in 
the administration of State charities such experts as Dr. Dewey, Dr. 
Gillett, and Dr. Frederick Wines, to make place for party followers ! 
For a concise and able defense of civil service reform, read chapter on 
" Patronage in Offices Un-American," in Historical and Political Essays 
by Henry Cabot Lodge. 

35. The writer was present in the Senate the week following the 
delivery of these lectures when the Senate Committee reported this bill 
adversely, but with three of the nine senators on the committee making 
a minority report in its favor. 

36. That the present system of taxation is unequal and is easily and 
commonly evaded by the rich is shown, with facts and figures, in Stead's//" 
Christ Came to Chicago, ch. iii, "Dives the Tax Dodger." Mr. Stead's 
remedy, a law providing that property may be condemned by the city at 
the price at which the owner has appraised it, presents two difficulties : 
First, that the owner may wish to hold his property for use, not for 
sale ; and, second, that the city is not yet municipalized so that it could 
wisely buy and sell miscellaneous property. 

Platform of Nezu York Tax Reform 

Association. Members. 

1. The most direct taxation is the best, be- Cooper, Hewitt & Co. 
cause it gives to the real payers of taxes Dodd, Mead & Co. 

a conscious and direct pecuniary interest in George R. Read (Presi- 

honest and economical government. dent Real Estate Ex.). 

2. Mortgages and capital engaged in pro- John Jacob Astor. 
duction or trade should be exempt from taxa- Bolton Hall, Vice-presi- 
tion : because taxes on capital tend to drive dent and Secretary. 

it away, to put a premium on dishonesty, and Abendroth & Root Mfg. 
to discourage industry. Co. 

3. Real estate should bear the main burden Kemp, Day & Co. 

of taxation : because such taxes can be most Phelps, Dodge & Co. 

easily, cheaply, and certainly collected, and Drexel, Morgan & Co. 

because they bear least heavily on the farmer Rogers, Peet & Co. 

and the worker, Beadleston & Woerz, 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 345 

4. Besides real estate taxes, corporations F. W. Devoe & Co. 
should pay in taxes only the fair value of the Spencer Aldrich, Vice- 
franchises they obtain from the people. president. 

5. Our present system of levying and col- Hanan & Son. 
lecting State and municipal taxes is extremely Amos R. Eno. 

bad, and unreflecting tinkering with it is un- James M. Constable, 

likely to result in substantial improvement. Smith Ely, Jr. 

6. No legislature will venture to enact Hugh N.Camp, Trustee. 
a good system of local taxation until the Gen. C. T. Christensen, 
people, especially the farmers, perceive the Trustee. 

correct principles of taxation and see the Passavant & Co. 

folly of taxing personal property. Parker, Wilder & Co. 

Therefore : We desire to unite our W. R. Grace & Co. 

efforts to keep up intelligent discussion and Lord & Taylor, 

agitation of the subject of taxation, with Butler Brothers. 

a view to improvement in the system and Gordon & Dilworth, and 
enlightenment as to the correct principles. others. 

It will be seen that the basis of this " Platform" is the doctrine of 
Henry George, whose views could not be discussed adequately in the 
space available in the lecture, but should be carefully studied in his very 
able and readable book, Progress and Poverty. We subjoin a condensa- 
tion of his theory, with notes upon it. 

" Land, labor, and capital are the factors of production. The term 
land includes all natural opportunities or forces [land, apart from 
improvements, also water, minerals, etc.] ; the term labor, all human 
exertion [superintendence as well as manual toil] ; and the term capital, 
all wealth [money, buildings, tools, etc.] used to produce more wealth. 
In returns to these three factors is the whole produce distributed. That 
part which goes to landowners as payment for the use of natural oppor- 
tunities we call rent [even when owner is also user] ; that part which 
constitutes the reward of human exertion [including salaries] is called 
wages ; and that part which constitutes the return [to owner or bor- 
rower] accruing from the increase of capital [including so-called ' ' rent " 
of buildings] is called interest. — Henry George, Progress and Poverty^ 
119, 137. Thus far economists are generally agreed. Mr. George 
would use the word " profits " to designate all compensation for risk, 
including high rates of interest. He defends the taking of interest 
proper on the ground that capital would increase if invested in cattle (p. 
133). He might have noted that the word capital, from capita, head, 
is supposed to have originated when one's wealth was so many " head of 
cattle." He might have explained Biblical prohibitions of interest (see 
" Usury" in Concordance) as applying always to loans to the poor, not 
to loans for industrial production. The economic theory that interest is 
" the reward of abstinence " from consumption of wealth is laughed out 
of court in this age of multi-millionaires. As to wages, Mr. George 
controverts the theory of a limited " wage fund," provided in advance 
by capital, and shows, by comparing a factory's assets at the two ends of 
a week, that wages are in reality a part of the product of the labor for 
which they are paid (p. 47), the remainder of the product — less interest 
on capital and repairs — being the surplus value of which labor is de- 
frauded under the guise of profits and rent, which last Mr. George 
argues that no man should receive, since in no case did the original 



34-6 APPENDIX. 

occupiers buy the land, but God gave it to mankind, whose ownership 
Mr. George would have legally restored by taxing land up to its full 
rental value. The gains of improved production, he holds, are now 
wholly absorbed in rent, leaving wages ever at the point of mere sub- 
sistence (p. 163). " The rent of land is determined by the excess of its 
produce [whether occupied by farm or factory] over that which the same 
application can secure from the least productive land [whether in fertility 
or utility] in use." This is the theory not of Mr. George only (p. 123) 
but of economists generally. Inasmuch as rent is dependent on natural 
fertility and location, and increases by the growth of the community, not 
by its owner's labors, rent is called "the unearned increment " (304). 
" Rent, the creation of the whole community, necessarily belongs to the 
whole community" (263). Mr. George defines the "single tax" in 
Financial Reform Almanac for 1895 as the concentration of all taxes on 
land having a value irrespective of its improvements, in proportion to 
that value. Mr. George thus concisely expresses his objection to private 
rent : " Rent, in the economic sense of the term, is that value which 
attaches to land itself, irrespective of any value which attaches to build- 
ings or other improvements on or in the land. It has thus its origin not 
in individual exertion but in social growth. Originating in social 
growth and increasing with social growth, it belongs properly not to 
individuals but to society, and constitutes the natural or appointed 
source from which those social needs which arise and increase with 
social growth should be met." — Handbook of Sociological Information, 
PP- 75-76. 

Professor Ely suggests : " The taxation of unused land at its full 
selling value. . . The exemption of improvements from taxation for a 
period of years. . . No land belonging to the nation, to the States, or 
to local political units, should hereafter be sold, but should be leased." 
— Socialism, etc., 301, 302. See Professor Ely's comments on Mr. 
George's explanation of usury in Social Aspects of Christianity, 14. 

President E. B. Andrews says : " To tax realty alone would be 
fairer than our present method. . . To turn the golden stream of 
economic rent partly or mostly into the State's treasury, where it would 
relieve the public of taxation in burdensome forms, seems to me extra- 
ordinarily desirable. . . It would be my thought not to tax land alone, 
yet I would draw the State's main revenue [ninety per cent. , he says] 
from a land tax. . . We can at one stroke abate the principal evils of 
landholding and of taxation both [the two noxious birds that Henry 
George seeks to kill with the one stone of single tax]." — President E. B. 
Andrews, Wealth and Moral lata, 54, 60, 62. [On evils of present 
modes of taxation, see 50-54, e. g., New York State's total tax on per- 
sonal property is on a smaller sum than the personal property of its 
thirty wealthiest citizens.] The British National Liberal Federation 
adopts the special taxation of ground values as the main feature of its 
domestic program. — Fabian Essays, 32. The American Federation of 
Labor, in 1894, adopted, by vote of 1217 to 913, the following plank : 
" The abolition of the monopoly system of landholding, and the substi- 
tution thereof of a title of occupancy and use only." See also " Land, 
Tax on," in Alphabetical Index at close of this book. 

37. Mr. Wheeler calls it " a tariff for equalization," and thus states 
and defends it : " Congress cannot delegate to any commission the 
authority to legislate on the tariff question, any more than it can delegate 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 347 

to another commission authority to legislate on interstate commerce. Nor 
would it be wise, if it were constitutional. But what Congress can do is 
to make the laws and constitute a commission to apply and administer 
those laws. It is as a part of the administrative, not legislative, depart- 
ment of government that the Interstate Commerce Commission is con- 
stitutional. A tariff commission constituted on similar lines would also 
be constitutional. Let Congress enact the law that the tariff on certain 
lines of industry shall equal the difference in the labor cost of production 
here and abroad, and a tariff commission could be empowered to ascer- 
tain that difference and apply the law to each industry." 

The following is the record of the action of the National Board of 
Trade, which met in Washington, January 29-31, 1895 : " Mr. Allen 
presented a resolution from the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce favor- 
ing a tariff commission, which was ably seconded by Mr. Wellman of 
the same city. The resolution, which was then adopted, reads as fol- 
lows : ' Resolved, That we favor the creation of a permanent non-partisan 
tariff commission, to consist of eminent publicists and business men, 
whose duty it shall be to collect information affecting American industries 
and trade relations, the wage rates in various countries with which the 
United States has commercial intercourse, to collate the same, and report 
to Congress from time to time, making such recommendations on the 
questions considered as will, in the opinion of the members of the com- 
mission, best subserve the interests of the country.' " 

The question of constitutionality caused the resolution to be drawn so 
as to make the function of the commission advice rather than administra- 
tion in order to avoid controversy at this stage of the agitation. Two 
other commercial voices should be considered in this connection. On 
Wednesday, December 12, 1894, the New York Board of Trade and 
Transportation resolved that the business interests of the country are 
entitled to a rest from tariff agitation. Mr. Andrew Carnegie, in The 
Forum, March, 1895, in a tax and tariff program, concludes with the 
following: "The tariff once settled, there should be tariff legislation 
only in the second year after each census, except in an emergency like 
the present, when a deficiency in the national revenues and sound policy 
require additional sums to be collected from such imports as are luxuries 
of the extravagant rich, and not necessaries of life of the frugal poor. . . 
Under such a policy, the tariff would be substantially taken out of poli- 
tics and treated as a business question." 

As samples of what many economists think of the tariff, we submit 
the following : Tariff is a less important question than many others 
which do not receive one-tenth part so much attention. — Ely, Socialism, 
etc., 334. (See President E. B. Andrews to the same effect, Wealth and 
Moral Lazv, 33-34.) Professor Ely shows that high tariff has only a 
small influence, though a real one, in promoting monopoly. — Socialism, 
etc., 299. If " protection" is to be continued, it should be so amended 
as to protect not only producers but the people, by authorizing not only 
proclamations of reciprocity but also of unlimited free trade in any 
protected product whose price should be advanced by the formation of a 
trust, in accordance with the watchword, " Fair trade or free trade." In 
a debate on tariff between Messrs. Horr and Harter, both ex-congress- 
man, at which the author presided as conductor of the Monona Assembly, 
the point which most impressed the audience was Mr. Harter's undis- 
puted statement that the American manufacturers can produce goods as 



34-8 APPENDIX. 

cheaply as his foreign competitor, even with a" higher rate of daily wages 
to pay, which does not mean a larger total of wages, but the tariff enables 
him to secure from the American buyer a higher price and so a larger 
personal profit. 

For Republican free documents in favor of protective tariff, apply to 
American Protective Tariff League, 135 West Twenty-third Street, New 
York. Also read works of Henry C. Carey, " the American apostle of 
protectionism." For Democratic free documents in favor of tariff for 
revenue only apply to Tariff Reform League, New York. 

38. In connection with the question whether the two great parties 
will not be broken up by their internal divisions on both tariff and silver, 
the following extracts should be pondered : The issue which naturally 
came to the front after the settlement of the questions growing out of 
the late Civil War was prohibition. It had marched to victory in a 
dozen of States, when, in 1854, it was rudely interrupted by the sudden 
advent of the Kansas-Nebraska struggle, the Dred Scott decision, the 
formation of a new political party, and the strife which soon culminated 
in four years of bloody war. After the war the people again turned to 
the suppression of the saloon. Two States, Kansas and Iowa, abolished 
the traffic. A dozen more were clamoring for prohibitory amendments. 
The politicians, working upon old alignments, felt the ground slipping 
from under their feet, and to maintain party lines and retain the friend- 
ship of the liquor vote they injected a partisan tariff discussion into the 
political aretia. The tariff as a partisan question had been long dead. 
For more than twenty years there had been no difference between 
Republicans and Democrats, as such, upon the tariff : but it would 
serve the politicians to smother the disturbing prohibition agitation, 
and — "After us, the deluge !" The far-sighted liquor men were quick 
to accept the logic of the situation. The Bar, an organ of the retail 
liquor dealers of New York, thus voiced the sentiment of the liquor 
trade in its issue of December 20, 1887: "The tariff is, therefore, a 
friend of the [liquor] trade, and all should lend themselves to stirring it 
up. While politicians have their hands full with the tariff they will be 
sure to let everything else slide, and prohibition, which has lately been 
making so much noise, will evaporate." . . . But has this attempt to 
smother vital issues stayed the political " deluge " ? A wrecked Re- 
publican Party in 1892, a wrecked Democracy in 1894, the wrecks of 
thousands of prosperous industries during the last two years, an army of 
unemployed, deeper and deeper rumbles of discontent, furnish an 
answer. — The Voice. Mr. E. J. Wheeler, the editor of The Voice, 
fortifies his claim that prohibition should have been — should now be — 
the chief issue by showing in that paper, July 10, 1890, and in his book 
on Prohibition, 192, that the prohibition amendment and no-license 
campaigns have shown the voting strength of prohibition, even when the 
votes were taken under great disadvantages, to be four-fifths of a 
national majority. 

As to the money question the vote on the President's gold loan bill in 
1895 showed the division to be not between Republicans and Democrats 
but between the large cities and the rural districts, between creditors 
and debtors — the latter favoring silver, the former opposing. The fol- 
lowing, from President E. B. Andrews, is a sample of what economists 
are saying: "Increase in the value of money (falling prices) robs 
debtors. It forces every one of them to pay more than he covenanted — 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 349 

not more dollars but more value, the given number of dollars embodying 
at date of payment greater value than at the date of contract. . . The 
demonetization of silver, then, and the consequent advance in the value 
of gold, has had the pernicious result of tainting with injustice every 
time-contract made anywhere in the gold-using world since 1873. . . 
Falling prices always mean the discouragement of production on the one 
hand and the hoarding of money on the other, both of which effects are 
most deleterious, since what society needs is that the production of 
wealth should be promoted in every possible way." — Wealth and Moral 
Law, 65, 67. On the other hand, it is held by many who agree with 
the foregoing view that our country cannot remonetize silver except in 
conjunction with like action of other leading nations. Mr. E. J. 
Wheeler proposes that both gold and silver be demonetized, and that 
money consist (with a few exceptions, if necessary) of government notes 
redeemable in gold or silver bullion at market value. The following, 
from The Independent of February 21, 1895, is a fact of value in this 
connection : " The Bank of France has the option of paying its notes in 
silver or gold. It pays silver when for domestic purposes or if it thinks 
the gold would be hoarded ; but it always pays gold when for export, if 
the commercial conditions of international trade warrant gold exports. 
In such cases the bank tries to remedy the trouble, if it can, something 
like the Bank of England. In this way France is kept on a gold basis, 
so far as foreign trade is concerned. The Bank of France is a private 
institution, though the French Government appoints the governor. The 
bank has a note circulation of over $700,000,000. Its holdings of gold 
are very heavy, amounting to $400,000,000 ; it holds but $250,000,000 
of silver. The note circulation is limited by law to $800,000,000, 
while the amount of metallic reserve is left to the discretion ofthe bank. 
Its charter expires in 1897. The large note circulation is* due to the 
fact that the French people do not use checks, but pay their debts mostly 
in bank-notes. France and Great Britain have about the same popula- 
tion, though Great Britain has but half the amount of circulating money 
per capita." See diagram on next page and note below it. 

39. Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, himself a man of wealth but a student of 
charity, says of taxation: "Society is bound, first, to provide for the 
poor ; second, to institute legislation which will tend to lessen poverty 
and crime ; third, to effect these objects society has a right to resort to 
taxation, and this taxation may be imposed upon property either uni- 
formly or differentially, as the judgment and conscience of the com- 
munity may decide. In other words, the superfluous wealth may 
properly be made the subject of differential taxation, and thus made to 
contribute toward the cure of its twin brother, the evil of pauperism. . . 
In the income tax of Great Britain the principle has long been in opera- 
tion, and there, as well as in this country more recently, succession 
taxes have been imposed at different rates, according to the direction in 
which the property is to be distributed." — Charities Revieiv, 2 : 306-307. 

40. The only right tax is one not merely on income, but on property ; 
increasing in percentage as the property is greater. — Ruskin, Fors 
Clavigera, lecture iv. This we understand to be the "new budget" of 
the Liberal party of Great Britain in 1895. Benjamin Kidd notes as the 
characteristic feature of current legislation, "the increasing tendency to 
raise the position of the lower classes at the expense of the wealthier 
classes. . . It underlies the demand for graduated taxation, which may 



35° 



APPENDIX. 



be expected to increase in strength and importunity ... for the revision 
of the hereditary rights of wealth," etc. — Social Evolution, 284. New- 
Zealand has a progressive property tax beginning at $25,000. In the 
Economic Review, London, March, 1895, Mr. J. C. Goddard advocates 
graduated taxation on the basis of " eighteen pence in the pound," but 
with these abatements : " Incomes exceeding $1500 but not exceeding 
$5000 to the extent to which derived from professional or business pur- 
suits would abate two-thirds ; incomes exceeding $5000 to the extent 
mentioned would abate one-third, and the tax would be charged on the 
balance only." 

PRICES OF FARM PRODUCTS FOR FIFTY-FIVE YEARS. 

Combined average prices of wheat, rye, oats, corn, cotton, sugar, 
tobacco, and meat for each year, from 1840 to 1894 — stated in currency, 
gold, and silver. 





1840 


18S0 


1860 


1870 


1880 




1890 










C« 335.1 












.IPO 






j ' 












260 






















1 1 
1 1 
1 1 

, 1 

f '. 
















1 \ 
















1 w, \ 


















1 y\ % ' 










3 


























'/ ^^-»^ 


\ 






i 








AK, 


c/ 


v& . 


4\ 


A 


i 






^ f\y 


<y 




\£/ 












^w/ 


















1840 


1850 


H60 ~ - 


1870 — - 


TOO 




1890 ' ■ 





G, Farm prices in gold ; S, Farm prices in silver ; C, Farm prices in currency. 

The most interesting part of this table and diagram is their bearing upon the free 
silver discussion. . . The decline began, not in 1873, but in 1870, three years before 
the demonetization of silver. At that time, from 1867 to 1870, prices had again become 
stationary for the first time since the war. Then the decline began again, and there 
was as much of a fall in the three years prior to 1873 as m tne five years after, stopping 
entirely when resumption had been accomplished and stability in our currency had 
been secured. — The Voice, April 11, 1895. Diagram prepared by George B. Waldron. 



41. Two reforms . . . are, I imagine, certain to come. Bequests 
will be made more difficult, through laws of taxation diverting to the 
public chest large percentages of the sums thus bestowed ; and, quite 
as important, a more Christian sentiment will render the use, by wealthy 
men and women, for their own behoof, of wealth which they have not 
created, first disreputable and then disgraceful. — President E. B. An- 
drews, Wealth and Moral Law, 25. " The question, What shall be 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 35 1 

the limitation in the power of bequest, is entirely legitimate," says Dr. 
Behrends. He quotes John Stuart Mill's suggestion, that the restriction 
be placed not on what one may bequeath, but on what one may receive 
by bequest, so scattering, but not confiscating wealth. — Socialism and 
Christianity, p. 170. The editor of The Christian Advocate, Rev. J. M. 
Buckley, D. D., April 12, 1894, gave the following personal creed as to 
taxation : "We go no further than to hope for and promote, according 
to our ability, the increase of taxes upon legacies above a large amount, 
in proportion to the amount transferred, and such increase of taxes on 
unimproved real estate as will serve as a stimulant to its sale or im- 
provement, without either directly or indirectly confiscating its value." 
The Illinois Bar Association has indorsed a bill limiting the amount 
which anyone person can inherit to five hundred thousand dollars ; and 
long ago John Stuart Mill favored a limitation of this kind. This is, 
perhaps, too radical a proposition for consideration at the present mo- 
ment. The civilized countries of the world, however, increasingly incline 
to favor the taxation of bequests and inheritances and the tendency is 
to make the tax doubly progressive — increasing it, on the one hand, as 
the relationship of the person receiving it becomes more distant, and, 
on the other hand increasing it as the amount of property taxed becomes 
greater. The tax amounts in some instances, in parts of Switzerland 
and in some of the Australasian colonies to twenty per cent, in cases of 
large estates inherited by distant relatives. There is a general feeling, 
however, that distant relatives should not inherit at all, because they do 
not constitute a part of the modern family. — Ely, Socialism, etc., 312. 
See also 275-276, 291. The Inheritance Tax, by Dr. Max West, Colum- 
bian College Studies, 75 cents, gives full history of inheritance taxes, 
showing that in 1893 they existed in nearly every European country 
and in twelve of our States. 

42. The Internal Revenue report for year ending June 30, 1894, 
shows the number of liquor dealers to be 241,419, and their payments to 
the government revenues $116,674,040.29. There is I liquor dealer, 
including druggists, to every 50 voters, to every 278 population. — The 
Voice (May 24, 1894) showed that in 1893 total revenue, State and na- 
tional, was $178,000,000, as against at least eight times that much loss 
in cost of liquors and their consequences. 

43. Report can be obtained of General Miles, Governor's Island, 
N.Y. 

44. It should be remembered as one of many cases where government 
of the people has been defeated by government of the politicians, that 
South Carolina by an official plebiscite ordered its legislature to enact 
a prohibitory law. The politicians, instead, made the State a monopo- 
list rumseller, putting State dispensaries even into counties that had 
been under local option prohibition. Even when States were in part- 
nership with the liquor traffic only to the extent of receiving a share of 
the profits in licenses, Horace Greeley said : " It is disreputable enough 
for the individual, under the pressure of personal wants, to become a 
liquor seller ; but for the whole State to become such, and this with no 
necessity, but from pure greed and cowardice, is infamous." — Quoted, 
Our Day, January, 1 895. 

45. The question at issue is not the sale of liquors for medicine and 
arts. That such sales should be conducted by the State the author 
concedes. The question is, Should the State conduct the beverage sale on 



352 APPENDIX. 

the Gothenburg plan ? Some good people say Yes. Their arguments are 
entitled to respectful treatment. What is the essence of their logic ? 

The major premise is : The growth of the liquor traffic and attend- 
ant evils is due chiefly, not to the appetite of the drinkers, but to the 
cupidity of the sellers. The minor premise is : If the liquor should be 
sold by government employees, whose salaries were not to be affected by 
the sales made the profits being devoted to schools and charities and 
other public uses — since cheapening the liquors would be considered 
dangerous — the element of private profit and personal cupidity would 
be removed. The conclusion is : Eliminating private profit from the 
liquor traffic thus would greatly reduce the evils resulting from it. 

The trouble is with the minor premise : We might show that in 
Gothenburg the element of private profit is not eliminated. The cor- 
poration which sells the liquor for the Government is forbidden to make 
more than five per cent. — a handsome and secure dividend — on its 
sales of liquors, but it is not forbidden to make additional profits on 
refining liquors and furnishing glassware — for even alcohol sold by the 
State makes men " smash things " and drunkenness increase [1880-91, 
120 per cent., while population increased but 52 per cent. See National 
Temperance Advocate, March, 1 895] ; but we will not spoil the argu- 
ment by such facts, but deal with the Gothenburg plan per se — that is, 
with Gothenburg left out. The fact is that the plan, even in theory, 
does not eliminate cupidity from liquor-selling, but only extends it to 
a larger numbej of people, retaining private cupidity and adding social 
cupidity. 

There were in the United States in 1895 about half a million liquor- 
sellers, including about one-half that number of bartenders on salary. 
How much private cupidity is to be eliminated by substituting liquor- 
sellers who are government appointees on good and secure salaries ? 
Every day we see men gladly exchanging the chance of large profits for 
the security of smaller salaries. These appointees would be at least 
prevented by private cupidity from allowing the sales from which their 
salaries are paid to so decrease as to make their services no longer nec- 
essary. And how is the saloon to be considered as " out of politics" 
w T hen liquor-selling salaries are a part of the " spoils." The officials 
involved would be bound, even though civil service protected them 
against party changes, to protect themselves against the Prohibitionists ? 

But profits and politics under the new plan reach out beyond the liquor 
sellers and fasten the golden chains of cupidity upon the whole people, 
lessening direct taxes (the tax-payer doesn t mind paying twice as much 
in indirect taxes caused by drink), endowing schools and charities, muz- 
zling reformers even with a golden muzzle, enlisting, in short, the cupid- 
ity of seventy millions in a vain effort to eliminate the cupidity of half 
a million. 

Self-love might be enlisted against the drink if people could see for 
what vast sums they are taxed by drink through the poverty and crime it 
causes ; but Canada's Grip is true to nature in representing the farmer in 
the attitude of fighting the tax-collector who demands one hundred dol- 
lars in direct taxes, but in the companion picture as saying, with his head 
turned the other way, "You may take two hundred dollars if you will 
do it unbeknownst to me." 

The new plan will not only increase cupidity, but will reenforce appe- 
tite, its partner, also, by making indulgence in drink seem safer and more 



NOTES TO LECTURE V. 353 

respectable. What government permits is to most people "right." 
The guarantee of purity in liquors will work like the " Queen's certifi- 
cate " years ago in the 'hands of harlots, to make sin seem safe, although 
Dr. Janeway of New York said to me that the worst poison ever put in 
drinks is the alcohol. Let us have done with the fallacy, exploded by 
centuries of experiments, that the alcohol will not do its deadly work 
wherever or by whomever sold. 

46. Repressive taxation on industries of this character [liquors] exer- 
cises but a feeble influence in the direction of repression. — Ely, Outlines 
of Economics, 280. 

47. Berlin license law for prostitutes in 1880 required that licenses 
should be given only to those who had been confirmed and taken com- 
munion. — Brace's Dangerous Classes, 128. A mate to our law requiring 
that liquor licenses be given only to persons of " good moral character." 

48. Speech in favor of license. — " It is a necessary evil, and why 
should not the State derive some benefit from the traffic ? A large por- 
tion of the community is bound to buy, and if we should prohibit the 
sale, the would-be purchasers can send to other States, and the sales will 
go on uninterrupted by the effort of any legislative action. The revenue 
to be derived from this source would aggregate fully $100,000 annually. 
With this amount of money placed at our disposal we could relieve all 
destitution, pay a large amount of our annual expenses for running the 
government, and derive financial profit from the evil which we are power- 
less to prevent." 

This speech would serve equally well as an argument for licensing 
liquor, lotteries, or harlots. It sounds like a speech for the licensing of 
liquor, but it is in fact a North Dakota speech for a " high license " of 
the Louisiana lottery. It is in order to say, in behalf of Christian advo- 
cates of high license : " O wad some power the giftie gie us," etc. 

49. The Chicago Tribune says : " High license, reasonably and 
properly enforced, is the only barrier against prohibition in the present 
temper of the people in almost every State of the Union." In January, 
1889, the Omaha Bee said: "The only effective way to block pro- 
hibition is to enforce rigidly high license." — Quoted, Our Bay, January, 
1895. 

50. Here is, of course, the supreme argument for the prohibition of 
the liquor traffic. Children and young people must not be allowed the 
first taste of liquor, and the exciting agent must be removed from the 
reforming drunkard. — Professor J. R. Commons, Social Reform and the 
Church, 108. A government should so legislate as to make it easy to do 
right and difficult to do wrong. — Gladstone. Here is the position of ninety- 
nine of every one hundred prohibitionists in America : While educating 
public sentiment to State and National prohibition, backed by a party that 
believes in prohibition, we would have every license law for liquor 
selling repealed, and then we would have passed as many and as strong 
prohibitory restrictive laws as possible, such as the following : Any man 
who sells liquor on Sunday shall be sent to jail ; any man who sells 
liquor to a drunkard or to a minor, or who sells liquor on election day, 
or after midnight, shall be sent to jail ; and just as rapidly as we could 
get public sentiment up to another slice of prohibition we would favor 
the getting of it, as, for example, any man who sells liquor to be drank 
on his premises, or after nine o'clock P. m., should be sent to jail, etc., 
etc. Whenever the law speaks we should have it speak invariably in the 



354 APPENDIX. 

language of prohibition. Never let the law whisper sanction or money 
consideration for the selling of liquor as a beverage. — The Voice. 

51. In 1892 the Democrats, with 47.2 per cent, of the vote, got 59.8 
per cent, of the Congressmen ; and in T894 the Republicans, with 48.1 
per cent, of the vote, elected 68.8 per cent, of the congressmen. This is 
shown by Proportional Representation Reviexu, Chicago, December, 
1894. — Because the majority ought to prevail over the minority, must 
the majority have all the votes, the minority none? Is it necessary that 
the minority should not even be heard ? Nothing but habit and old 
association can reconcile any reasonable being to the needless injustice. 
— John Stuart Mill, Considerations of Representative Government, 
quoted, Socialism of John Stuart Mill, p. 138. See also p. 151. The 
key to social reform is some effective kind of minority or proportional 
representation. — Commons, Social Reform and the Church, 85. — In the 
California Congressional election in 1894 the Republicans had 110,442 
votes ; the Democrats, 87,768 ; the Populists, 55,289 ; the Prohibitionists, 
7346. Yet the Republicans have six congressmen ; the Democrats, one ; 
the Populists and Prohibitionists, none — that is, the 110,542 Republican 
voters have six limes as much representation in Congress as the other 
^o.SOS voters of the other parties of the State. There is no justice in 
such a system. — The Pilot, Nashville, Tenn. 

52. Read Direct Legislation, by J. W. Sullivan, Humboldt Publishing 
Co., New York, 25c. Also send for circulars to Direct Legislation 
League, Box 1216, New York. — One of the chief advantages of the 
referendum and initiative is that they would teach Americans to discuss 
measures more and men less. Our politics has an unfortunate tendency 
to become merely personal . . . what American slang expressively 
designates as " peanut politics." — Ely, Socialism, etc., 346. The Imper- 
ative Mandate is another provision whereby the constituents of any 
legislator, finding that he is not faithfully representing them, may recall 
him before his term of office expires and elect another representative in 
his place. This the author does not approve. It substitutes delegation 
for representation (see Flint's Socialism, 303) and makes the legislator a 
mere bulletin-board for his constituency. It leaves no time to test the 
wisdom of any act in which he differs from the momentary sentiment of 
his constituents, who set him apart, in the division of labor, to think on 
politics more thoroughly than others have time to do. 

53. The usual form is to forbid it "except" as a monopoly of the 
race-tracks, disguising this permission under seeming prohibition. The 
following law, passed by Congress during the Harrison administration, is 
a sample : An Act to Prevent Book-making and Pool-selling in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That 
it shall be unlawful for any person or association of persons in the cities 
of Washington and Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, or within 
said District within one mile of the boundaries of said cities, to bet, 
gamble, or make books or pools on the result of any trotting race or 
running race of horses, or boat race, or race of any kind, or on any 
election or any contest of any kind, or game of baseball. Sect. 2. 
That any person or association of persons violating the provisions of this 
act shall be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, or be imprisoned 
not more than ninety days, or both, at the discretion of the court. 

Approved March 2, 1891. 



NOTES TO' LECTURE V. 355 

54. Mr. William T. Stead tells a story of a reformed man who testi- 
fied in a noonday prayer meeting in Chicago : " All my life I have been 
devoted to whisky and politics. Now, thanks be to God for his redeem- 
ing mercy, I am delivered from both." It is not the desertion of 
politics, however, but its conversion that a wise convert will propose. 

55. It is an omen of evil that, except in ritualistic churches, prayers 
for the President, Governor, mayor, are few, fewer, fewest, respect- 
ively, even in the pulpit, and almost unheard of in prayer meeting or 
home worship. 

56. Petitions, letters, personal interviews are good, better, best. As 
to petitions the old method of petitioning by miscellaneous signatures, 
obtained hastily at the door and on the street, is not only slower, but 
more likely to result in mistakes than the new method, by deliberate vote, 
after explanation and discussion, in citizens' meetings, labor lodges, and 
church associations. These indorsements of organizations also show, by 
the name of the organization, just what sort of people are favoring the 
movement. Write to National Bureau of Reforms for information as to 
proposed reform legislation, national and State, in behalf of which peti- 
tions, letters, and lobbying are needed. Since the lectures were delivered, 
the Secretary of Agriculture has abolished the free distribution of seeds. 
Let us hope that the correspondents of congressmen will now find time 
to write them about social reforms, which are the seeds of national pros- 
perity. 

57. Men upon each line were brought sharply face to face with the 
fact that in questions as to wages, rules, etc., each line was supported by 
twenty-four combined railroads [before the Chicago strike]. . . An 
extension of this association . . . and the proposed legalization of 
" pooling " would result in an aggregation of power and capital danger- 
ous to the people and their liberties as well as to employees and their 
rights. . . Should continued combinations and consolidations result in 
half a dozen or less ownerships of our railroads within a few years, the 
question of government ownership will be forced to the front, and we 
need to be ready to dispose of it intelligently. — United States Strike 
Commission Report, 26, 27-28. So great has become the importance of 
transportation in our day that the control of it by a monopoly is the 
most far-reaching tyranny now made possible by our economic life. — Ely, 
Outlines of Economics, 61. On injustice and cruelty of railways, see 
also pp. 60, 65, for instance, seven thousand employees killed in 1892 
chiefly through lack of safety appliances. 

58. The marshaling of industries in companies and battalions is to 
bring with it a subordination of men to men, of the many to the few, 
more complete than has ever prevailed since feudalism. — President E. 
B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law, 40. The dangerous classes 
politically are the very rich and the very poor. — Henry George, Progress 
and Poverty, 307. As this book goes to press, one of the burning ques- 
tions of social reform is the " department store," against whose under- 
selling in books, groceries, etc., the smaller tradesmen are protesting, 
and seeking to turn combination back to competition. All such 
efforts are against nature. The evils of combination can only be cured 
by crowding it forward into cooperation. That is the meaning of anti- 
monopoly in these pages, and is the only anti-monopoly for which 
there is either reason or hope. 

£9. To those who challenge our right to make Sabbath laws we reply 



356 APPENDIX. 

that, to a republic, they are laws of self-preservation, as consistent with 
liberty, nay, more, as essential to it as any other laws to prevent bribery, 
ignorance, the corruption of the home, the overwork of the toilers, the 
freedom of worship. Good Healthy a periodical of the Seventh-day 
Adventists, the chief opponents of Sabbath laws, speaking of another 
evil than Sabbath-breaking, said: "The great sin-suppressing force of 
civilization is the civil law, and always will be so long as men build their 
characters on so low a plane that fear of punishment rather than the love 
of what is good and best and truest, the love of right itself, is the 
restraining motive." The context shows that by "sin" the writer 
means wrongs to man, and so reading the sentence, it is an unconscious 
admission of exactly what advocates of Sabbath laws claim as to their 
relation to immorality. To protect health, to prevent crime, to promote 
intelligence and morality, to punish wrongs to man, the State protects 
the Sabbath as a day of freedom for worship and from work, save 
works of necessity and mercy, and private work by those who observe 
another day. A republic cannot endure without morality, nor morality 
without religion, nor religion without the Sabbath, nor the Sabbath 
without law. 



More satisfactory results wait on the development of a non-partisan 
city " machine " as complete and effective as is possessed by the corrupt 
city leaders of the national parties. Till then, if Christian citizens are 
to make themselves effective in the primary, it would seem to be neces- 
sary that they should have a pre-primary to agree upon some course of 
action. The stay-at-home voters in the elections of 1894 in the United 
States numbered five and a quarter millions, most of them, no doubt, 
persons who, having stayed at home on the night of the primaries, 
thought the candidate nominated unworthy of their suffrage. 



APPENDIX. PART SECOND. 



UNITEO STA TES XZ^Tn? 

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APPENDIX. PART SECOND. 



OUTLINE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

The chart opposite is designed to fix in the memory, by two simple 
devices, an outline of the world's history, as a background for the 
chronological data following and for other studies of historic details. 
Byway of preface, the date of creation is noted as "4000 B. c. or 
earlier." Bible history would allow the expansion of Usher's estimate, 
4000 B. C, to meet the shrinking figures of geology, which now require 
only 8000 to 10,000 years as the age of man. (See recent studies of the 
glacial age by Professor G. F. Wright and others.) The flood is placed 
at about 2500 B. c. (The Bible gives no exact date.) It is significant, 
in connection with the biblical records of creation and the flood, that 
the latest word of science (Charles Dixon, Fortnightly Review, April, 
1895) is that the dispersal of life was not, as previously held by science, 
from the poles, but from a central equatorial belt of land. The con- 
fusion of tongues is placed at 2247 B. c. That all languages have 
branched out of one is the ever-strengthening verdict of science. 

The first device given in the chart to aid the memory to hold a suffi- 
cient outline of universal history is the representation of the great 
world-empires and others by a succession of peaks, arranged in chrono- 
logical order, the height approximately indicating the relative size of 
these empires, at their largest extension severally, and the base showing 
their duration exactly, each empire being marked with the name of the 
ruler under whom it reached its largest geographical extent, usually 
accompanied by the date of his death, if known. The first great world- 
empire, that of Egypt, is accordingly marked with the name of Thotmes 
III., who reigned about 1600 B. c, just preceding the Ramessids, under 
whom the empire declined because of their injustice to their Hebrew 
slaves. The next great empire to arise — a smaller one, however, than 
any other on the chart in geographical extent — was the kingdom of Solo- 
mon, who died 975 B. c. Then arose the empire of Assyria, which 
reached its largest extent under Sennacherib about 680 B. c. It was 
succeeded by the empire of Persia, which reached its greatest dimen- 
sions under Darius the Great, who died 486 B. c. Then came the 
greater but briefer Greek empire under Alexander the Great, in the 

359 



360 APPENDIX. 

fourth century B. c. After a period of petty kingdoms, Rome reached 
its widest sway under Trajan, who died 116 A. D. After Rome fell, 
476 A. D., there came another period of petty kingdoms, but early in the 
eighth century the new Roman empire of the Germanic tribes began to 
develop, and reached its widest sway under Charlemagne, who died 814 
A. D. The Mohammedan empire of Arabia, which had begun in the 
seventh century, reached its widest sway under Mohammed II., about 
the middle of the fifteenth century. Spain had the next turn at pre- 
eminence under Charles V., who, in 1556 A. D., was both King of Spain 
and Emperor of Germany. Great Britain reached its largest territorial 
sway under George II., who died 1760, when India and Canada had been 
gained and the other American colonies had not been lost. China 
reached its largest extent under Kien-Lung in 1796, before Russia and 
Great Britain had secured portions of its territory. France had widest 
sway in 1807, when Napoleon had conquered all Europe except Great 
Britain, besides portions of Asia and Africa. The United States 
reached its largest dimensions in 1867, when Secretary Seward purchased 
Alaska. Russia — the only country in the list here given, save the 
United States, which was in 1895 as large as it had ever been — 
reached the dimensions then existing under Alexander III., but is likely 
to put this statement out of date at any time by new additions. 

The dates and names given furnish an outline of history that can 
easily be copied in memory. But it should be buttressed and supple- 
mented by the second device, suggested by a briefer use of it by Pro- 
fessor W. W. White, which connects two similar events of similar dates, 
the one before, the other after, Christ, by a semicircular line. In 192 1 
a majority of the people of the United States, at present rates of cen- 
tralization, will live in cities of eight thousand or more inhabitants. 
This is naturally associated by contrast with the rural period of Abram, 
who was called 192 1 B. c. A line from our own time 1900 A. d. to 
1900 b. c. helps us to remember the age of Abraham. So it is eaiy to 
fix in memory the year when Moses was born, 157 1 b. c, by associating 
it with the date when Luther, a kindred spirit, nailed the theses to the 
church door and so inaugurated the Reformation — the latter date being 
made of the same figures with one transposed, 15 17 A. d. The same 
line associates the year of the discovery of America, which we easily 
remember, 1492 A. D., with the year of the exodus, 1491 B. c, which we 
should otherwise forget. King Alfred, the poet statesman, died 901 
A. D., which helps us to remember that Solomon died 975 B. C. The 
battle of Tours, 732 A. D., which turned back the Mohammedan armies 
forever from Europe, is naturally associated with the divine overthrow of 
Sennacherib in 760 (sung by Isaiah, and so fixing his place in history), 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 361 

by which the Assyrians were driven back for a century from Palestine. 
Justinian, who promulgated his Christian code of laws in 528 A. D., we 
link with Daniel, who, in 528 B. C, prophesied of the world's conquest 
by the law of Christ. The beginning of Papacy, 445 a. d., and fall of 
Rome, 476 A. D., we associate with the rebuilding of Jerusalem by Ezra, 
445 B. C. The story of Constantine beholding the cross in the sky as 
the token of victory, 331 A. D., we remember by association with a 
similar legend of Alexander the Great, who, in 333 b. c, when about 
to attack Jerusalem, is said to have been turned back by beholding the 
High Priest in his glorious robes, because he had previously seen the 
same figure in a dream. 

In the center of the chart is Christ, the Lord of time as well as of 
eternity, whose royal marks, " b. c." and "A. D.," are on all the facts 
of history. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 

SHOWING THE INFLUENCE OF CHRIST ON THE EIGHTEEN CHRISTIAN 
CENTURIES SINCE THE NEW TESTAMENT WAS COMPLETED. 

I shall read the history of the world aright only as I read it through 
the mind of Christ. — Rev. A. J. Behrends, D. D., in Homiletic Re- 
view, February, 1885. 

The centuries are all lineal children of one another. — Carlyle. 

Geography and chronology are the eyes of history, — Professor H. B. 
Adams. 

" Henceforth my heart shall sigh no more 
For olden time and holier shore ; 
God's love and blessing, then and there 
Are now and here and everywhere. 
All of good the past has had 
Remains to make the new time glad." 

— Whittier. 

Histories formerly recorded little save politics, the stories of kings 
and their battles. Recently men are writing the histories of peoples, 
with special reference to their domestic conditions in various ages. We 
seek to give each reader in these data the facts and forces and philos- 
ophy out of which he may construct a universal history, not of politics 
or of peoples, as such, but of moral progress ; including politics and 
social conditions, so far as they are vitally related to liberty, charity, and 
reform. In this view we have noted chiefly those dates that are mile- 
stones in man's moral and spiritual advance, with only so much reference 



362 APPENDIX. 

to kings as may show more clearly in history the hand of the King of 
kings. We have recorded inventions and discoveries in this newest tes- 
tament of the life of Christ, because they have been made, as every 
world exposition so clearly exhibits, almost wholly in Christian nations — 
gunpowder and the mariner's compass being almost the only inventions 
effectively introduced to the world by the aged nations of pagan culture, 
and one of these an invention the world might well have spared. The first 
telegraphic message, " What hath God wrought!" is a fitting motto for 
the whole patent office. " Every invention that gives a man larger and 
easier mastery over nature, and liberates his spirit a little more from the 
necessity of continual drudgery, promotes the coming of the Kingdom." 

For individual or social study of the Christian centuries, so appropriate 
and interesting in these closing years of the latest and best of the series, 
we recommend : White's Eighteen Christian Centuries (Appleton) ; 
Thompson's Ninteen Christian Centuries (A. Craig & Co. , Chicago) ; 
Joy's Rome and the Making of Modem Europe (Chautauqua Press) ; 
Ulhorn's Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism (Scribners), and 
especially, Brace's Gcsta Christi (Armstrong). 

No more timely subject for a Christian reading circle or series of lec- 
tures could be found. For a ten months' course we suggest two centuries 
each for the first two months, three centuries each for the next three, one 
century each for the last five ; and like divisions for ten lectures. For 
each century write out answers to following questions : What of the 
governments and laws and politics of this period? What of the 
social condition and liberties of the people ? What of education ? 
What religious gains and losses ? What progress or decline in morals ? 
What eminent men ? What great battles ? What discoveries or inven- 
tions ? What great books ? What is the chief characteristic of the 
century ? Now that cyclopedias, dictionaries, and standard books are 
published so cheaply that almost every family or reading club can own a 
good reference library, or has a cheap or free public library at hand, 
there are few who cannot, if they will, give several hours per week to 
such a course of reading as is outlined here, or to one of those suggested 
in later pages. 

Second Century.* — About the middle of this century Claudius 
Ptolemy promulgated his astronomy, in which our earth is the chief and 
central planet, a view which was held until, in the sixteenth and seven- 
teenth centuries, Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton restored and improved 
the system Pythagoras had declared 566 b. c, which, so improved, is the 

* For Biblical data of earlier centuries see Biblical Sociology and Biblical Index in 
closing pages of this book. For a discussion of the Christian centuries, see pp. 33-41. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 363 

system now taught. Galen's introductory work in anatomy belongs to 
this century. Pliny the Younger, in 102, wrote his well-known favor- 
able letter about the early Christians, their- simple worship on a " stated 
day," and their pure lives. In this century Rome reached its largest ex- 
tent under Trajan, by the conquest of the Dacians or Parthians, and it 
is called " the happiest period of Roman history " in that the office of 
Emperor, having ceased with Nero to be hereditary, was now filled by 
men chosen because of superior ability by the Praetorian Guard or 
the legions. (Their virtues were those of public administration, not of 
personal character.) For the first time five emperors in succession died 
natural deaths. But these best emperors were made persecutors by their 
piety. They could not rise to the height of tolerating Christianity since 
it would not tolerate the sixty thousand idols in the Roman Pantheon. 
Against them it is estimated that it sent out sixty thousand manuscript 
copies of the Gospels during this century, in which the third, fourth, 
and fifth persecutions of Christians were instituted severally by Trajan, 
Marcus Aurelius, two of the " good emperors," and Septimius Severus. 
But the persecutions were unavailing. " The blood of the martyrs is the 
seed of the Church." Philosophers as well as emperors attacked the new 
religion. Next to Christianity the most important moral force in this 
century was the Stoic philosophy, of which Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius 
were the most eminent exponents. All may read in the "Confessions" 
of the last named sentences on virtue as beautiful as ice crystals, and as 
cold. Stoicism taught restraint of passions in contrast to Epicurean in- 
dulgence, but it also antagonized Christianity, whose gentler, gladder 
virtues it could not appreciate. Christianity was also attacked by several 
advocates of Neo-Platonism, one of whom was Plutarch, the author of 
the well-known biographies. The skepticism of Lucian and Celsus also 
hurled against Christianity in vain nearly all the sophistries that Thomas 
Paine and Robert Ingersoll have since gathered up from the battle-field 
where they had rusted since those ancient defeats. Those early de- 
bates benefited the Church by making more exact its statements of doc- 
trine. It was in this century that the New Testament books, all written 
in the previous century, were collected and separated from various spu- 
rious and uninspired writings. The great names of this century are Ter- 
tullian, Irenseus, Clement of Alexandria, Ignatius, Polycarp, and Justin 
Martyr. The word "Catholic Church," meaning universal church, was 
first used in this century. 



Third Century. — The Roman empire passed its zenith and began 
its decline in the closing quarter of the preceding century, whose glo- 
rious sun set in blood; and the third century was one in which " madmen 



364 APPENDIX. 

seized supreme authority," and encouraged, instead of repressing crime. 
This century illustrates how a nation may have wealth, art, learning, 
refinement, and yet lack the very essential of civilization, namely, a 
civil government that securely protects the rights of all. Heathen cul- 
ture at its best, even in Rome, whose special talent was law, could 
not develop such a government, lacking as it did the Christian con- 
ception of the sacred personality of every human soul. Such govern- 
ments could be permanently established only by leavening the people 
with that root idea of liberty and suffrage. This century was stained by 
four persecutions ; those of Maximinius, Decius, Valerian, and Aurelian, 
in spite of which Christianity steadily advanced in its gradual conquest 
of the outwardly decaying empire, which began at this time to feel the at- 
tacks of the less corrupt and so more vigorous northern barbarians. The 
increasing catacombs, where the Christians buried their dead, many of 
them martyrs, and where they often hid themselves, are symbols of the 
evangelistic mining and sapping by which heathenism was about to be 
overthrown. At the end of this century there were five millions of 
Christians, despite nine preceding persecutions. But there was an omen 
of evil inside the Church, in the beginning of that asceticism which was 
to become monkery; and there was also a shadow of future mischief in 
the new title of the bishops, " Papa," or father, which became " Pope." 



Fourth Century. — The opening years of this century are stained 
by the tenth and last persecution, that of Diocletian, who burned whole 
congregations — one of them on a Christmas, locked in the church where 
they persisted in gathering to sing their Christmas anthems, despite his 
order to the contrary. In other cases he chained groups of Christians 
together and drove them into the sea. But " love many waters cannot 
quench, neither can the floods drown it." (See p. 34.) In spite of per- 
secution Christianity continued so influential that the next emperor, 
Constantine the Great, moved not by piety, but by politics, thought 
it good statesmanship to protect and favor and afterward profess and 
establish Christianity, and suppress heathenism. The " sign " by which 
Constantine conquered his people's favor was the cross. The Church, 
however, did not conquer by the sign of the crown, but weakened in 
quality at least. "Church and State" from then (325 A. D.) till now 
has shown itself not a case of those God has joined that no man 
should put asunder. During this century image worship and auricular 
confession also were practised by some, though condemned by others. 
The Arians, who acknowledged Christ more than man but technically 
less than God, also originated in this century, and, so far from being 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 365 

"liberals" in theology, often debated about the Trinity with blood- 
red swords. As the leading characteristic of Rome in the first century 
was cruelty, in the second probity, in the third, anarchy, so, in the 
fourth, it was pomposity in Church and State. Constantine's new court 
at Constantinople was Oriental in pomp as well as place, and the 
Church, having become wedded to the State, began to imitate its pomp 
before the century's close. Persecution had given place to prosperity, 
but power had also given place to pomp. While Christianity suffered 
losses in gaining the aid of thrones and soldiers, legislative influences 
were then set at work by which all Europe has been transformed in mat- 
ters of liberty and charity, making us hesitate to say that the fourth cen- 
tury was a receding wave. Christianity had lost in depth, but gained 
in the extent of its influence. At the close of this century it had grown 
to ten million souls and was influencing millions more. In this con- 
nection we should consider the radical changes made by Constantine in 
the Roman laws and so in the laws of all Europe, his abolition of cru- 
cifixion, and of gladiatorial murder, and his laws bearing upon women, 
children, captives, prisoners, purity, which, as Gesta Christi shows, are 
avowedly borrowed from the law of Christ, and which, with the com- 
pleter work of Justinian, have helped to create a recognition of that fun- 
damental law in all political and social progress. During this century 
also, beginning with Constantine (321 A. D.), the three main features of 
that other leading factor of progress, Sabbath laws, were introduced, 
namely, the prohibition of work for gain, of amusements, and of judicial 
proceedings. To this century belongs that most instructive effort of 
Julian, the successor of Constantine, to restore paganism, whose priests 
and idol-makers, having lost their business, and whose devotees, having 
lost their opportunities for indulging in lust and drunkenness under the 
respectable guise of religion, made such a loud opposition that Julian, 
nominally a Christian, but really a free-thinker, thought it politic to fur- 
nish them in himself that respectable leadership which such a party in 
all ages craves. We are reminded how " history repeats itself," as we 
see him gravely marching to the restored temple of Venus between lines 
of drunken and lecherous devotees. His patronage, even his persecu- 
tions were in vain, and it is reported that he died exclaiming, " O Gali- 
lean, thou hast conquered ! " Whether he said so or not, that was the 
fact. His two successors restored Christianity, and also the divisions of 
the empire into Eastern and Western, as they had existed under the im- 
mediate predecessors of Constantine. Out of this division was to come, 
later, a corresponding division of the Church into Greek and Roman. 
The century closed in the midst of the Gothic invasions by which the 
Western Empire was soon to fall. 



$66 APPENDIX. 

In this century Roman art, which had begun to decline in the second 
century because of the reaction upon Rome of its barbarian provinces, 
continued to decline because it had been so associated with what was 
pagan and impure that it was hated by the now dominant Christianity. 
(See Goodyear's Roman and Medieval Art.) Those who regard art of 
itself as a moral force would seem to have forgotten that highest skill in 
art was not able to prevent, if indeed it did not hasten, both moral and 
national decay in Rome and Greece, Babylon and Egypt. While 
sculpture, in which art had been least pure, did not recover its former 
rank until the Renaissance, architecture began to revive before the end 
of this century in the building of cathedrals called "basilicas," because 
copied from the public halls or business exchanges of that name, which 
was appropriately applied to the churches because it means the King's 
house. In 400, church bells were first introduced in separate bell towers 
called " campanile," because first used in Campania by Bishop Paulinus. 
As "The King's Business House" appropriately became the name of 
those churches that were copied from secular buildings of that name, so 
in the next century, when the domed cathedrals began to be built after 
the fashion of the great Roman baths, they retained and Christianized 
that name also as " baptisteries." In both kinds of cathedrals the 
interiors were more and more adorned with Byzantine art from Con- 
stantinople, Constantine's new capital of the Roman Empire. Another 
Oriental art influence that appeared, not in churches but in palaces — in 
Spain and Sicily at least — was the " Arabesque," which came back with 
the crusaders from Mohammedanism, in the seventh century, but which 
is mentioned here to complete our brief record of the first period of 
Christian art, which extends from the closing years of the fourth century 
to the end of the tenth, and may be concisely characterized as the 
Basilica-Baptistry-Byzantine period of early Christian art. It was in this 
fourth century that Ambrose laid the foundations of choral singing and 
church music in his " Ambrosian Chants." This is also the period of 
the Nicene Creed. During this century the present canon of the New 
Testament was formally ratified, and December 25th was designated as 
Christmas. 



Fifth Century. — For a century from the second division of the 
Roman Empire in 364 A. d., history is chiefly occupied with successful 
barbarian invasions of the Western Empire, which fell in 476, in its 
own twelfth century, overthrown by Goths, Huns, Vandals, and vices. 
Among the causes of Rome's fall were : First, the decay of Roman 
courage and virtue through luxury and sensuality ; second, her wolfish 
cruelty to conquered nations, which prevented the development of any 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OP HUMANE PROGRESS. 367 

unifying patriotism in the vast and varied empire, such as would have 
come to the rescue in her hour of weakness. The last of the great 
secular world-empires had fallen, but a new spiritual empire, " the 
Kingdom of God," was coming to power. Its real power was not, how- 
ever, that which now began to assert itself in the Church, whose Roman 
bishop, Leo I., in 494, only eighteen years after Rome's fall, secured 
a certain supremacy over other bishops of Western Europe ; but what 
was claimed by Popes in the eighth century and afterward was not 
only not claimed but, in some cases, condemned by the earlier Popes. 
The Oriental churches, of course, refused subjection to the Roman Pope, 
and also the churches of Scotland and Wales, and the Waldenses. (See 
Wylie's History of the Waldenses.) The so-called " Athanasian Creed " 
probably belongs to this century. The most noted church leaders were : 
Theodoret, Cyril of Alexandria (who is presented in Kingsley's Hypatia, 
which, with Ebers' Homo Sam, pictures the age), Pelagius, who denied 
original sin ; Nestorius, father of the Nestorians ; St. Patrick, whose 
simple faith Ireland would do well to imitate ; Chrysostom, " the golden- 
tongued "; Jerome, translator of the Bible into the Latin Vulgate ; and, 
greatest of all, Augustine, who said : " O God, thou hast made us for 
thyself, and our souls are restless till they rest in thee." His writings 
were chiefly theological, but he contributed a valuable arrow for the 
temperance quiver when he showed that drunkenness is not a single sin 
but enwraps many, including lust and murder. During this century, as 
in the preceding, Christians were persecuted in Persia. Their numbers 
in all the world increased during this century to about fifteen millions. 



Sixth Century.— We have now entered " The Middle Ages," 
but not yet " The Dark Ages." (Read Barnes* Brief History of 
Medieval Peoples.) [Both these terms are somewhat vaguely used. As 
"ancient history" may be distinctly classified as the period of the suc- 
cessive world-empires of Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome, 
ending in the latter's fall in 476 A. D., so the " Middle Ages" may be 
distinctly classified as the period of petty feudal states unified only in 
Rome's new ecclesiastical world-empire, a period which continued to the 
Reformation, in which modern history begins. Rome proves her 
genius for government by a thousand years of civil and another 
thousand years of ecclesiastical supremacy in Europe. The term " Dark 
Ages " is appropriately applied to the last half of the Middle Ages, from 
the tenth to the sixteenth century.] Although the Western Empire had 
fallen before this sixth century, the Eastern Empire continued, and 
presented in this century the illustrious name of the Emperor Justinian, 
in whose codification (529-34) of Roman law — the foundation of 



368 APPENDIX. 

a • ' common law " in all nations — the influence of Christianity is most 
apparent, as is shown in Gesta Christi. Another great name of this 
century is King Arthur of Britain. This century was one of missionary 
activity among the half-savage tribes of Northern Europe and of the 
British Isles. In 596 Augustine reintroduced Christianity in England. 
On the other hand, Romish errors increased in the Church. Monas- 
teries multiplied. Pope Gregory the Great introduced the doctrine of 
purgatory and masses. The Church grew to twenty millions. Its 
internal corruptions were greater perils than Mohammed, whose birth 
comes in this century, though his exploits belong to the next. 



Seventh Century. — The Eastern Empire continued to prosper 
through this century, and the Church continued to prosecute its mission- 
ary work among the nations of Europe. The Pope continued to promul- 
gate unscriptural doctrines, calling himself Sovereign Pontiff (Pontifex 
Maximus), enjoining celibacy, appointing Latin as the language of 
church services everywhere — so that the twenty- four millions to which 
the Church grew in this century were mostly "baptized heathen." 
Meantime a new foe to both Christian nations and the Christian Church 
arose in the East, the Mohammedan Empire, which in this century 
destroyed the Persian Empire and put its own mightier one in its place. 
The Mohammedan has been called " the brother of the Puritan." It 
would almost seem as if his creed, including total abstinence (Koran, 5 : 7) 
and forbidding image worship, was better than the corrupted Christianity 
he attacked. The Mohammedans conquered Syria and Palestine, built 
the Mosque of Omar in the temple area at Jerusalem, and for seven 
years besieged Constantinople, which was successfully defended through 
the aid of the newly invented " Greek fire." The University of Cam- 
bridge dates from this century. In this century, 688, laws for " regula- 
tion " of liquor selling began in Britain. In 680, Caedmon, a shepherd, 
rendered a few Bible stories into English rhymes. 



Eighth Century. — This is the century of Charlemagne, who brought 
the Germanic tribes into subjection to himself and to the Pope. During 
this century, Germany, France, and England come to the front as 
political powers and also as supporters of the Pope, whose temporal 
power began in this century, as did also the custom of kissing his toe in 
token of subjection. The English Bible had its beginning in this cen- 
tury in the translation of the Gospel of John into the language of the 
people by the Venerable Bede. Mohammedanism continued to sweep 
on as a destroying meteor eastward into India, westward into Africa and 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 369 

Spain, and "was only prevented from spreading over Europe by the 
vigorous blows of Charles the Hammer in 732 on the battle-field of 
Tours, one of the "decisive battles of the world." It was in this 
century that the Northmen began to be active as voyagers and invaders. 
The controversy about image worship also arose in this century. It 
was forbidden in the Greek Church (which substituted the worship of 
pictures), but became more popular than before in the Roman Church. 
The use of "A. D.," Anno Domini, the year of our Lord, began in this 
century. The number of Christians at its close is estimated at thirty 
millions. 

Ninth Century. — The Northmen continued their aggressions. The 
Eastern Empire retained power and prosperity. Charlemagne's revival 
of the Empire of the West was short-lived. It fell to pieces during 
this century, soon after its founder's death. It was in this century 
that Alfred the Great originated jury trials and laid the foundation 
of British literature, British law, and British empire. The republic of 
Venice also dates from this period. Duns Scotus is the chief European 
philosopher of this century. It is called " the Augustan Age of Arabian 
Learning." The separation between the Eastern and Western branches 
of the Church in this century became complete and permanent. The 
superstitions of the Church were reenforced by the addition of transub- 
stantiation. The number of Christians at the close of this century is 
estimated at forty millions. 



Tenth Century. — Here begin the " Dark Ages." This century 
was " dark" indeed in education, morals, and religion. Children were 
made bishops and even popes at the dictation and for the benefit of 
worldly German emperors, who controlled the Church. In the Church 
itself the doctrine of papal supremacy was strengthened, and also the 
doctrines of purgatory and transubstantiation. Both in State and 
Church the feudal system, which divided society into oppressors and 
oppressed, prevailed. But even in this feudalism there was progress as 
compared to the imperial despotism of earlier ages, for the power of 
kings was being limited in the interest of nobles, so preparing the way 
for the people also to invade the superstition of " divine right," and 
claim their human rights. (See p. 37.) The number of Christians at 
the close of this century is estimated at fifty millions. 



Eleventh Century.— This is the age of Anselm, Canute, Edward 
the Confessor, and William the Conqueror. It is now known to be the 
age of the first discovery of America, which was made by Norsemen. 



37° APPENDIX. 

It was in this century that the first Crusade occurred, resulting in the 
rescue of Jerusalem ; resulting also in the awaking and broadening of 
European minds through foreign travel and international intercourse. 
The quickened mental energy gave rise to the Romanesque architecture, 
strong and beautiful. Curfew (cover fire), a bell requiring all fires and 
lights to be out at 8 P. M., originated in this century, and shows how 
different must have been education and evening life in that age. About 
1050 the Eddas condemned drunkenness. Seventy millions of Chris- 
tians at the century's close. 



Twelfth Century. — This is the age of the second and third Crusades, 
the age of chivalry's origin, and of minstrelsy ; the age of Abelard and 
Bernard and Becket and Gengis Khan and Saladin and Richard Cceur de 
Lion ; the age of the spread of the Waldenses in the valley of Piedmont. 
Chivalry continued four centuries a refining influence upon the manners 
of those knights who became " champions of God and the ladies." 
There was no knighthood in labor nor toward labor. These knights 
defended only the highborn against wrong. In this century distilled 
liquors were introduced. Eighty millions of Christians is the estimate 
for the close of this century. 



Thirteenth Century. — This is the age of the last four Crusades ; of 
Magna Charta (12 15), and of the origin of the House of Commons 
(1258) ; of Scotland's struggle for independence under the lead of Wal- 
lace, Bruce, and Douglas ; the age of Thomas Aquinas and Roger 
Bacon ; the age when auricular confession became a dogma of the 
Roman Church, and the Inquisition its chief reliance for repressing dis- 
sent from its opinions. The period of the beautiful Gothic architecture 
includes this and the two following centuries. Mr. C. C. Coffin, in a 
Lowell Institute lecture, shows that, up to the thirteenth century, few 
English castles had chimneys, the fires being made in the center of the 
stone hearth and the smoke finding its own way to a hole in the roof. 
At one end of the great stone hall was the kennel for the hounds and 
above it the perch for the hawks. Rushes served as a carpet, and 
sometimes for seats. The only forks were fingers, and when forks were 
later introduced they were opposed as a reflection on the Almighty, as if 
the fingers he had made were not sufficient. It should be added that 
even the nobility were mostly uneducated, as only three of the twenty-six 
barons who signed Magna Charta could write. Each of the others made 
his " mark." The earliest known laws against food adulteration are the 
British laws of 1267. The number of Christians at the end of this cen- 
tury is estimated at seventy-five millions. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 371 

Fourteenth Century. — This is the age of Wyclif, " the morning 
star of the Reformation." (See Moulton's History of the English Bible.) 
There are many other indications of dawn in the writings of Dante, 
Petrarch, Boccaccio, Chaucer, and Froissart. This is the age when the 
independence of Switzerland was secured by William Tell, and the inde- 
pendence of Scotland by the victory of Bannockburn (1314). English 
laws in this century forbade cock-fighting (1365), but it was encouraged 
later by the Stuarts, and not till the nineteenth century again outlawed. 
Begging was also forbidden, and the giving of alms to able-bodied beg- 
gars, but the state made no provision for the deserving poor until 1535. 
Harvest-men's wages were, in 1350, fixed at id. (2 cents) per day. 
Earlier, 1304, workmen were forbidden to organize to increase wages. 
The Feast of Immaculate Conception was added to Church errors. 
Number of Christians at close of this century, eighty millions. Chaucer's 
opinion of fourteenth century morals is as follows : 

" Alas, alas, nor may men wepe and crye 
For in our days 'nis but covetyse 
Doubleness, tresoun, and envye, 
Poison, manslaughter, and mordre in sundre wyse." 



Fifteenth Century. 
1405. Huss attempted reformation in Bohemia. He was burned, 

but lived on in the " Hussites." 
1413. Imilatio7i of Christ, written by Thomas a Kempis, d. 1413. 
1431. Joan of Arc burned as a witch. Witch-burning not epidemic 

till a century later. 
1453. Constantinople taken by Mohammedans and made their 

capital. 
1460. First printed Bible issued by John Gutenberg, who had 

invented cut metal types about 1444. Wages for British 

harvest-men 2d. (4 cents) per day. 
1483. Luther born ; the printed Bible and the future reformer 

being providentially provided before the New World was 

opened. 
1489. Savonarola, the Italian reformer, applied the denunciations 

of Revelation to the vices of the pagan Renaissance. He was 

burned 1498. 
1492. Columbus discovered America October 12, old style ; 

21, new style. For popular sketches of How People Lived 

about the Time Columbus discovered America, see The Voice of 

May, 1893. — "Columbus himself was a devout man in his 

way ; but the standard of piety and Christian morals was low 



372 



APPENDIX. 



1492. in those days. As with David and the Bible patriarchs, so 
with more modern men of religious reputation, large allowance 
must be made for the times and social customs of their day. 
Sir Francis Drake, with all his honors, could not, with his 
morals, be admitted to decent society to-day. The noble and 
dearly loved William of Orange, almost the father of the 
Puritans in Holland, was an unclean man : and even Crom- 
well, in the days of his prayerful reliance upon God and his 
deeds of valor in support of the Christian religion, is charged 
with mistresses many and illegitimate children. Society, even 
Christian society, allowed in those days what we cannot 
approve, but we must make charitable allowance. Both 
England and Spain were then but slowly and fitfully emerging 
from barbarism." — Rev. J. H. Taylor, D. D. 



1500. Sixteenth Century. — The Renaissance, or revival of the 
classic style of art, under the patronage of Italy's cultured 
but cruel Medici, culminated in this century. "The uni- 
versal homage of three centuries and the common consent of 
critics have honored twelve paintings with the name of ' The 
World's Great Pictures.' They are : Leonardo da Vinci's 
4 Last Supper,' Guido Reni's 'Aurora' and 'Beatrice Cenci,' 
Titian's 'Assumption of the Virgin,' Murillo's ' Immaculate 
Conception,' Rubens' ' Descent from the Cross,' and the 
same subject by Volterra, Correggio's ' Holy Night,' 
Domenichino's 'Last Communion of St. Jerome,' Michael 
Angelo's 'Last Judgment,' and Raphael's ' Sistine Madonna' 
and ' Transfiguration.' They were all the work of Italians in 
that wonderful epoch known as the Renaissance." The 
quickening influence upon the European mind of this intel- 
lectual movement, though it sought to revive a pagan culture, 
prepared the way for the Reformation, which was an intel- 
lectual as well as spiritual and moral protest against corrupt- 
ing superstitions. — At this time only seven metals were 
known against fifty-one four centuries later. 

1515. The wholesale burning of witches, which continued in all 
parts of the civilized world for two centuries, was inaugurated 
this year by the burning of five hundred in Geneva. (The 
nineteen Salem cases, 1692, in the New World, were a mere 
trifle compared to the thousands burned in each of the 
European countries.)' 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 373 

1517. Luther, on October 31, by nailing his ninety-five theses 
against indulgences to the door of the Wittenberg church, 
inaugurated the great Reformation. He not only condemned 
superstition, but also the "hoggish life" of those who were 
subject to "the drink Devil." (See my Temperance Century ^ 
p. 16.) [Wyclif, Huss, and Savonarola having preached 
Reformation principles before Luther, the following dates 
indicate the time of their effective introduction or establish- 
ment in various countries after Luther began his work : 15 19, 
Switzerland (Zwingli) ; 1521, Denmark ; 1527, Prussia ; 1529, 
France (Calvin) ; 1530, Sweden ; 1534, England (Henry VIII.); 
1535, Ireland; 1560, Scotland (Knox); 1562, Netherlands. 
The date of the Augsburg Confession, the German Reforma- 
tion creed, is 1530. 




WILLIAM TYNDALE. 

The Martyred Translator of the First Printed English Bible. 

" Banish me to the end of the world if you will, only let me preach the 
gospel and teach little children." 

1526. Tyndale's New Testament, which he had been obliged by 
persecution to leave England to translate and publish, arrived 
in England. He was strangled and burned October 6, 1536, as 
a martyr, for translating the Scriptures into the language of the 
people. This is the great century of English Bibles. Cover- 
dale's, Matthews' (Rogers'), Cramner's, the Genevan version, 
Parker's, were all issued between Tyndale's martyrdom and the 
end of the century. [King James' Version was begun 1604 
and completed 161 1. The Douay Version, the Roman 



374 APPENDIX. 

Catholic English version, which is generally correct except the 
Romish footnotes, was begun in the sixteenth century and 
completed about a year before the King James Version.] 

1529. The term "Protestants" originated in the protest of six 
Lutheran princes in the Diet of Spires against the decree in 
support of the Church of Rome of the majority of the princes 
of the German Empire there gathered. 

1534- Ignatius Loyola established The Company of Jesus, whose 
title is less correctly but more commonly translated The 
Society of Jesus ; an oath-bound secret society to which the 
original papal charter allowed but sixty members, now greatly 
increased. The members are now called "Jesuits." The 
organization was condemned by the Sorbonne of Paris in 1554, 
and expelled from France in 1594, and has since been expelled 
from nearly every civilized country except the United States. 

^S- Fi rst compulsory poor law in England. Poor previously 
supported by private charity only. 

1539. Lotteries legalized in France. (Said to have originated in 
1530 in Florence.) In 1569 England had a national lottery. 

1543. Copernicus published his system of astronomy, which dis- 
lodged the Ptolemaic system and recognized the sun instead of 
the earth as the center of the universe. (Supplemented in 1546 
by Tycho Brahe and later by Kepler and Newton, and since 
generally accepted.) 

1547. A hint both of the smallness of wages and the meagerness 
of linen is afforded by the fact that Henry VIII. (d. 1547) 
paid but £10 ($50) annually for the laundry work of his 
entire household of 117 persons. 

1 55 1. Council of Trent decreed that every one is accursed who 
denies that the sacrament of penance was instituted by Christ. 
(Douay Bible translates the word meaning repent, " do 
penance.") 

1553. The burning of Servetus, a Unitarian, almost the only 
instance of " heretic " burning by Protestants. (One of the 
commendable doctrines promulgated by the Socinians or 
Unitarians of that time was that "it is unlawful for princes to 
make war.") 

1555. Burning of Ridley and Cranmer in England by " Bloody 
Mary" for dissent from Roman Catholic views. Cranmer, 
through fear of death, had previously recanted, and so placed 
first in the flames "that unworthy hand" which had signed 
the recantation he now bravely repudiated. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 375 

1558. Under " Good (?) Queen Bess," who restored Protestantism 

to England, the British slave-trade was this year established. 
In that lauded " Elizabethan Age," fashionable society not 
only enjoyed the dramas then written by Shakespeare, but also 
bear-baiting at a favorite "bear-garden," then considered 
respectable. The rich spent their time mostly in coarse 
pleasures, and the poor in hard toil, at 4d. (8 cents) per day for 
harvest-men. " You are now at the beginning of that hundred 
years in the first half of which, substantially, the elements of 
character which were to be transferred to America were 
brought out, born, and trained, and in the last half of which 
the transfer was made — the great work of colonization and the 
decisive formation of the American character and spirit 
actually occurred. It was a century every way marvelous. 
A century of fiercest strifes, of noblest studies, of magnificent 
achievements, but the grandest of all the marvels which it 
exhibits to our view is the recovery of the Christian Scriptures 
from their long burial, or rather their access to the minds of the 
common people, and the life, and might, and enterprise, and 
learning, and freedom which everywhere burst forth in their 
track. The century in which the American spirit was born, 
that spirit which has given impulse, direction, and character 
to the national life until this day, was a century, if we may 
say so, created by the Christian Scriptures." — From address 
by Rev. Dr. Arthur Mitchell, published in Nezv York 
Observer, 1893. 

1565. First slave labor introduced in the United States by 
Spaniards at St. Augustine. 

1571. Battle of Lepanto, first decisive defeat of the Turks in the 
campaign by which Turkey in Europe was established. 

1572, August 24. St. Bartholomew's massacre of Huguenots by 

Roman Catholics in France. 

1586. Raleigh introduces tobacco into England. 

1588. The Spanish Armada, a vast naval fleet thought to be 
"invincible," sent out by Spain to overthrow Protestantism in 
England and so everywhere, defeated by Drake and Howard 
in the English Channel. Elizabeth's Protestant reign there- 
fore continued into the next century. 

1598. Edict of Nantes, by which Henry IV. of France granted 
toleration to his Protestant subjects. The century closed with 
peace for Protestants both in France and England. 

This is the century of Shakespeare, whose plays are at least 



37^ APPENDIX. 

much purer than those of his predecessors, and marked by 
great familiarity with the Bible, next to which they rank in 
the world's literature. 



Seventeenth Century. 

1601. Problems of labor and poverty are now to receive attention, 
but not yet solution. (Best concise historical study of this 
subject, Ely's Economics, to which we shall often have occa- 
sion to refer.) In this year England established a system of 
outdoor relief for the poor, which, by supplying charitable 
support too freely to people in their own homes, greatly in- 
creased pauperism, and even led some to give up their indus- 
trial independence for the easier life of dependence on charity. 

1603. On the death of the " Virgin Queen," Elizabeth, the crown 
passes from the Tudors to the Stuarts, and in James I., who 
now becomes king of both Scotland and England by regular 
succession, the " United Kingdom " begins. James assumes 
the title " King of Great Britain." The second British at- 
tempt to " restrict" the liquor traffic by law was made in this 
year in a statute forbidding drinkers to linger in drinking 
places for a prolonged tipple. Since then about five hundred 
vain efforts to " restrict" this evil have been made by Parlia- 
ment. It was at this period that Shakespeare wrote his con- 
demnations of drunkenness and his scathing arraignment of 
wine : 

" O thou invisible Spirit of wine ! 
If thou hast no name to be known by, let us call thee Devil." 

1607. First English settlement in America at Jamestown, Va. 

1610. Beginning of the controversy on freedom of the will be- 
tween Arminians and Calvinists. 

161 1. King James Version of English Bible published. Now 
known as the " Common Version." It is certainly not the 
" Authorized Version " to any who do not acknowledge King 
James' authority over religious matters. 

1618. Book of Sports published enjoining Sunday afternoon 
sports. Many preachers defied the king's order to read it in 
the churches, or, having read it, denounced it. These 
preachers and laymen of like spirit were called " Puritans," 
because of their efforts to purify the corrupt State church. 
Beginning of the Thirty Years' War between Protestant and 
Roman Catholic princes of Central Europe, in which Gustavus 
Adolphus was the most eminent Protestant leader. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 377 

1620. The " Pilgrims " landed at Plymouth, Mass. Having first 
landed on Clark's Island, they remained there over the Sab- 
bath, despite the December cold, rather than undertake the 
labor of moving to the mainland on that sacred day. This 
devotion to the Sabbath is now celebrated by an inscribed 
stone on the island. 




ROCK ON CLARK S ISLAND. 

1637. Descartes promulgated his famous philosophy. 

1638. Christianity (Roman Catholic) was expelled from Japan 
because of the alleged political plottings of the Jesuits and 
other Portuguese missionaries. All Christians were prohibited 
by proclamation from entering the country, with the threat 
that, if even the king of Portugal or the God of the Christians 
should trespass on Japanese soil, he should pay the penalty 
with his head. Harvard University founded. " Solemn 
League and Covenant " subscribed in Scotland in reign of 
Charles I., in resistance to the control of the Church by the 
State, whence comes the name " Covenanters," whose watch- 
word is "Christ's crown." 

About the middle of this century the first sawmill in Eng- 
land was torn down by woodsawyers, who feared the new 
invention would destroy their business. 

1649. Charles I. executed by order of Parliament. His chaplain, 
Jeremy Taylor, wrote the famous books, Holy Living and 
Holy Dying. Westminster Catechism issued by the Puritan 
divines. 

1653. Cromwell made Lord Protector. Milton, his secretary, was 
interested in political and moral reform as well as poetry. He 



378 APPENDIX. 

advocated total abstinence for the individual in order to " live 
happily and healthily," and prohibition for the State, in order 
to " rid the land of vice." 

1654. A commission was this year appointed by Cromwell to rid 
the State church of notoriously corrupt pastors. The instruc- 
tions given to this committee indicate a scandalous condition 
of things. They were enjoined to dismiss all who should be 
found guilty of profane cursing and swearing, perjury, adul- 
tery, fornication, drunkenness, common haunting of taverns or 
alehouses, frequent quarrelings or fightings, etc. (D'Aubigne's 
Cromwell, ch. ix.) 

1655. Cromwell demanded toleration for the Waldenses on penalty 
of war. 

1660. The modern post-office system instituted in England. Serf- 
dom was abolished in England, though some remains of it — 
the attachment of colliers to their pits — continued into the 
nineteenth century. 

1662. The first public stage-coach in England began this year to 
run between Manchester and London. Actresses were intro- 
duced into theaters by Charles II. The female parts had 
previously been acted by men, as men's parts are now often 
acted by women. 

1663. First real newspaper established in England, The Public 
Intelligencer. 

The post-office, the public stage, and the press, it should be 
noted, started almost together, inaugurating that modern 
system of easy communication which was an essential pre- 
requisite to the development of human brotherhood, of which 
the world yet knew but little. 

1665. Sir Isaac Newton's publications, 1665-87 (with Kepler's, 
1609-18), completed the Copernican system of astronomy. This 
is the year of the great London plague, which was followed 
a year later by the great London fire. 

1666. Covenanter revolt against the compulsory episcopacy put 
upon Scotland in violation of his previous oath by Charles II., 
in which many Covenanters were killed and executed. 

1667. Milton's Paradise Lost published. Poet received only £$ 

($25). 

1677. Death of the atheistic philosopher, Spinoza. 

1678. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress published, written by Chris- 
tian tinker in prison for nonconformity. Dr. Increase Mather, 
jn a treatise entitled Pray for the Rising Generation, says of 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 379 

1678. New England at this time: " The body of the rising genera- 
tion is a poor, perishing, unconverted, and (except the Lord 
pour down his spirit) an undone generation." " Many are 
profane, drunkards, lascivious, scoffers, despisers, disobedient." 
Which would seem to indicate that even the Puritan times in 
America were not such ' ' good old times " as some despisers of 
the present would have us believe. (Dr. Cotton Mather, the 
son of the one just quoted, in a sermon on " The Good Old 
Way," in 1706, gives no brighter picture of his time.) 

1685. Jeffreys' " Bloody Assizes," three hundred executed, one 
thousand transported as slaves, many whipped, fined, im- 
prisoned, all in one month, as punishment for Duke of Mon- 
mouth's revolt against James II. (This period is pictured in 
Lorna Doom.) Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis 
XIV., by which France lost to other countries her fifty thou- 
sand best families, the Huguenots, a loss which has left France 
weak in conscience and character ever since. 

1687. Charity schools established in England to counteract the 
attractions of Roman Catholic academies. 

1688. England brewed twelve and one-half million barrels of beer 
this year, says Lecky, for its five millions of population, an 
average of two and one-half barrels for each person. 

1688. On account of the efforts of the British king, James II., to 
restore Romanism, William, Prince of Orange, whose queen, 
Mary, was the heir to the British throne, was invited by lead- 
ing Protestants to invade England, which he did. So began 
.the reign of William III. and Mary, in which the liberty of 
the press was established, the independence of the judiciary 
secured, the British constitution placed on a firm basis, and 
Roman Catholics forever excluded from the British throne. 

1699. The Elector of Darmstadt, in anticipation of a total eclipse 
of the sun, which scholars had announced, issued a proclama- 
tion warning the people to prepare for the " dangerous 
eclipse " by carefully housing all cattle, the barn doors and 
windows being fully covered, those of houses still more so, " so 
that the bad atmosphere may not find lodgment, because such 
eclipses frequently occasion whooping-cough, epilepsy, paral- 
ysis, fever, and other diseases." Although lotteries were still 
much used by State and Church, some advanced reformers at 
this time had begun to denounce them as " cheats " and their 
promoters as " pillagers." 

1700. Van Lennep's and Schauffler's Growth of Christianity esti- 



3S0 APPENDIX. 

1700. mates the number of Christians at the close of this century 
at 155,000,000. The Sunday School Times, in an article 
showing the futility of searching for "good old times" that 
were better than these, quotes a pious Scotch book of this 
closing year of the seventeenth century, in which the author 
declares that personal religious characteristics are " scarcely 
discernible any more." 



The Eighteenth Century. (For the moral characteristics 
of the first half of this century, see 1750.) 
1704. First American newspaper of continuous publication estab- 
lished — The Boston News Letter. 
1707. Isaac Watts' hymns published. 

1716. Wages of harvest-men in England gd. (18 cents) per day. 
[Increased 1740 to iod. (20 cents); 1760, is. (25 cents); 1788, 
is. 4d. (33 cents); 1794, is. 6d. (37 cents); 1800, 2s. (50 
cents).] 
1724. Jesuits expelled from China. 

1729. The following items from the expense account of a New 
England ordination of this year is representative of this period 
as to the friendship of religion and rum : 

dyi bbls. cider, . . . . £4. us. 
2 gals, brandy, 3 gals. Rhum, . £1 16s. 

25 gals, wine, .... £9 10s. 
Loaf sugar, lime juice, and pipes, £1 15s. 
Methodism, which was formally organized in, 1774 in 
England, in 1784 in the United States, had its real beginning 
in the " Holy Club" organized by the Wesleys, Whitefield, 
and other students during this year at Oxford University in 
England. 
1739. Whitefield landed at Philadelphia and traveled widely in the 
Colonies as the first Evangelist of modern times, inaugurating 
great revivals which have had a radical influence upon Ameri- 
can church life ever since. 

1736. An attempt in this year to enforce the obsolete law against 
witches caused its repeal, but the belief in witchcraft had not 
then (nor had it in 1894) wholly died out even in the British 
Isles and the United States. 

1737. An Indian council of one hundred in Alleghany, Pa., 
in this year passed a strong prohibitory law against rum. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 381 

1739. " The field preaching of Wesley and Whitefield in 1739," 
says Isaac Taylor, ' ' was an event from whence the religious 
epoch now current must date its commencement." Rev. Dr. 
Jonathan Edwards preached sermons this year that were 
published, 1794, as The History of Redetnption. 

1742. First production of Handel's Messiah, in Dublin, seven 

thousand present. The proceeds, two thousand dollars, given 
to three charitable organizations, the Society for Relieving 
Prisoners, the Charitable Infirmary, and Mercer's Hospital. 

1750. At the middle of this century Voltaire and Rousseau were 
poisoning France with infidelity, while the king was embitter- 
ing the people v/ith cruelty. The harvest of this double sow- 
ing was to be a" Reign of Terror" at the century's close. 
Philip Doddridge, who died this year, author of the famous 
book, Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul. 

From Lecky we get most of the facts following as to 
moral conditions in England during the first half or more of 
this century. One of the leading British trade interests was 
the African slave-trade. Public lotteries were generally 
approved, and extravagant personal gambling was common 
among the so-called " upper classes." Sensuality on the stage 
was appalling and not uncommon or much condemned in any 
grade of society. Literature abounded with proverbs imply- 
ing general impurity. Punishments were most brutal. Prisons 
were filled with corruption and cruelty. Young men of rank, 
in their idleness, committed outrages of wanton cruelty on the 
streets with impunity. Even at noon, in London, people went 
armed for self-defense. Rogues encountered little restraint 
from the conniving or drunken constables. The drink fiend 
at that time acquired that mastery over Britons which has 
since continued with little abatement. In 1688, the people 
had averaged 2^ barrels each per year, but in 1724 a law that 
favored native gin rather than foreign wine in the interest of 
revenue developed a terrible passion for gin drinking. Gin 
sellers advertised to make patrons drunk for a penny, " dead 
drunk " for twice that, with promise of straw on which to 
sleep off the effects. In 1736 Parliament tried in vain to 
" restrict " this evil which its own laws had fostered. The 
gin flood rose steadily. With all this, as the historian Green 
tells us, there was combined a general infidelity and hostility 
to religion. Says Lecky : " The doctrines of depravity, the 
vicarious atonement, the necessity of salvation, the new birth, 



382 APPENDIX. 

1750. faith, the action of the Divine Spirit in the believer s soul, 
during the greater part of the eighteenth century were seldom 
heard from in the Church of England pulpits. Lady Wortley 
Montagu said that she expected to see it proposed in Parlia- 
ment to strike the " not " out of the Commandments and insert 
it in the Creed. The greater part of the statesmen were both 
infidel and immoral. Drunkenness and foul talk brought no 
disgrace to Premier Walpole. Premier Grafton would appear 
with his mistress at a play. Chesterfield, in his letters, 
instructs his son in seduction as a part of polite education. 
Puritanism was dead and Methodism not yet born. 

1759. Canada finally taken from the French and its Protestant 
destiny determined. 

1760. At this period (see Ely's Economics, ch. v), although Eng- 
land was not rich, there was almost no pauperism, and the land 
was filled with cottage manufacturers who spun, wove, and 
dyed cloth, and then sold it. See pp. 76, 164. John Wesley 
severely condemned liquor-selling and made abstinence from 
" spirituous liquors " one of the Methodist rules. See p. 44. 

1768. Remaurus, who died this year, is considered the founder of 
the so-called Rationalism which makes one's personal reason 
the test of truth. The better known advocates of this view 
are Paulus, Eichhorn, Renan, and Strauss. 

1769. In this year Watt invented the steam-engine, by which, with 
the other machines soon to be invented, — the spinning-frame, 
1769 ; spinning-mule, 1775 ; power loom, 1787 ; cotton-gin, 
1793, — industry was to be revolutionized through the gather- 
ing of industrial armies in factories where the individual could 
no longer buy his own material and sell his own product, but 
must come into the wage system instead. (See p. 164, and 
Ely's Economics, ch. iv.) (Adam Smith's mental invention in 
1776 was to be quite as influential as any of these mechanical 
inventions in the industrial revolution.) 

1770. Sermon preached in Boston against Franklin's newly 
invented lightning-rods as ' ' impious contrivances to prevent 
the execution of the just wrath of Heaven." An earthquake 
shock in the previous year had been attributed to them. 

1772. It was decided judicially that slavery could not exist in 
England, though still tolerated in her colonies. 

I 773« John Howard began his prison reform work. 

1774. The earliest legislative action in America against liquors 
was a resolution of the first Continental Congress, during this 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 383 

year, urging all the Colonial legislatures to " quickly " prohibit 
" distilling grain." 

1775. First American Abolition Society formed in Philadelphia, 
with Benjamin Franklin as president. Pestalozzi began his 
educational work. 

1776. Declaration of Independence, July 4. Hardly less revolu- 
tionary than the foregoing political action was Adam Smith's 
effective declaration of industrial independence during this 
same year, in his Wealth, of Nations, in which political 
economy originated. Free trade between nations was one of 
its doctrines, but a more radical one was that domestic trade 
should be almost, if not quite, free from governmental regula- 
tion, on the ground that competition would prevent injustice 
both in prices and wages. See pp. 164-173. (During this last 
quarter of the century the evil of child-labor in factories, one 
of the outcomes of the new machinery, was noted and lamented.) 
In this year John Wilkes offered in Parliament in vain a suffrage 
reform bill similar to that which won half a century later. At 
this time two-thirds of the so-called House of Commons was 
appointed by lords and other influential persons, 300 members 
having behind them but 160 electors. Laws were notoriously 
in the interest of the privileged classes, who controlled both 
Houses. Trial by torture was abolished this year by Portugal, 
and in later years of the century by other civilized countries. 

1777. It was in this period of the Revolution, often cited by 
admirers of " the good old times " as one of purer patriotism 
than ours, that John Adams wrote : "I am wearied to death 
with the wrangles between military officers, high and low. 
They quarrel like cats and dogs. They worry each other like 
mastiffs, scrambling for rank and pay like apes for nuts." 

1780. Robert Raikes' " Sunday-schools," established this year, are 
regarded as beginning the modern Sabbath-school system, 
although those first schools gathered only the neglected 
children of the poor, and were devoted mainly to education, 
only secondarily to morals and religion. It is claimed that the 
weary world got its first rocking-chair in this year, invented 
by a farm-hand in Kingston, Mass., for a sick lady. In this 
year began the movement for the removal in Great Britain of 
the political disabilities of Catholics, which was not consum- 
mated until 1829. 

1783. Separation of the United States from Great Britain. The 
historian Mackenzie notes that at this time Great Britain 



384 APPENDIX. 

1783. bestowed poor relief with an over-generous hand through 
alarm at growing discontent. The result was an increase of 
pauperism, which was put at a premium as compared with 
honest labor. The paupers, receiving this pension in money at 
their homes, became the mainstay of the beer-shops, and often 
refused work when offered. The Sunday School Times notes, 
for the benefit of those who sigh for " the good old times," that 
here, at the very birth of our nation, Rev. Samuel Torrey, in 
a sermon to the Massachusetts legislature, exclaimed: " How 
is religion dying in families through the neglect of the religious 
education of children and youth ! " 

1784. Abolition of bull-fights in Spain " except for pious and 
patriotic purposes." The first load of cotton carried from the 
United States to England. 

1785. The modern temperance movement is commonly considered 
as beginning in a series of papers published this year by Dr. 
Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia, on The Effect of Ardent 
Spirits upon the Human Mind and Body. (See my Temper- 
ance Century.) 

1787. The great " Northwest Territory," comprising what after- 
ward became Ohio and several contiguous States, was this year 
established, with prohibition of slavery and provision for 
education in Christian morality. 

1789. First known association pledged to voluntary abstinence 
from " strong drink " (not including fermented liquors) formed 
by farmers of Litchfield, Conn. Not till 1826 is any other 
society known to have sought anything but " moderation." 

In the Methodist conference at Baltimore during this year 
there were no stoves and no backs to seats, except several of 
the latter provided by special vote for the feeble Bishop Coke 
and several of the aged preachers. At this period it was the 
custom in other denominations to go from the fireless churches 
to taverns on Sabbath noon to warm up by external and 
internal heat. On July 14 the French Bastile fell and the 
French Revolution began. Its first successes awakened move- 
ments for popular liberty all over Europe which its later 
excesses paralyzed for a quarter of a century. Pitcairn's Island 
settled by mutineers of The Bounty, whose vicious settlement 
was at length Christianized by a Bible that one of the muti- 
neers had brought, and became almost arcadian in its freedom 
from crime. The islanders are now Seventh-day Adventists. 

1790. The first U. S. Census shows a population of 3,929,827, 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 385 

1790. only three per cent, of them living in cities. The largest 
city, New York, 33,131. Philadelphia was second, Boston 
ihird, Baltimore fourth, New Orleans fifth. Monasteries 
suppressed in France. 

1791. First thresher patented in the United States. 

1792. Revival (see Kirk's Lectures on Revivals) in Great Britain. 

1793. Beginning of modern foreign missionary movement in the 
sailing of William Carey's missionary ship from England to 
India. When he first proposed foreign missions, his father 
said, "William, are you mad?" Three years before he 
sailed, on proposing missions in a Baptist conference, he was 
commanded to be silent and not to meddle with Providence. 
In this year France assassinated the Sabbath and appointed 
each tenth day as a holiday, with Reason appointed by law as 
a goddess to be worshiped. Whitney's cotton-gin, invented 
this year, put a new value on cotton and so on slaves. 

1794. "The Reign of Terror" at last ended, after a million 
Frenchmen had been killed by Frenchmen. Thomas Paine's 
Age of Reason published. 

— From one of Washington's Written Prayers. 

1795. The London Missionary Society, one of the few missionary 
organizations that represent united Christianity, was formed 
this year by " Churchmen" and " Dissenters," who grasped 
hands, in tears of joy, to uplift the world. 

1796. Washington's Farewell Address, September 17. William 
Wilberforce in this year founded a " Society for Bettering the 
Condition of the Poor," not by alms-giving chiefly, but by 
information and sympathy — very nearly the position that 
charity reform now occupies. Vaccination discovered by 
Edward Jenner. 

1797. Wilberforce's Practical View of the Prevailing Religious 
System published. Napoleon conquered the Pope because of 
his hostility to the French Republic. 



$%6 APPENDIX. 

1798. A motion of William Wilberforce for the abolition of the 
British " slave-trade," which had been discussed since 1787, 
was this year lost by vote of 88 to 83 in the British Parlia- 
ment. (The " slave-trade," that is, the trade at sea, had been 
abolished in Austria in 1782, in France in 1794. It was not 
abolished by the British Parliament until 1807.) 

1799. Napoleon became " First Consul." Laplace's M/ckanique 
Celeste published. 

1800. U. S. Census, 5,305,941. The British Parliament passed 
a stringent law against all unions of workmen to increase 
wages, reduce hours, etc. (See Ely's Economics, p. 48.) 
Dorchester's Problem of Religious Progress estimates the 
number of Christians in the world at the close of this 
eighteenth century at two hundred millions. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 387 

The Nineteenth Century. 

Politics. — The century opened with all parts of Europe 
more or less involved in a quarter century of wars (of which 
fifteen years yet remained). These wars originated in a revo- 
lutionary effort of the French people to rid themselves of 
oppression, and were furthered by the fears of crowned heads 
that this republicanism would spread, and still more promoted 
by the ambition of Napoleon. The cruelties the French 
people had learned from wicked kings they had practised on a 
nobler sovereign, Louis XVI., and upon each other, and so had 
already assassinated their own liberties and postponed liberty 
in other nations. At the opening of this century Napoleon 
had blotted out the republics of Venice, Holland, and Switzer- 
land. The United States had the only popular government, 
with John Adams president. The chief rulers at this period 
were : George III. of Great Britain ; Napoleon of France ; 
Charles IV. of Spain ; Francis II. of all Germany (which 
included three hundred federated governments) ; Alexander I. 
of Russia ; and Pope Pius VII. of the Papal States. In 1807 
Napoleon had conquered to his sway all Europe except Great 
Britain. Publishers of geographies in 1796-18 15 had a hard 
time to keep up with Napoleon in map revision. 

Religion. — Christlieb's Protestant Missions shows that at 
this time the new foreign missionary movement (started by 
William Carey, 1793) had only 7 societies, 170 male mission- 
aries (100 of them Moravians) and 50,000 heathen converts. 
The annual missionary contribution of all Protestants was only 
fifty thousand pounds or a quarter of a million dollars. The 
Bible had been published in only 50 languages, with a total 
circulation of not more than 5,000,000. Skepticism was so 
common, especially among educated men, that it was confi- 
dently prophesied that Christianity could not survive more 
than two generations. Dr. Archibald Alexander, visiting 
Boston in the opening year of this century, found in the nine 
Congregational churches only one Orthodox preacher, the rest 
being Unitarians. There was little human brotherhood at 
this time, but, instead, very strong hatreds of one race for 
another, of one party for another, of one sect for another. 
Friends resorted to duels to settle trifling misunderstandings. 

Morals. — In one of the opening years of this century, Rev. 
Dr. Eliphalet Nott (afterward president of Union College) was 
presented by the young men of his church with a cask of wine, 



388 APPENDIX. 

which was then considered as appropriate in such cases as a 
cane in later years. Ministers were expected to drink not only 
at weddings and funerals, but also in every pastoral call, and 
were not always able to carry successfully the mixed drinks of 
a dozen calls. Searchers for ' ' the good old times " will turn 
with disappointment from this period in which Wordsworth 
wrote, " Plain living and high thinking are no more," and in 
which Daniel Webster, in his first Fourth of July oration 
(1802), said: "Patriotism hath in these days become a good 
deal questionable." 

1801. Union of Great Britain and Ireland. One of the inventions 
that came in with the century was machine-made pins. Pre- 
viously pins had been rarely used, because hand-made and 
costly. " Pin money " was therefore a term of luxury. 

1802. A bill to abolish bull-fights defeated in the British Parlia- 
Bull- ment. Beginning of the " Factory Acts " for the protection of 
Allowed, employees. (They had not been brought up to the full 
"Factory measure °f justice even in 1894, when the House of Lords 
Acts." rejected the " Employers' Liability Bill.") 

1803. In records of a European tour of this year, published in The 
Corrupt Atlantic Monthly and Scribner's Magazine in 1892, a specimen 
Elections. British election, characterized by gross disorder, is described 

in which the expenses of a Parliamentary candidate were 
computed at not less than ^"80,000, or $400,000. 

1804. Establishment of the British and Foreign Bible Society. 
Napoleon, who had twice fought the preceding Pope suc- 
cessfully, was reconciled to the new Pope in order to be 

The Pope crowned emperor by him, but soon after refused to restore 

ner. this Pope the temporal possessions he had taken, and a third 

time invaded Rome and brought the Pope to France, where he 

was kept a prisoner five years, being driven to needlework to 

occupy his time. 

1805. The Sabbath restored to France by Napoleon after twelve 

Sabbath years' loss of it had caused the nation serious physical and 
Restored. mQral in j ury< 

1806. The same writer quoted for 1803 gives the following pic- 
ture of a specimen of a British election of this year: "The 

Corrupt hustings were erected in Covent Garden, and for fifteen days 

Elections. . , . ., , x , , 

the most riotous and scandalous behavior prevailed. Each 

candidate had his particular mob decorated with ribbons and 

flags. In one mob was a band of butchers, with marrowbones 

and cleavers. The mobs escorted their voters to the hustings. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 389 



cleaving a way through the immense rabble that formed a 
solid phalanx around it. The candidates were each day on 
the hustings haranguing this motley crew who were, many of 
them, hooting and abusing them the whole time, and the can- 
didates themselves descended to make direct attacks upon 
each other, and became absolutely scurrilous before the close 
of the election. The voters, in many instances, make the best 
bargain they can, and sell their votes to the best advantage." 
:8o7. British Parliament, having previously sanctioned " slave- 
trade " by twenty-six acts of Parliament, this year abolished 
the trade at sea, but not yet in the colonies. In previous years 
of the century forty thousand slaves per year had been carried 
by British ships, half of whom were killed by the cruelties of the 
voyage. First steamboat trip in the United States, August 7, 
by Fulton's Clermont. 

Rev. Dr. Lyman Beecher preached his famous temperance 
sermons. " Slave-trade " (at sea) outlawed in the United 
States, but not yet domestic slavery. 

United States population, 7,239,814. Up to this time, in 
London, deaths exceeded births for lack of public sanitation. 
France having undertaken this, Great Britain began to agitate 
for it. " American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
sions," the first American foreign missionary society, organ- 
ized by the Massachusetts Congregational Association on peti- 
tion of Adoniram Judson, Samuel Nott, Jr., Samuel J. Mills, 
and Samuel Newell, Andover Seminary students who wished 
to be sent to foreign fields if their desire should not be deemed 
" visionary or impracticable." Sunday mails were this year 
first authorized by Congress. 

In a British trial for libel the judge denied the accused the 
right to criticize acts of Parliament (Mackenzie, p. 104). 
Wages of British harvest-men at this date 2s. i}4d. or 53 
cents. (Increased, 1850, 3X. or 75 cents ; 1857, S s - or $1.25). 
Rev. Dr. Asahel Nettleton's revival work begun. 

War for trifling cause declared by United States against 
Great Britain — such a cause as would now lead only to arbitra- 
tion. Spain, Portugal, Piedmont, and Naples compelled, by 
popular uprisings and Napoleonic influences, to grant consti- 
tutional government, which, however, was in no case perma- 
nently retained. 
1814. Annals of the Poor, by Rev. Leigh Richmond, published. 
A congress of the " Allies," or Great Powers, which had con- 



1808. 
Temper- 
ance. 
Slave- 
trade. 

I8IO. 

Sanita- 
tion. 



Missions. 



Wages. 



Constitu- 
tional 
Govern- 
ment. 



39° 



APPENDIX. 



Vienna 
Congress 
of Pow- 
ers. 



Gas. 



Locomo- 
tives. 



[8l 5 . 



Corn 
Laws. 



Prison 
Reform. 



Jury 

Trial. 

Peace. 



1816. 



I8l 7 . 

Sabbath- 
schools 
Feared. 



1818. 
Illiteracy 



quered Napoleon and banished him to Elba, met at Vienna 
and reestablished the Pope's temporal power, and restored the 
other four hundred governments of Europe, except the repub- 
lics, to substantially the same status they had occupied before 
Napoleon " shuffled " them. This congress also condemned 
and so virtually ended for civilized nations the " slave-trade " 
(at sea). The congress was interrupted by Waterloo, June 18, 
181 5, and then resumed. Gas-lights introduced in London 
streets in spite of the protests of those who said the new light 
would ruin whaling. Street robbers fled from the new light. 
George Stephenson's first locomotive ran upon a " tramway" 
(invented by Outram), and drew eight "carriages" of thirty 
tons' weight four miles per hour. 

Waterloo, June 18. (Read Victor Hugo's description of this 
victory of Providence in Les Misirables.) After the Napoleonic 
wars, British landowners enacted the "corn law," a protective 
tariff on wheat, in order to enable farmers to pay them high 
rents, despite the added tax on a necessity of life, to be paid 
chiefly by the poor. This, added to war taxes, caused great 
suffering and a demand for suffrage as a remedy of the people's 
wrongs. There were 223 capital offenses in Great Britain at 
this time, including theft of 5^. ($1.25). Judge Heath ex- 
pressed the general opinion that there is no hope of reforming 
a felon, and that his death is therefore the best thing for him- 
self and for society. Prison reform and prisoners' relief were 
first organized at this time by Sir Thomas Buxton, M. P., and 
slight mitigations of penal code were secured in the following 
year. Jury trial was introduced in Scotland. The Massa- 
chusetts Peace Society, the first organization of its kind, was 
founded December 26 by twenty-two persons. 

American Bible Society instituted. (The Pope issued a 
" bull " against Bible societies the following year.) 

Congregational Sabbath-schools were started this year in 
Boston, but not without objections : viz., that it might be a 
desecration of the Sabbath ; that children ought to be 
instructed at home by their parents ; and that professing 
Christians ought to be at home, engaged in reading, medita- 
tion, and prayer, instead of going abroad to teach the children 
of other families on the Sabbath. 

Mackenzie (p. 95) states that at this time one-half the chil- 
dren of England were growing up without education, and 
only one-seventeenth of the population were at school, Cal- 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 39I 

houn as United States Secretary of War prohibited intox- 
icating liquors in the army. 

1820. U. S. Census, 9,638,191. Liberia (equal in area to New 
York, New Jersey, and New England) colonized as a " Black 
Republic " by act of Congress. On March 20, the Sandwich 

Hawaii. Island mission was begun. The people had just given up 
idols and were wanting a new religion. It was the case of 
" a nation born in a day." 

1821. The passage of the " Missouri Compromise " by the United 
States Congress, by which Missouri was admitted as a slave 

Mo. Com- State with the proviso that slavery should be prohibited in all 
promise. new g tates nQ rth of 36 30', quieted the slavery agitation for 
a decade. 

1823. The flogging of female slaves in British colonies being forbid- 
den by Parliament, planters threatened revolt. Rev. Charles 
G. Finney's revival labors begun. 

1824. The British law of 1800 against labor unions repealed, 
having become inoperative, but labor unions still suffered 

Unions much from the courts, which treated strikes as "conspiracies 

Allowed, in restraint of trade." Royal Society for the Prevention of 

Cruelty to Cruelty to Animals organized in England, the first society of 
Animals. .... 
its kind. 

1825. See p. 40 and Mackenzie, p. 94, for a picture of the low 
state of British morals in the first quarter of the century. 

Bolivar. Republics of Peru and Bolivia established by Bolivar (who 
had liberated Colombia in 18 19). 

1826. Lotteries suppressed in Great Britain by " Treasury 
Minute." (But ten years later Parliament found it necessary 

Lotteries, to punish newspapers with penalty of fifty pounds for ad- 
vertising them.) Anti-Masonry movement started in Bata- 
sonry. via, N. Y. 

1827. The Greek war of independence closed successfully on Oc- 
tober 20 with the naval battle of Navarino, in which several 

Greek nations aided Greece against the Turks. This success pro- 
Independ- fe \ 

ence. moted movements for liberty all over Europe. Dick s Philos- 

ophy of a Future State appeared. 

1828. The religious test for members of Parliament, which (since 
reign of Charles II.) had excluded Catholics, and incidentally 

Religious " dissenters," by admitting only communicants of the Church 
of England, was modified so as to admit all " Christians," but 
not Jews. (The next year Catholic disabilities were removed 
for Ireland.) 



39 2 



APPENDIX. 



1829. 



Sunday 
Mails. 



Spoils 
System. 



1830. 



Home 
Life. 



1831. 



:832. 



British 
" Reform 
Bill." 



Petitions from twenty-one States against Sunday mails pre- 
sented to Congress. On the basis of a sectarian report Congress 
refused to act on the ground that to stop Sunday mails would 
be " religious legislation," as if continuing them was not anti- 
religious. Virtual independence of Servia secured. Daniel 
O'Connell founded a society to separate Ireland from Great 
Britain. The " spoils system " in the United States begun by 
President Andrew Jackson, whose Secretary of State, Marcy, 
named and defended the system by his famous saying, " To 
the victors belong the spoils." 

U. S.' Census, 12,866,020. Mackenzie calls this the year of 
"the complete political awakening of Europe," a year of 
agitation and insurrection in behalf of popular government, 
not yet permanently established anywhere except in the United 
States. The Atlantic Monthly (about 1880) gave a detailed 
description of the homes of 1830 in New England, which 
were mostly unpainted, unplastered, unadorned, uncarpeted, 
imperfectly warmed by yawning fireplaces, whose flames 
were kindled by flint and steel, lucifer matches having been 
invented the year before, but as yet rarely used. Food was 
awkwardly cooked, with only half a dozen kitchen utensils, 
and then eaten with pewter table ware, sitting in wooden chairs 
around a pine table. Candles and whale oil furnished imper- 
fect light for a scanty supply of literature, and sleep was upon 
straw beds without springs, in unwarmed rooms. Clocks and 
watches being expensive luxuries, men guessed the hours, and 
were also for the most part without musical instruments and 
pictures. Fox's famous Book of Martyrs published. 

First extended railroad in the United States. The rails 
were of wood, tired like wheels ; the engine four tons, draw- 
ing fifteen persons including brakemen, with hand-brakes. 
Stationary engines drew the train by ropes over the hills. 
January 1 appeared William Lloyd Garrison's paper, The 
Liberator. The word " teetotaler," said to have originated 
about this time in the stuttering effort of an illiterate reformed 
man to tell how totally he abstained. 

Gladstone was elected to Parliament for first time. The 
evils of child-labor in factories began to be discussed. 
Children of six were sometimes put to work. The hours 
were from thirteen to fifteen, and children had no favors by 
law or custom. They often fell asleep from exhaustion, and 
then were injured by the machinery without redress, or were 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 393 



Convents 
Abol- 
ished. 



IS33. 

British 
Emanci- 
pation. 



Child- 
labor. 



Schools. 



Anti- 
slavery 



1834. 
Opium 
Wars. 

Poor 
Laws. 

Strikes. 



[836. 



Total Ab- 
stinence. 



Tithes. 



beaten by their overseers. The desperate need of popular 
suffrage to right such wrongs carried the agitation for a re- 
formed franchise to success during this year in the passage of 
the Reform Bill. See p. 40. Czar of Russia abolished 187 
convents. (In years following his example was followed on 
a larger scale in Prussia, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Mexico, South 
America, etc. 

Motions to abolish flogging in the army and impressment in 
the navy failed in Parliament by small majorities. Emancipa- 
tion of all slaves in British colonies (770,280) at a cost of 
£16,000,000 ($80,000,000) was decreed by Parliament for 
accomplishment in two years. By the "Factory Acts" the 
labor of children under nine in British factories was forbidden, 
and of those under thirteen limited to an average of eight 
hours per day, and of those under eighteen to sixty-nine hours 
per week, ox \\]/ 2 hours per day on the average. A national 
school system was established, with only ,£16,000 ($80,000) 
appropriation, but the school attendance increased to one- 
eleventh of the population. Denominational difficulties had 
delayed and hindered the work. The National Anti-Slavery 
Society of the United States was this year formed in New 
York City by Arthur Tappan and others. In this and the two 
following years were published the famous Bridge-water 
Treatises, devoted to showing the wisdom, power, and love of 
God in creation. 

Opium trade forbidden by China, with consequent " Opium 
Wars," in which Great Britain forced opium trade back upon 
China. British poor laws improved. Strikes began at this 
time to be considerably used by workmen, and for nearly half 
a century probably helped somewhat to hold up wages and 
reduce hours of labor. 

Churches and temperance societies in the United States, 
after half a century of faithful experimenting with " modera- 
tion," and abstinence from distilled liquors only, reached 
a practically unanimous conclusion at a national convention of 
this year that total abstinence from all alcoholic beverages, 
including malt and fermented liquors, is the only safe basis 
for the temperance reform. Removal of the tax (4d. or 
8 cents) on British newspapers, imposed partly to keep them 
out of the hands of the people to prevent political agitation. 
Compulsory tithes for support of state church abolished by 
Parliament, and dissenting ministers allowed to marry their 



394 



APPENDIX. 



Lotteries. 

1837. 
Hanging 
Restrict- 
ed. 

Kinder- 
garten. 

1838. 

Anti-Corn 

Law 

League. 

Slavery 
Petitions. 



1839. 
Penny 
Post. 



Human- 
ity to In- 
sanity. 

Reform 
Schools. 

Father 
Matthew. 



1840. 



Revival. 



School 
Question. 



Labor. 



1841. 
Medical 
Missions. 



own people. (Equal rights as to burial not granted till 1880.) 
Lotteries suppressed a second time, but not finally, in France. 
Queen Victoria began her reign and by the purity of her 
family life checked the immoralities which previous corrupt 
courts had encouraged. Capital crimes in Great Britain 
reduced to seven. Froebel inaugurated the " kindergarten." 

Anti-Corn Law League formed by Cobden, Bright, and 
others. United States House of Representatives voted, 128 
to 78, that all petitions on the slavery question should be 
"laid on the table" without being debated, printed, or 
referred. This vote was called, from its author, " Atherton's 
gag," and was resisted by John Quincy Adams and others. 

At the suggestion of Rowland Hill, penny postage was 
introduced in Great Britain and copied elsewhere. (Letters 
had previously averaged four per capita per year. Increased to 
thirty-three in 1875.) New treatment of the insane introduced, 
kindness taking the place of chains. Egypt became virtually 
independent of Turkey. Daguerreotypes invented. Begin- 
ning of reform schools at Methay, France. Beginning of 
Father Matthew's temperance revival in Ireland, in which 
a million people, it is claimed, took the pledge. 

U. S. Census, 17,069,453. Of every 100, only 8 yet lived 
in cities. Abolitionists in the United States formed a national 
party. National revival throughout United States, due in 
part to financial panic and losses of 1837. Bishop Hughes 
(afterward archbishop) began this year the school conflict 
between Roman Catholics and Protestants by seeking to 
obtain sectarian appropriations for his parochial schools from 
the New York Legislature. One Protestant institution at 
least, says Rev. Dr. H. K. Carroll, had previously received 
State aid, and other Protestants had asked such aid. But. dis- 
cussion at last led nearly all Protestants to see the impropriety 
of all sectarian appropriations, while Roman Catholics con- 
tinue to claim such aid in their case as their right, although 
not to be prematurely urged. 1840-50 Hon. Carroll D. 
Wright gives as the period of the introduction of building and 
loan associations, although one existed earlier. Professor 
R. T. Ely says that the labor movement began to assume 
prominence about this time. 

Christlieb gives this year as the beginning of medical 
missions, originated in an Edinburgh society. Puseyism, 



Chronological data of humane progress. 395 



Puseyism, 

1842. 

1843. 
" Factory 
Acts." 



Free 
Church. 



1844, 
Tele- 
graph. 

Y. M. 
C. A. 

Sabbath 
Conven- 
tion. 



Coopera- 
tive 
Stores. 

Dueling. 



1845. 

1846. 

Flogging 
Abol- 
ished. 

Ether. 

Sewing- 
machines. 

Reapers. 

Evangel- 
ical Alli- 
ance. 



:847- 



Prohibi- 
tion. 



(Romish tendencies in the Church of England) censured by 
Oxford University. Boston's Fourfold State published. 

British cannon opened China to opium and missionaries. 

"Factory Acts" improved by Parliament. Boys under 
eighteen and all women and girls limited to eleven hours per 
day for three years ; thereafter to ten. Labor of Avomen in 
mines forbidden, and that of boys restricted. (Read Mrs. 
Browning's Cry of the Children.) The Free Church of Scot- 
land established by four hundred Scotch Presbyterian 
pastors, who gave up their salaries and appointments in 
the State Church when their General Assembly's protest 
against the political appointment of preachers had been made 
in vain. 

May 24, Morse sent first telegram : " What hath God 
wrought ? " The first Young Men's Christian Association 
established by George Williams in London. The first and 
largest of national Sabbath conventions, 1700 delegates, con- 
vened in the First Baptist Church of Baltimore, John Quincy 
Adams presiding. Sunday mails and Sunday liquor-selling 
were the chief points of attack. New York Legislature for- 
bade the Board of Education of New York City to exclude 
the Bible from the schools. Cooperative stores begun at 
Rochdale, England. Dueling .was given its quietus by 
a War-Office minute from the Duke of Wellington, requested 
by the Prince Consort, which declared that it was not un- 
gentlemanly for a military officer to receive or make apologies 
for wrongs committed. Beginning of organized prison reform 
work in the United States. 

Texas admitted, after a severe conflict, as a slave State. 

A sailor in the British navy having died as the result of 
fl°ggi n g> the number of lashes, previously unlimited and often 
400, was limited to 50. Repeal of " the corn law," under 
premiership of Sir Robert Peel. Pope Pius IX. elected. 
Ether first used as an anaesthetic by Dr. W. T. G. Morton 
of Baltimore at Boston. Sewing-machine and McCormick 
reaper invented. Mexican War authorized by Congress with 
" Wilmot proviso," that if territory be thereby acquired, 
slavery shall be excluded from it. World's Evangelical 
Alliance organized in London, August 19, through efforts of 
Rev. William Patton, D. D. 

The U. S. Supreme Court affirmed the full power of a State 
to regulate, restrain, or prohibit liquor-selling, 5 How. 504. 



39* 



APPENDIX. 



10-Hour 
Bill. 



"Woman 
Suffrage. 



1849. 



1850. 

Prohibi- 
tion. 



1851. 
"Uncle 
Tom's 
Cabin." 

Educa- 
tion. 

1853. 

School 
Question. 



(Another like decision 1887. See, for both, Appendix of 
Wheeler's Prohibition.) British ten-hour law passed. 

Third French Revolution and unsuccessful uprisings against 
tyranny in Italy and Hungary. Inauguration of woman's 
rights movement at Seneca Falls, N. Y., by Mrs. Stanton, 
Lucretia Mott, and others. 

Austrian emperor, at close of a dangerous revolt in his 
empire, proclaimed complete religious freedom and popular 
suffrage, but took both back in three years. 

1 8 50-5 5 is the great half-decade of prohibition. It had 
been first advised officially in 1837 by General James Apple- 
ton in a committee report to the Maine Legislature, which in 
1846 had passed a crude law. But the real " Maine Law" 
was enacted in 1851. (Michigan Legislature had forbidden 
license, but not ordered prohibition, in 1850 in its constitu- 
tion. In 1851 Ohio also forbade license in the constitution.) 
In 1851 Illinois passed nominal prohibitory law, valuable only 
as affirming the principle and showing growth of sentiment. 
In 1852 Vermont adopted what is substantially the present law. 
In 1854 Connecticut and Ohio passed prohibitory laws, the 
latter very imperfect. In 1855 Rhode Island, Massachusetts, 
Michigan, New York, Indiana, Iowa, joined the prohibitory 
column, the laws being mostly crude. In New York State 
the prohibition forces were led by the foremost men of 
the nation, including Horace Greeley, Henry J. Raymond, 
Henry Ward Beecher, and Dr. E. H. Chapin. The churches 
and temperance societies were at this time substantially a unit 
in favor of prohibition. Many of the laws named above 
were not enforced and so were repealed ; both facts being due to 
the slavery struggle, including the war, which turned moral 
energies in another direction. 

Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe began publication of Uncle 
Tom's Cabin as a serial story in The National Era. Through 
improved education laws one-eighth of the population of 
England were this year at school. 

Roman Catholic authorities in seven States demanded sec- 
tarian appropriations for parochial schools. The so-called 
"Know-Nothings " accordingly organized their opposition to 
the domination of foreign Catholics. The Waldenses at last 
allowed to have a church in Turin, the seat of the royal house 
which had persecuted them for centuries. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 397 



1854. 



Crimean 
War. 



Slavery 
Conflict. 



1855. 
Tolera- 
tion in 
Turkey. 

1856. 

Reforms 
in India. 



1857. 
Revival. 

Dred 
Scott 
Decision. 

Sepoy 
Rebellion 



1858. 

1859. 
Japan. 

Darwin- 
ism. 

i860. 

Vivi- 
section. 

Tolera- 
tion in 
Austria. 

Secession 



Petro- 
leum. 



Missions. 
1861. 



Beginning of the Crimean war, due, in part, to a quarrel 
between the Greek and Roman Catholic churches as to which 
should mend the leaking roof of the Church of the Holy- 
Sepulchre at Jerusalem. Immaculate Conception of Virgin 
Mary proclaimed by Pope Pius IX. Repeal of the " Mis- 
souri Compromise," after earnest debate, and admission of 
Kansas and Nebraska with permission for slavery if the State 
voters should so decide, resulting in guerilla warfare in 
Kansas. 

Close of Crimean war. Turkey compelled to grant religious 
equality to Mohammedans and Christians, but Turkey has 
since interpreted her words as not including permission for 
Christians to convert Moslems. 

The British in India removed all obstacles to the remarriage 
of native widows, having previously abolished widow-burn- 
ing on husbands' funeral pyres, also human sacrifices and 
infanticide. 

A great national revival in the United States, following 
financial panic, as in 1840. " Dred Scott Decision" of the 
United States Supreme Court, that negroes had no rights before 
the law, caused great excitement and increased anti-slavery 
agitation. Sepoy Rebellion originated in use of animal fat 
, for Sepoy cartridges, offending superstitious regard for sacred 
cows and prejudice against " unclean " swine. 

Jews admitted to Parliament. Partial Emancipation of 
Russian serfs. 

Japan quietly entered by Protestant missionaries. (No 
public preaching or teaching allowed until 1872.) Execution 
of the Abolitionist, John Brown. Darwin published Descent 
of Man. 

British and French societies for the Prevention of Cruelty 
to Animals united in opposing vivisection, that is, experiments 
on living animals. Emperor of Austria proclaimed religious 
toleration and entered suddenly into constitutional govern- 
ment. (Suspended again 1865-67.) The secession of South 
Carolina, December 20, really began the war for the Union, 
as it started out to be, the war of emancipation as it providen- 
tially became. Petroleum discovered and evening studies 
promoted by improved and cheapened lights. World's Prot- 
estant Missionary Conference meets for the first time. 

Emperor Alexander II. of Russia proclaimed gradual 
emancipation of all Russian serfs, estimated by some at 



398 



APPENDIX. 



Russian 
Emanci- 
pation. 



1862. 

Emanci- 
pation 
in the 
United 
States. 



Bismarck 
1863. 

1864. 

Popery. 



National 
Reform. 



1865. 

Salvation 
Army. 



Cruelty to 
Animals. 



1866. 

Flogging 
Abol- 
ished. 



twenty-three millions, which was accomplished in two years. 
First American Woman's Missionary Society, a union organ- 
ization, founded by Mrs. Doremus in New York. (One in 
Great Britain in 1834.) 

Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to 
take effect January 1, 1863. (In i860 census showed 4,002, 996 
slaves.) Russian Emperor celebrated completion of 1000 
years of Russian history by reforming courts, abolishing flog- 
ging in the army, promoting railroads, and establishing local 
elective assemblies for purely local non-political administra- 
tion. Bismarck became Prussian Chancellor, 

Unsuccessful attempt of Poland to secure independence. 

Syllabus of Errors issued by Pope Pius IX., in which 
the American plan of public schools, not by name but by 
description, is condemned ; also civil and religious liberty of 
person and press and nineteenth-century progress generally. 
Invention of the German needle-gun. January 27, National 
Reform Association organized. Miss Octavia Hill inaugu- 
rated tenement-house reform in London. 

"Salvation Army " organized by General and Mrs. Booth. 
Extensive revival in the United States. Close of the Civil War 
in the United States, and adoption of constitutional amendments 
against slavery. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Henry 
Bergh's Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 
established. Also National Temperance Society. Sunday 
papers, made popular by the war, mostly continued ; also Sun- 
day trains, another war measure. 

Flogging in British army and navy in time of peace pro- 
hibited. Civil service reform inaugurated in Congress. 



Civil 

Service 

Reform. 



1867. 



House- 
hold 
Suffrage. 



Stundists. 
Alaska. 



[See discussion of the progress of social reform in the nine- 
teenth century by thirds, pp. 39-43.] 

Suffrage in Great Britain extended to all householders in 
cities, and property qualifications of those residing elsewhere 
reduced. (The Reform Bill of 1832 had taken in only per- 
sons of some property, not going below the " middle classes.") 
This measure took in the working classes in cities. (Extended 
to householders everywhere in 1884.) Beginning of the per- 
secution of Stundists in Russia. (Increase nevertheless in ten 
years to 400,000.) By the Alaska purchase the territory of 
the United States became 3,588,576 square miles. Carl 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 399 



1868. 



Lottery. 



Spanish 
Revolu- 
tion. 



Japanese 
Revolu- 
tion. 



Disestab- 
lishment. 

Suez 
Canal. 

Bible in 
Schools. 

Prohibi- 
tion 
Party. 

1870. 



" Cut- 
throat 
Competi 
tion." 



Marx published Capital, " the Bible of the working classes" 
of Germany. 

Charity organization movement inaugurated in London. 
Louisiana Lottery authorized for twenty-five years by the 
State Legislature. (Another Legislature in 1869 having re- 
pealed this act, the people were induced to put it into the State 
Constitution.) Spain dismissed its queen and organized a gov- 
ernment based on universal suffrage. "Compulsory tax on 
dissenters for maintaining Church of England buildings abol- 
ished by Parliament. Revolution in Japan. One of the two 
rulers, the Tycoon, or military emperor, abolished and all 
power concentrated in the Mikado, who had previously been a 
sort of pope or religious chief. The young Mikado Mutsuhito 
promised that in the near future a deliberative assembly should 
be formed through which all measures should be decided by 
public opinion ; that uncivilized customs should be given up ; 
impartial justice administered, and that intelligence and learning 
should be sought for throughout the world to establish the 
foundation of the empire. Feudalism was at once abolished* 
Privileges and power were taken from the army, and it was 
reorganized from all classes of the people. Farmers became 
landed proprietors instead of tenants, and a system of uni- 
versal education, copied from Europe and America, was intro- 
duced. (In 1878 certain municipal and provincial assemblies 
were introduced, by which the people got some lessons in 
self-government. In 1881 the Mikado promised that a Par- 
liament should be established in 1890, which was done.) 

Disestablishment of the Irish Church secured by William 
Ewart Gladstone, this year for the first time Premier. Dis- 
senters, including Catholics, were thus relieved from the injus- 
tice of compulsory support of the State Church in Ireland, 
where its adherents were a small minority. Suez Canal 
opened. Bible excluded from Cincinnati public schools by 
its Board of Education, which action was declared later by 
the courts unconstitutional. National Prohibition Party 
organized September 1, in Farwell Hall, Chicago. American 
Social Science Association established. 

U. S. Census, 38,558.371. Woman suffrage enacted in 
Wyoming and Utah. The decade from 1870 to 1880, says Pro- 
fessor R. T. Ely, was the period when " competition " reached 
its climax and became a " cut-throat," so cutting its own 
throat also and introducing in the decade following the worse 



400 



APPENDIX. 



Papal 
Infalli- 
bility. 



Hayes. 



1871. 

Chicago 
Fire and 
Frater- 
nity. 

1872. 



Sabbath- 
school 
Lessons. 



Ballot 
Reform. 



1873- 



Moody 

and 

Sankey. 



Temper- 
ance Cru- 
sade. 



villany of monopoly, in which merchants, tired of cutting 
each .other for the benefit of the public, unite in knifing the 
public for their mutual benefit. The Pope declared "infalli- 
ble in questions of faith and morals," and almost imme- 
diately afterward stripped of temporal possessions by Victor 
Emanuel and the army of United Italy. The people of the 
' ' Eternal City " being allowed to choose whether they would 
be ruled by the Pope or King, chose the latter. Before 
this if a visitor to Rome was found on examination at the 
gates to have a Bible or Testament in his pocket, it was kept 
from him until his exit from the city. During the Presidency 
of Rutherford B. Hayes (1869-72) the reconciliation of the 
South was greatly advanced, civil service reform vigorously 
initiated, and wine for the first time was excluded from presi- 
dential state dinners, for which last the President's wife, Mrs. 
Lucy Webb Hayes, has been greatly honored, but the President 
should have equal honor for his hearty concurrence with her, 
if he did not, indeed, as she said, originate this great reform. 

British universities opened to " dissenters." Chicago fire 
revealed a wonderful degree of human brotherhood. Five 
millions of dollars for the fire sufferers came swiftly, every 
part of the world contributing. A Christian woman of Asia 
Minor living in a floorless hut sent five dollars. 

International uniform lesson system for all nations and 
denominations inaugurated by Rev. Dr. J. H. Vincent (since be- 
come bishop) and Mr. B. F. Jacobs. An improved law for sub- 
mitting industrial disputes to arbitration by agreement enacted 
by Parliament, but never used. The secret ballot introduced 
in Great Britain. Bismarck expelled Jesuits from Germany, 
withdrew superintendence of education from churches, and 
enacted Falk laws regulating state support of both Roman 
Catholic and Protestant churches. (In 1875 another law made 
marriage a civil contract.) New York Society for the Sup- 
pression of Vice established by Anthony Comstock, who 
began work the year before. 

On June 18, Moody and Sankey began at York, 
England, their evangelistic career, in a Sabbath morning 
prayer-meeting with only four present. Their meetings have 
since become one of the molding forces of the world. On 
December 23 the Temperance Crusade began in Hillsboro, O., 
where a band of women went from a prayer-meeeting to pray 
and sing down the saloons, and led many others all over the 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 40I 

land to do likewise, with great results. Senator Dawes in an 
article in The Congregationalist ', October 12, 1892, on " The 
Moral Tone of Congress Now and Then," declared that the 
alleged intoxication of a Congressman, shortly before the date of 
his article, would, twenty years before, have passed unnoticed 
because so common. In other respects also he claims improve- 
ment in Congress. On November io^ the notorious Tam- 
Tweed. many chief, William M. Tweed, was convicted of high 
crimes and misdemeanors, largely through the energy of The 
Netu York Times. 

1874. First National Conference on Charities and Correction. 
Chautau- Chautauqua inaugurated by Dr. (now Bishop) J. H. Vincent 

and Hon. Lewis F. Miller. A Methodist camp-meeting was 

transformed into a union Sabbath-school institute and summer 

resort. At its first session some of the temperance crusaders 

W. C. devised the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, soon after 
T. U. 

organized at Cleveland, O. Federal " referendum " adopted 

dum Fen " m Switzerland, by which a minority of legislators can secure 

reference of a proposed law to the people. (In 1892, Sullivan's 

Direct Legislation introduced discussion on the subject in 

United States.) 

1875. Letter from the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda to 
the Roman Catholic hierarchy in the United States condemn- 
ing the exclusion of religion from public schools (which 
exclusion that hierarchy had partially secured by its war on 
the use of the Bible in them). Parliament enacted a law that 

Labor the purposes and acts of trade-unions were not to be con- 
Unions. r , 

demned by courts merely because " in restraint of trade," and 

that an act lawful for one is not to be considered unlawful 

if done by several together. Labor unions, thus protected, 

rapidly increased in power and numbers. Genesis Legends, 

from Assyrian clay tablets, published by George Smith ; one of 

many general confirmations of the Bible. See Century, January, 

1894 ; also Greenleaf's Testimony of the Four Evangelists, 47. 

1876. Mikado of Japan made the first day of the week a legal 
holiday to harmonize with civilized nations. 

1877. Fresh Air Funds, for sending poor children in the summer 
Fresh Air from city slums into the country for a week or two, originated 
Tele- by the New York Tribune. (In seventeen years, 123,000 
phones. thus sent at average cost of $2 50 — free board being given in 
Organ&a- rura l anc * village homes.) Telephones introduced by Bell, 
tion. Berliner, and Edison. 



402 Appendix. 

1878. Great improvements in British " Factory Acts." (See Ely's 
K f°T g K tS Economics, p. 467.) First general assembly of the Knights of 

Labor. Phonograph invented. New Pope, Leo XIII., elected, 
ur ey. Close of Turko-Russian War. Virtual independence of most of 
the provinces of Turkey in Europe decreed by the Great Powers, 
leaving Turkey only 4,000,000 of Europeans out of 8,500,000 
ruled by her before the war. All the Christian European prov- 
inces would have been delivered from the Mohammedan yoke 
but for Great Britain's policy of maintaining " the balance of 
Missions, power." Christlieb's Protestant Foreign Missions, written 
this year, declared that such missions had quadrupled in thirty 
years. Missionaries, 2400 (about 90 medical missionaries), 
with 3200 ordained native preachers and 23,000 native assist- 
ants, to which should be added female missionaries, lay- 
helpers, colporteurs, and Sabbath-school teachers. Schools, 
12,000, with 400,000 pupils. Converts, 1,650,000. For year 
1878, gain 60,000. Bible published, wholly or in part, in 226 
languages and dialects, 60 of which were the beginning of 
written language to savage peoples. Total circulation, 148,- 
000,000, enough to give one to every ten of the world's 
population. Annual missionary contribution, $6,225,000. 
We have inquired in vain for such a general view of Protestant 
missions in 1890 or more recently as this of Christlieb's, which 
ought to be supplemented by a like volume every five years. 

1879. First complete charity organization society in United States 
Henry established at Buffalo. Henry George published Progress and 

Poverty, which achieved a great circulation. Mr. Moody 
founded Northfield Seminary. (The Northfield Bible Con- 
ferences began 1880 ; Mt. Hermon Seminary, 1881 ; Students' 
Conference, 1886.) 

1880. U. S. Census, 50,155,783. World's population, 1,433,644,- 
Statistics. 100, according to Behm and Wagner. Van Lennep and 

Schauffler's Growth of Christianity gives the number of 
Christians in all the world as 415,000,000. (The number in 
the tenth century doubled in 500 years following, then doubled 
in 300, then, in this century, doubled in 80 years.) Under 
Christian governments, 747,000,000, of which 445,000,000 are 
under Protestant governments. (Only 100,000,000 under 
Christian governments in year 1500, all upholding Roman 
Catholic or Greek Church. Of 155,000,000 in year 1700, only 
32,000,000 under Protestant governments.) The 41 5,000,000 of 
Christians are divided thus : Protestants, 135,000,000 ; Roman 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 403 

Catholics, 195,000,000; Eastern churches, 85,000,000. Moham- 
medans, 175,000,000 ; Jews, 8,000,000 ; Pagans, 833,000,000. 
Dorchester's Problem of Religious Progress shows that whereas 
Protestant Evangelicals in United States were only 7 in 
100 of the population in 1800 (24, with adherents), they 
were 15 in 1850, 17^ in 1870, 20 in 1880 (70, counting ad- 
herents), while Roman Catholics were 2 in 100 in 1800, 
counting adherents, 7 in 1850, 12 in 1870, I2}£ in 1880. In 
latter year, "Liberals" 1% in 100. The remaining 16^ is 
unclassified. From 1850 to 1870 the population gained sixty- 
six per cent., but evangelical members eighty-nine per cent. 
From 1870 to 1880 population gained thirty per cent.; evan- 
gelical members, fifty per cent. In 1800 they were 1 in 14^ 
population, in 1880, I in 5. Christians had only four sinners 
each to save to redeem the whole land. Contributions to 
home missions $2,750,000 per year, 1870 to 1880; foreign, 
$2,250,000, an average of %i for each nine people, or about 

Corrupt co cents per member. Very serious corruption in British 
Elections. 3 , . \ . . , . ' . . /. , . , . 

elections of this year caused investigation, which led to a very 

strict ballot law in 1883. See Ivins' Machine Politics, p. 132 ff. 
"At this date," says Fabian Tract No. 51, "empirical Indi- 
Constitu- vidualism reigned supreme." 1880-90 is the great decade of 
hibition. " Constitutional prohibition. Temperance people had come to 
see that laws on such a subject ought to be put into that 
fundamental law which a corrupted legislature cannot change 
without the people's consent. The decade started with six 
victories: 1880, Kansas; 1882, Iowa: 1883, Ohio; 1884, 
Maine ; 1885, South Dakota (then a prospective State) ; 1886, 
Rhode Island. Technicalities defeated the expressed wish of 
the popular majorities in Iowa and Ohio, but in the former 
case statutory prohibition was substituted. 1887-89 were 
years of defeat in Michigan, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, West 
Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, 
Rhode Island, Washington, Connecticut. Then came two 
victories in the Dakotas. (At the end of these battles and 
down to 1894, the States having prohibition in some form 
were : Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Iowa, Kansas, 
North Dakota, South Dakota, to which add Oklahama, 
Alaska, and Indian Territory, which are under national pro- 
hibition, and large areas under local prohibition in Georgia, 
Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, Arkansas, 
Massachusetts, Connecticut, with smaller areas in nearly all 



404 APPENDIX. 

Temper- other States. This is also the great decade of scientific 

ance Edu- 

cation. temperance education, of which Mrs. Mary H. Hunt is the 

great apostle : 1882, Vermont ; 1883, New Hampshire, 
Michigan ; 1884, New York, Rhode Island ; 1885, Massa- 
chusetts, Maine, Kansas ; 1886, Alabama, Oregon, Pennsyl- 
vania, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Wisconsin, Iowa, Mary- 
land, District of Columbia, and Territories ; 1887, California, 
Colorado, Delaware, Minnesota, West Virginia ; 1888, Louisi- 
ana, Ohio ; 1889, Florida, Illinois ; 1890, Washington, 
Virginia, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana. (Other 
States since added : 1892, Mississippi ; 1893, Connecticut, 
Kentucky, Texas; 1895, South Carolina, New Jersey, In- 
diana, Tennessee ; leaving October 1, 1895, only Georgia 
and Arkansas without such law.) 

1881. The first Christian Endeavor society established by Rev. 
Y. P. S. F. E. Clark, D. D., in Portland, Me., since grown to a world- 
circling movement. Discovery at Thebes in Egypt of the 
mummies of the Bible Pharaohs, except the Pharaoh of the 
Exodus. 

1882. The Mohammedan Mahdi outbreak in the Soudan. The 
C. L. S. C. Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle inaugurated, that 

Christians might add "to virtue, knowledge," on a plan of 
thirty minutes useful reading per day, so within reach of all. 
National Sunday-school Association formed. (Five years 
later became International.) 

1883. White Cross movement begun by Rt. Rev. Dr. Lightfoot, 
Bishop of Durham. It spread rapidly through the British 

"White Empire and into the United States and other countries. Its 
pledge is as follows : I promise by the help of God : 1. To 
treat all women with respect, and endeavor to protect them 
from wrong and degradation. 2. To endeavor to put down all 
indecent language and coarse jests. 3. To maintain the law 
of purity as equally binding upon men and women. 4. To 
endeavor to spread these principles among my companions, 
and to try and help my younger brothers. To use every 
possible means to fulfil the commandment, " Keep thyself 
pure." This same year the N. W. C. T. U. established 
a purity department. A very valuable report of the unfavor- 
able moral and religious condition of Europe at this date was 
given by Professpr S. Curtiss of Chicago, in the Bibliotheca 
Sacra, April, 1884. For a valuable review of twenty-five 
years, 1858-83, see Quarter-Centennial Sermon of Rev. Dr. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 405 



1884. 
Temper- 



Plenary 
Council. 



Revision. 

1885. 
Suffrage. 



School 
Question. 



Univer- 
sity Settle 
ments. 



1886. 
Divorces. 



King's 
Daugh- 
ters. 

Home 
Rule. 



J. M. Buckley, published by Methodist Book Concern, New 
York (25 cents). 

The temperance flag raised to the peak in The Popular 
Science News of Boston, by editorials of Dr. J. R. Nichols, 
an eminent chemist, claiming that in prohibiting alcoholic 
beverages the dangerous exceptions for alcohol in medicine 
and the arts need no longer be made, as science can now pro- 
vide substitutes of a less dangerous character in both cases 
{Temperance Century, pp. 87-92). Third Plenary Council 
condemned Sunday saloons and all liquor-selling, urging all 
Catholics to find a more honorable way of making a living. 
Parochial schools were especially urged, and attendance upon 
public schools allowed to Catholic children only where 
parochial schools were not provided. Revision of Bible 
completed. 

First U. S. Commissioner of Labor, Hon. Carroll D. 
Wright, appointed. Suffrage extended in England to include 
every man who pays 4s. per week rent. American Economic 
Association founded. Rev. Dr. H. K. Carroll {New York 
Independent, January II, 1894) cites a Roman Catholic school 
at Suspension Bridge, N. Y., as earliest instance of a 
parochial school taken under care of the local board of educa- 
tion. The Acting State Superintendent of Education, on 
complaint, ruled that "sisters" teaching in this State-sup- 
ported school must put off ecclesiastical dress and names. 
Instead of that State aid was renounced. (Later, at Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y. ; Faribault, Minn.; and other places, "sisters" 
were allowed to teach without change of name or dress. 
Toynbee Hall, the beginning of university settlements, 
established. 

Divorces, of which there were only 9937 in United States 
in 1867, had increased in 1886 to 25,535, nearly 157 per cent, 
in twenty years, nearly three times as fast as the population 
(60 per cent.). The average married life in the case of these 
divorcees was 9.17 years. Many had been married a score of 
years. Great Britain, with about same population, granted 
this year but 475 divorces ; France, 621 1 ; Germany, 6078 
{Tribune Almanac, 1894, p. 232). The Order of the King's 
Daughters instituted. (In 1894 had grown to 300,000.) Mr. 
Gladstone introduced the Home Rule Bill. Dr. Josiah Strong's 
Our Country published. (In March, 1894, its circulation had 
reached 160,000.) 



4°6 APPENDIX. 

1887. For review of fifty years, 1837-87, from British standpoint, 
see Yonge's Victorian Half Century. Great Evangelical 
Alliance Convention in Washington called earnest attention 
to serious moral problems. 

1888. Ballot reform inaugurated in the United States by the 

Ballot adoption of the Australian ballot in Massachusetts. Ballots 
Reform. . • _ 

printed by the State, secretly cast, and election expenses 

Union! published to avoid intimidation and bribery. American 

Sabbath Union organized. See The Sabbath for Man, revised 

edition, p. 567. 

1889. Ballot Reform laws adopted by eleven States. Epworth 
Epworth League founded for Methodist young people. Catholic Lay 

Congress at Baltimore, in response to the writer's request to 
Cardinal Gibbons for a declaration in favor of cooperation 
with non-Catholics in Sabbath reform, so advised. Platform 
utterances asserting the patriotism of Roman Catholics 
were cheered with burning intensity. National League for 
the Protection of American Institutions established. Thomas 
G. Shearman, in November .Forum, showed that the richest 
hundred Americans have an average income of not less than 
$1,200,000 per year, and that in the distribution of the national 
wealth 1 in 300 receives $70 of each $100, and the other 299 
an average of 10 cents each. 

1890. U. S. Census, 62,622,250, counted in one month and two 
Statistics, days by electricity at saving of $800,000 over old method. 

The percentage in cities has grown to 29.12. (At recent rate 
of growth will become a majority in 1920.) Total valuation 
of real and personal property, $65,073,091,197. Of this total, 
$39,544,544,333 represents the value of real estate with im- 
provements thereon, and the remainder, $25,492,546,864, 
represents the value of personal property. Members of all 
religious bodies, 19,837,516, of which 6,255,033 are Roman 
Catholics, 484,850 unevangelical, and 13,097,633 evangelical. 
This gives a trifle less than 1 in 5 evangelical, and therefore 
indicates that since 1880 the gain of evangelicals has not kept 
pace with the gain in the population ; whereas, during the pre- 
ceding decades of the century, it had greatly outrun it in the 
total, though not in the cities. Dr. Josiah Strong, in The New 
Era (p. 199) shows that between 1840 and 1890 six leading 
Protestant denominations in fifty of our largest cities increased 
thirty-seven per cent, less than the population. The total 
issues of periodicals in the United States averaged five per 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 407 



Liquors. 



Social 
Clubs. 



Ballot 
Reform. 

Univer- 
sity Ex- 
tension. 



Mormon 
Polygamy 
Suspend- 
ed. 



" Darkest 
England." 



week for every family of five, or more exactly fifty-four for 
the year for each inhabitant. Professor R. T. Ely {Economics , 
p. 237) shows that in 1890 the people of the United States 
consumed 972,578,878 gallons of intoxicants, an average of 
15. 53 gallons for every man, woman, and child, against an 
average of 6.86 in 1875, showing that liquor consumption 
increased (as did divorces and murders also for about the same 
period) about three times as fast as the population. The 
amount used this year (1890) would fill a channel twenty feet 
deep, twenty feet wide, and 54^ miles long. The cost of 
these liquors is at least $700,000,000, or $11 per inhabitant, 
besides more than as much more of indirect cost in the support 
of the idleness, vice, criminality, insanity, idiocy, and pauper- 
ism caused, besides which 900,808 persons waste their time in 
making the liquors and about half a million in selling it. 
"The money invested in the manufacture of poisonous 
alcoholic beverages, if invested in the six leading useful manu- 
facturing industries of the United States, would, according to 
the census figures, give employment to thirteen times as many 
men as it now does." One day's labor in every nine in 1890 
devoted to keeping the ginmills going. — The Voice, January 
25 and February 8, 1894. During this decade, social " clubs" 
spread from the larger cities to the smaller ones and became 
a new moral peril, with their bars and card tables sheltered 
behind the respectability of a " reading room." Five States 
and Oklahama Territory passed ballot reform laws. The 
University Extension movement, intended to give busy people, 
by lectures freely or cheaply furnished by public-spirited 
college professors, the outlook at least of a college course, 
introduced into the United States from England. On Septem- 
ber 24, President Woodruff of the Mormons suspended 
polygamy, doubtless to help on statehood ; but in this age such 
action can hardly be reversed. Earlier in the year the U. S. 
Supreme Court had decided that the law disfranchising 
Mormons, in view of their disloyal secret oaths, is constitu- 
tional, and they had also been defeated in the city elections of 
their very capital, Salt Lake City. In Darkest England, by 
General Booth of the Salvation Army, published. Blue Line 
Express No. 517,011 Philadelphia and Reading R. R., consisting 
of four cars, traveled 4^ miles in 2^ minutes, at the rate of a 
mile in 36^ seconds or 98 T % miles per hour, which is the official 
statement of fastest known railroad time down to the date of 



408 APPENDIX. 

this item. Industrial history having reached "cut-throat 
"Trusts." competition " in 1870-79, and passed into the period of those 
most soulless of corporations, "trusts," in 1880-89, which 
legislation tried in vain to force back into the competitive stage, 
this decade showed a growing tendency to accept as the only 
adequate cure of monopoly, municipalism and nationalism, so 
far as the field of natural monopolies extends ; leaving com- 
petition whatever fields it should be able to retain. Edward 

Bellamy's Bellamy's Looking; Backward and subsequent economic 

National- . . , , . , , 2,. . 

ism. writings had promoted such tendencies. Cities more and 

more undertook the ownership and management of their own 
electric light plant, their own gas and waterworks, and, in 
a few cases, provided in street-car charters that the city might 
run its own street cars whenever ready to buy out the corn- 
English panies at fair appraisements. What is claimed to be first full 
Colleges, professorship of the English Bible established in June at 
Dickenson College. (Many other colleges, shortly before and 
after this, introduced several English Bible lessons or lectures 
per week in recognition of an increasing demand.) Chicago 
Christian Theological Seminary established first full professorship 
'of Christian Sociology, with Professor Graham Taylor as 
incumbent. American Academy of Political and Social 
Science established. 
1 89 1. Ballot reform carried in sixteen States (making thirty-two 

Ballot States and two Territories in four years; to which Kansas was 
Reform. ,',,.■« • r • 1 r \ 

added in 1893, an encouraging instance of rapid reform). 

Lotteries. Congress, having previously outlawed lotteries in the mails 
nominally but not effectively, enacted a more stringent anti- 
lottery law with special reference to the Louisiana lottery, 
which had made Washington only second to New Orleans as 
a gambling center, but was not able with all its vast corruption 
fund to prevent Congress from granting the people's demand for 
this sentence of death upon the national robber. Every post- 
office was thereupon placarded with an anti-lottery warning 
Moham- f great educational value. The census of India this year 
Gains. showed that the population of Bengal proper, through the 
persistent work of Mohammedan missionaries, was rapidly 
changing from Hindu to Mohammedan in religion (New York 
Common Observer, January 4, 1894). A striking sign of " the People's 
Honored, advent," and the growth of the Christian idea of human 
equality in England, was the decree of the British admiral at 
Gibraltar that two of his common sailors, who had died in 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 409 

efforts to save the crew of the wrecked Utopia in that harbor, 
should be buried with the same honors that would have been 
paid if it had been a Lord Nelson who had died. Truly, 
" The old order changeth, yielding place to new." (New 

Darwin- York Independent, April 2, 1 891.) Virchow, the great scientist 
of Germany, at a great scientific congress in Vienna, reviewing 
twenty years of Darwinism, declared its failure to find any 
ancient people nearer to the apes than we are. 
1892. The Tribune Almanac for 1894 gives U. S. population for 
June 30, 1892, as 65,593,000 and the nation's capital as 
$6,500,000,000 ; the railroad mileage (U. S.) 165,690.97. 

Chinese The Geary Anti-Chinese law ordering Chinamen tagged or 
transported in defiance of treaties passed under the hoodlum 
whip. And yet statistics {Tribune Almanac, 1894) show that 
from 1821 to 1892 only 296,219 Chinamen came to this 
country, not more than half of them here at time of this legis- 
lation, one-sixty-sixth of the immigrants then in the country. 
U. S. Supreme Court sustained last year's act of Congress 
against lotteries, and Louisiana added the death-blow to its 
State lottery in a popular vote refusing to extend its constitu- 

Vice- tional charter beyond 1893. Monsignor Satolli was this year 

sent to the United States as a vice-Pope. He seemed to 
relax, but did not, the 1884 Plenary Council program as to 
parochial schools, except to check the severe punishment of 
Roman Catholic children who attend public schools when paro- 
chial schools are at hand. They and their parents were not to 
be therefore excluded from mass but urged otherwise to avail 
themselves of the parochial schools. All Protestant denomina- 
tions, by agreement, declined further sectarian appropriations 

Indian from the United States Treasury for their Indian schools, but 
Schools. . 

the Roman Catholics continued to receive such aid, claiming 

it paid only for the secular part of the education, while the 

Church's contributions paid for the religious part. The great 

events in the history of Christian progress for this year were : 

"Th is . is a The unanimous opinion of the U. S. Supreme Court on 

Nation." February 29 in the Trinity Church case, that " This is 

a Christian nation," and the accordant votes of Congress in 

Sabbath- July, with only sixty-two dissenting in both houses, for the 

closing - 

Law. Sabbath closing of the World's Fair. This decision and this 

law will be seen to be very significant if compared with the last 
preceding action of Congress on any important Sabbath ques- 
tion, namely, its adverse votes on Sunday mails, influenced by 



4IO APPENDIX. 

sophistic arguments against " religious legislation." In this 
World year both the National W. C. T. U. and the International 
Sunday-school Association formed affiliated world societies for 
Labor like objects. Troops called out to suppress labor riots in 
Pennsylvania, New York, Tennessee, Idaho, and Wyoming. 
1893. This being the centennial year of the modem foreign 
Mission- missionary movement, which dates from the sailing of 
tennial William Carey's ship, Rev. James S. Dennis, in Princeton 
Statistics. i ectures on " Foreign Missions after a Century," gave the 
following missionary statistics : Bible fully translated into 90 
languages, partly into 230 more. Total circulation of Bibles in 
one hundred years, 350,000,000. Two hundred and eighty 
missionary societies, 9000 missionaries at work, and 44,532 
native assistants. Almost a million converts have been 
enrolled, and there are 4,000,000 more who are " adherents," 
under supervision and influence of missions. Seventy thousand 
pupils in the higher missionary academies and colleges, and 
608,000 in the village schools. Conversions in 1892 on the 
average 2000 per week. Missionary contributions that year 
14^ millions of dollars ($14,588,354). A tract in Africa, 
north of the Congo, as large as Europe, without a single 
missionary. Ecuador and Bolivia, no missionaries ; Vene- 
zuela and Peru, but 1 each. Thirty millions of people in South 
America untouched by missionary effort. Of 2000 islands in 
Pacific, only 350 have as yet been touched, even in part, by the 
power of the gospel. 

Open proposals made in New York, New Jersey, and Mary- 
School land for a legislative division of the school fund met with 
Question. 

such vigorous opposition that the Roman Catholic authorities 

ordered them withdrawn, not, however, withdrawing the 
claim that such division ought to be made. The Catholic 
Standard of Philadelphia, the organ of Archbishop Ryan, in 
an article entitled, " Stop Fooling with the School Question " 
(quoted in the New York Independent, January 11, 1894), after 
condemning the agitation at that time as "throwing dynamite 
into the air," says : " The Catholics never did and never 
will approve of the exclusion of religious teaching from the 
schools . . . the majority of their fellow-citizens not being 
yet convinced . . . they are content for the present to exer- 
cise their right of providing for their own children." (The 
same article in The Independent showed that denominational 
schools were in 1894 receiving State aid in New York, and the 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 411 

same was shown about the same time, by documentary evi- 
dence, as to Maryland.) The World's Fair at Chicago exhibited, 

World's w ith arts and inventions, the ereat peril of our civilization. 

Fair Law- . 

lessness. lawlessness. In spite of the Sabbath-closing law of Congress 

and the Sabbath law of Illinois and the agreement of the 
Directory to close the gates on the Sabbath, they were opened 
except two or three Sabbaths. Liquors were sold, in spite of 
national and State laws and popular protests, on prohibition 
territory, and indecent Oriental dances were also exhibited 
from first to last, in accordance with contracts made by the 
Directory, but in defiance of law — afterward exhibited 
throughout the nation. For seventeen days men of many 
faiths united in the Lord's Prayer at the World's Parliament of 
Religions. Despite the unparalleled patronage of railroads in 
the United States in connection with the World's Fair, roads 
Railroad representing one-seventh of the mileage went into the hands of 
receivers ; not, says Dun's commercial reports, because of the 
financial stringency in the country at large, but because of 
"reckless or improper conduct, speculation, and manipula- 
tion." An unparalleled European epidemic of bomb-throw- 
Anarchy. j n g anarchy characterized the year and continued beyond it. 
Thirty-one or more persons having been killed in a year in 
Football, football games in Great Britain and the United States, the 
year closed with the determination by college officers and the 
public that the game must die, or be so modified in its new and 
brutal " mass plays " as not to maim and kill the players. 
As a sample of the recent wonderful progress of surgery we 
Surgery. p U t on record the following from the New York Christian 
Advocate : "A commercial traveler in Kansas City was struck 
deaf, dumb, and blind on Sunday, May 22. The following 
Thursday surgeons concluded that a clot had formed in the 
brain. They opened the skull and removed the clot, and his 
faculties returned one by one, leaving him as sound as ever." 
The will of Charles Bathgate Beck inaugurated a new 
Bequest departure, in that it included a million-dollar bequest to a 
form. reform organization, whether to that known in connection with 

Anthony Comstock's name or that of Dr. Parkhurst, the courts 
were expected to determine. Rich men having given in ruts, had 
never before recognized that reforms are at least as important 
as charities, to which they are related as prevention to cure, 
even education being a less radical need than reformation. Mr. 
Beck remembered charity and education, but inaugurated a new 



412 



APPENDIX. 



" Good 
Citizen- 
ship." 



Railroad 
Safety 
Appli- 
ances. 



Chinese 
Exclu- 
sion. 



Immigra- 
tion. 



Civil 

Service 

Reform. 



movement in not forgetting reform. One of the most impor- 
tant acts of the year in the field of reform was the introduc- 
tion of "Good Citizenship" committees in the Endeavor 
societies, by which young Christians were organized to fight 
intemperance, Sabbath-breaking, political corruption, and 
kindred perils to citizenship. The Students' Volunteer Mis- 
sionary movement was reported this fear to have grown to an 
enrolment of six thousand young people, who had in then recent 
years agreed to go on graduation as missionaries so far as the 
churches would send them. Statistics given in The Congrega- 
tionalist (January 18, 1894) for 1S93 show that of college stu- 
dents, exclusive of women's colleges, nearly fifty-five per cent, 
of the 70,419 students are professing Christians. Congress 
passed law requiring railroad companies to provide automatic 
couplers and air-brakes in protection of their employees 
before 1898. Chinese Exclusion Act of previous Congress 
having been resisted by the Chinese, backed by public senti- 
ment, but subsequently declared constitutional by one major- 
ity in the National Supreme Court, was by Congress amended 
(not mended) by extending the time for registration six months. 
Notwithstanding a very general demand for more restriction 
of immigration, Congress passed a law which only nominally 
increased the safeguards at the nation's doors. The report of 
the Commissioner of Immigration, J. H. Senner, showed 
that 352,885 immigrants landed at Ellis Island, New York, 
of whom 140,447 or about two-fifths had no trade and 54,576 
could neither read nor write, Italians preponderating in this 
last group. (By figuring on the immigration statistics of the 
Tribune Almanac for 1894, we find that of the 16,500,000 
immigrants entering the United States from June, 1821, 
to June, 1893, there were about 6,750,000, two-fifths of all, of 
the better sort, such as may be counted reenforcements rather 
than invaders — immigrants from England, Scotland, Wales, 
Ulster, Canada, Holland, Scandinavia, to which we add one- 
third of the Germans.) In 1893, considered by itself, the 
"reenforcements" were but two-sevenths, the "invaders," 
five-sevenths. The National Civil Service Reform League 
organized an "Anti-Spoils League" as an auxiliary, which 
any person who is opposed to the spoils system can join by 
signing the following statement to that effect. (Its office is 54 
William Street, New York.) " We hereby declare ourselves in 
favor of the complete abolition of the spoils system from the 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 413 



Depres- 
sion 



public service, believing that system to be unjust, undemo- 
cratic, injurious to political parties, fruitful of corruption, a 
burden to legislative and executive offices, and in every way 
opposed to the principles of good government. We call upon 
all in authority to extend to the utmost the operation of the 
present reform laws ; and by additional legislation to carry the 
benefits of the merit system to the farthest possible limits 
under our national, State, and municipal governments." 

This year afforded a most striking evidence of the new solid- 
arity of the race, its involuntary socialism as compared to former 
Financial individualism. Only two generations ago "the independent 
farmer " was a reality. He was sure of shelter and enough to 
eat, drink, and wear, for he provided it all from his own farm. 
And the local merchant could hardly fail except by his own 
fault. But bad financiering in the Argentine Republic and in 
Australia, and the suspension of silver coinage in India, affected 
unfavorably the financial interests of every farmer and village 
tradesman in the United States, through mere distrust, in a 
period of abundant crops and unparalleled prosperity. The 
suspension of silver coinage by a special session of Congress 
did not cure the financial stringency. In the management of 
the great problem of the unemployed it became manifest that 
scientific charity had made great progress among the people, 
and it was everywhere recognized as desirable to render assist- 
ance only in return for work whenever work could be arranged 
for. In many instances cities undertook public works as the 
best method of helping the unemployed, with little criticism 
of this " socialism." The rich gave large sums besides, and 
much time as well to plans of relief. — See Review of Reviews, 
January, 1894. 

Pope Leo XIII. issued "an encyclical to stimulate the 
faithful to study the Bible " {Catholic Review, December 9, 
1893), which with previous issuing of the Bible, illustrated, 
in monthly portions in Italy and Austria at a penny a number, 
chiefly for Roman Catholic readers, is to be counted a sign of 
the times. The government in Austria proposed an extension 
Austrian G f the franchise to universal manhood suffrage. The pro- 
chise. posal was defeated by the middle classes who, in case of such 
extension, would lose the controlling influence which they 
now possess through limited suffrage. But the proposal itself 
signified progress. 

Massachusetts Democratic platform included a resolution 



Pope 
urges 
Bible 
Study. 



414 



APPENDIX. 



Taxing 
Bequests. 

" Govern- 
ment of 
the Peo- 
ple." 

Temper- 
ance 
Investi- 
gations. 



Cigar- 
ettes. 



Opium. 



Social 
Vice. 



Gambling, 



Lottery. 



1894. 
Lottery. 



for taxing large inheritances heavily, as is done in New York 
State, favored election of Senators by popular vote, and the 
referendum by which acts of legislation can be referred back 
to the people — all significant of growing tendencies. A commis- 
sion of fifty men appointed by The Century magazine, including 
millionaires and college presidents, to make thorough investi- 
gation of the temperance question, spending thirty thousand 
dollars in physiological experiments alone. National Divorce 
Reform League reported that up to close of this year nineteen 
States had appointed commissioners to unify the varied 
divorce laws of the United States, and eleven legislatures, 
including South Dakota, this year had improved such laws. 
Anti-Cigarette League formed in New York City schools by 
Commissioner Hubbell of the Board of Education. The 
British Opium Commission, investigating that curse in India, 
very much prejudiced and hampered by the revenue feature, 
which prevented impartial study of the physical and moral 
evils involved. Mysore Government in India forbade infant 
marriages of boys under fourteen and girls under eight. 
Dr. Kate Bushnell and Mrs. Elizabeth Andrew of the W. C. 
T. U. exposed authorized prostitution in the British army of 
India. Correctness of their horrible story admitted by the 
commander. Five thousand dollars raised in England to sup- 
press this licensed curse of the army. 

Judge Burgess of the Missouri Supreme Court (following 
like decisions of other courts) decided that betting on grain, 
or option dealing on boards of trade, is gambling. The 
Louisiana Lottery, as such, died with this year, but its pro- 
moters arranged to reappear at once in the new role of " The 
Honduras National Lottery," having bought permission for 
their drawings in Honduras, in the expectation of using for- 
eign mails protected by treaty, if necessary, for continuing by 
indirection their forbidden robberies. That they expected to 
intercept their mail and also to use express companies largely 
was suggested by the erection of a great office at Tampa, Fla., 
the port of departure for Honduras. It should be noted here 
that lotteries, discontinued almost wholly for a dozen years in 
Protestant church fairs, had at this date begun to be con- 
demned and disused in Catholic fairs also, with good promise 
of being left entirely to professional gamblers by the end of 
the century. 

The Citizen of Jacksonville exposed the new schemes of the 
Louisiana Lottery under its new mask, and Senator Hoar intro- 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 415 



duced a bill in Congress forbidding importation of, or inter- 
state commerce in lottery goods. U. S. population, June 30, 
Statistics. 1894, at rate of increase shown by last decade, 68,500,000, 
an average of only r to each 160 acres of land. Internal 
Revenue Commissioner reports 243,609 liquor dealers, 1 to 
each 257 people, 1 to each 50 voters. Revenue from liquors, 
$127,240,362, a mere trifle beside the direct and indirect cost of 
liquor. The number of saloons in proportion to the popula- 
tion was less than in 1873, although the relative consumption 
had greatly increased ; showing that reducing the number of 
saloons is of little benefit. Tribune Almanac of this year 
reported college students (U. S.), 133,682. Public-school 
enrolment, 13,234,103. Add to the 747,000,000 under 
Christian governments in 1880 the 24,000,000 taken under 
such governments up to this year in the Congo Free State, and 
millions more in that continent, with the growth of the Americas 
and Europe and the acquisitions of France in Siam, and the 
result is more than half of the world's population were 
under Christian governments in 1894, though most of it far 
from Christianized in character. Swiftest ocean passage to date, 
that of the Campania, five days, twelve hours, seven minutes. 
On February 6 a pneumatic tube system introduced in Chicago, 
by which packages could be sent to any connected point 
of the city in one minute. The year began with a plebiscite 
or informal vote in Ontario, which gave a hundred thousand 
majority for prohibition (Manitoba and Prince Edward Island 
had previously given a like verdict)). Unexpectedly, the large 
cities, including Toronto, gave majorities for prohibition, 
except those bordering on the United States. The Students' 
Volunteer Missionary movement, at its convention of this 
year, reported 3200 thus far enrolled since the beginning in 
1887, of whom 686 have already sailed. One thousand of 
those remaining attended the convention. March 20, Neal 
Dow's ninetieth birthday. April 22, Centennial of Pennsyl- 
vania Sabbath law. June 1-6, about five thousand associa- 
tions celebrated the jubilee of the beginning of Y. M. C. A. 
November 27, 28, Fiftieth Anniversary of First National 
Sabbath Convention. Manitoba's refusal to divide its public- 
school funds with the parochial schools sustained by the 
highest judicial authority of the British Empire. Senator 
E. D. White made Justice of U. S. Supreme Court, the first 
Roman Catholic appointed since Taney. The passionate 



Prohibi- 
tion. 



Sabbath 
Reform. 



Y. M. 
C. A. 



School 
Question 



4i6 



APPENDIX. 



Liberia. 



Check 
Reins. 



appeals of Bishop Turner (colored) in favor of the emigration 
of his people to Liberia began to produce visible results in 
March of this year, when thirty-eight negroes sailed from New 
York as the advance guard of a much larger number they 
declared would follow. On April 5 Judge Caldwell of the 
United States court at Omaha rendered a decision that organ- 
ized labor is organized " capital" as surely as organized 
money, and has as much right as the last named to use the 
power of united action in affecting the price of labor. The 
Procurator of the Holy Synod of Russia confessed the perse- 
cution of the Stundists ineffective for preventing their rapid 
increase. In this year Russia changed its attitude of tolera- 
tion toward Bible societies to one of repression. Movement 
to do away with the cruel check-rein reported to be gaining in 
England. Even chameleons protected against the cruel ladies 
who attempted to wear them as living ornaments. On Janu- 

Christian a ry 25 Hon. E. A. Morse, M. C, at the suggestion of Rev. 

ment. H. H. George, D. D., and the writer, and others, introduced 

the following constitutional amendment in Congress (House 
Resolution, 120) : " We, the people of the United States, 
devoutly acknowledging the supreme authority and just 
government of Almighty God in all the affairs of men and 
nations, grateful to Him for our civil and religious liberty ; 
and encouraged by the assurances of His Word to invoke His 
guidance, as a Christian nation, according to His appointed 
way, through Jesus Christ, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide 
for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and 
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, 
do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States 
of America." Remarkable strike in Chicago in the summer of 
this year and remarkable report by an official commission later 
upon it. See ' ' Strike " in Alphabetical Index. Rev. Dr. 
Charles H. Parkhurst exposed the alliance between police and 
law-breakers in New York, which led to a legislative investi- 
gation by which his charges were more than verified, and that 
led to such political action in the annual election as took the 
control of the city from Tammany Hall. The decision of 
Judge Jenkins that the employees of the Northern Pacific 
Road, which was in his custody as a United States judge, 
must not strike, caused great commotion in labor organizations 
and led to Congressional investigation. Industry began this 



Strike 
For- 
bidden. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 417 

Niagara, year to harness the vast water power of Niagara to the largest 
turbine wheels ever built, promising vast commercial results. 

Lords. The opposition of the House of Lords not only to the Home 

Rule Bill, but also to the Employers' Liability Bill and the 

Parish Councils' Bill, renewed proposals for abolishing or 

limiting its powers. Suggested that its veto be not valid over 

National two affirmations of the Commons. A convention in Phila- 
Mumcipal , . , . . , . . . . 

Reform delphia of persons interested in municipal reform appointed 

liaugu- enta committee, Mr. James C. Carter, New York, chair- 
rated, man, to form a National Municipal League. In a nasty 
News- breach of promise case at Washington, the daily press not 
papers. on jy published the nastiness in full, but twice committed 
contempt of court by publishing what was not in evidence, all 
emphasizing the need of newspaper reform, as the prize-fight 
reports of an earlier time in the year had done. Arrangements 
Tibet. made for the admission of missionaries into Tibet for the 
first time. 



418 APPENDIX. 

SOCIAL PROGRESS IN 1895. 

Review and Outlook, September 14. 

1895. Ballot Reform. — The only backward step this year in 
ballot reform is that of Michigan's legislature forbidding the 
placing of the same name on two tickets to prevent union of 
two parties on one candidate. New York has improved its 
law, but has made a dangerous provision that the ignorant 
voter may have a guide (and so a bribe), though party symbols 
provide sufficiently for all save the blind. A ballot reform 
revival is this year stirring the South, in which are the only 
States that have not adopted the Australian ballot, namely 
(according to the Tribune Almanac for 1895), Georgia, 
Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. 
(See Alphabetical Index for additional matter on each topic.) 



Anti-Brutality Crusade.— Although Florida by statute 
and Louisiana by decision have this year warned off prize- 
fighters, the newspapers and theaters are doing their utmost to 
mend their impaired halos of heroism, and real prize-fights 
have occurred during the year in Brooklyn and elsewhere by 
permission of perjured city authorities. Another anti-brutality 
crusade is the agitation against the Mexican bull-fight an- 
nounced for the Atlanta Exposition. At this writing it is 
not clear whether Texas also will join the " New South " by 
preventing the illegal prize-fight announced for October in that 
State. 



The New Charity. — Charity Organization Society reports 
show a large decrease in applications for relief as compared to 
1893 and 1894, and the Pingree plan of truck farming on city 
lots, generally approved, found few who needed its aid to 
employment this spring. The Loan Bureau of the New 
York Charity Organization Society has compelled East Side 
pawnbrokers to come down to its just rate of interest, one per 
cent, per month. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 419 

1895. Church and State. — The resignation of Count Kalnoky 
from the Austrian Government is a victory for the anti-clerical 
element and an encouragement to the movement to separate 
Church and State. So is the act of the Italian parliament 
making a national holiday of September 20, the date of the 
Pope's surrender to the army of United Italy. Disestablish- 
ment in Wales has been postponed by the resignation of Lord 
Rosebery's ministry. 



Civil Service Reform. — The most serious backset this year 
is the exception of veterans from civil service rules by the 
Massachusetts Legislature, despite the Governor's veto. The 
gains are much greater. Chicago, by fifty thousand majority, 
adopted civil service reform for all city departments. The 
legislature later gave it to the whole county. Both acts are 
without precedent. Civil service rules have also been ex- 
tended to the Government printing office on petition of the 
employees, making the classified service 51,000 in all up to 
July I. There have been many other extensions of the rules 
in cities, States, and in the national government. Secretary 
Olney, on becoming Secretary of State, gave oat that he 
favored the extension of civil service rules to consuls. This 
reform has been aided most of all by " our friends, the 
enemy " — the bosses — who have furnished, in New York 
especially, a " horrible example " of the spoils system. 



Divorce Reform.— One house of the South Dakota Legis- 
lature voted to restore the old ninety-day law to draw 
" divorce colonies," but the law failed in the other house. 



Dress Reform. — Dress reforms that pen and voice have 
long attempted in vain, the cycle is accomplishing swiftly — 
many think too swiftly. It seems likely that the outcome will 
be a golden mien between bloomers and the old street-sweep- 
ing skirts — a street dress adapted to exercise and to business, 
at once hygienic and womanly. It is also significant that at 



420 APPENDIX. 

1895. the great Christian Endeavor Convention of this year, on 
request of the presiding officer, the ladies removed their high 
hats, which fashion should never have been allowed to put 
upon them in public halls. 



Drinking Usages.— When the legislatures of Pennsylvania, 
Indiana, and Illinois, and the national Congress all close in 
drunken brawls, as they did this year ; and when such a city 
as Cleveland, whose leading business men are of Puritan 
stock and members of churches, spends thousands of dollars for 
champagne to dine the boards of trade of other Ohio cities, 
as it did in June, and when the July elections in England 
have shown unprecedented victories for liquor candidates, it 
is evident that the drinking usages are far from dead. That 
beer is gaining even in the churches is suggested by the intro- 
duction of ads of beer " tonics " and " extracts " in several 
religious papers this year. These same papers also joined in 
the effort to secure a veto of the New York law on scientific 
temperance education, as did also several eminent pastors and 
college presidents. On the other hand, it is encouraging that 
the law found such large support in New York State that the 
attempt to secure a veto failed, and the law stands. Temper- 
ance education laws have also been passed this year in New 
Jersey, South Carolina, Indiana, and Tennessee. In Cleve- 
land, the champagne dinner referred to was preceded by two 
public dinners without wine, that of the National Municipal 
Conference and that of the Republican leagues. It has not 
been made public, as it should be. that the leading hotel, in 
preparation for the latter convention, extended its bar through 
its great billiard room, but took it down the second day for 
lack of patronage, finding these clubs of young men not yet 
developed into politicians. Congress also did something for 
our side in enacting a law for the investigation of the economic 
aspects of the liquor question by the United States Department 
of Labor. Indiana's legislature also helped both sides — the 
temperance side by the Nicholson law, the best form of local 
option. This form of prohibition has also added much new 
territory in Texas. The defeat of the Norwegian bill in the 
Massachusetts Legislature, in spite of the support of many 
good people, was accomplished by the opposition of a much 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 42 1 

1895. larger proportion of the good citizens. The great gatherings 
of the W. C. T. U., in Washington and London, showed by 
the great petition and by reports from all lands that the nations 
of the Old World are increasingly, though slowly, recognizing 
their need of total abstinence and prohibition. The French 
Association for the Advancement of Science has this year 
raised a note of warning against the increasing evils of alcohol- 
ism in that country, thus reaching the milestone which the 
United States passed one hundred and ten years ago. Russia 
has also recognized the evils of the liquor traffic by a provision 
to make it, gradually, a government monopoly. One of the 
most encouraging events of the year has been the Silver Jubilee 
of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America, which 
has but 70,000 members as yet, but made a profound impres- 
sion upon both friends and enemies, and showed a hopeful 
growth in that church of anti-saloon sentiment. 



Education. — Although the large space given to sporting in 
the papers would lead us to expect otherwise, out-of-school 
studies, especially summer schools, are increasing, more than 
one hundred of the latter having been held this year. It 
seems likely that nearly every watering-place will find it 
necessary to have its course of lectures as well as its boats 
and tennis courts. An ever increasing number of colleges are 
using their buildings in the summer vacation for studies by 
their alumni and others. The Oberlin Institute of Christian 
Sociology, of which Rev. Washington Gladden, LL. D., is 
president, is worthy of special commendation and imitation 
because labor leaders were there brought face to face with 
Christian capitalists and pastors in friendly conference. The 
question whether the State should support sectarian public 
schools has been raised this year in England, in Belgium, and 
in Manitoba, and has been settled affirmatively in the first two 
instances. Manitoba at this writing refuses to divide the 
school fund, despite orders to that effect from both the Do- 
minion Government and the British Privy Council. In Mani- 
toba as in England the Episcopalians stand with the Roman 
Catholics for sectarian public schools. A new departure in 
education is the law of Illinois providing for the retirement of 
teachers after 25 years in the case of men, 20 in the case of 



422 APPENDIX. 

1895. women, on pensions to be provided by deducting one per 
cent, each year from their salaries. 



Finance. — Mulhall's "Standard Statistics " in The North 
American Review for June show this country to be not only 
first of nations in education, but also in wealth, increasing at 
the rate of seven millions a day in riches. In two years pre- 
ceding June 29, 1895, the deficit in national finances has grown 
to $112,500,000, but the interest in tariff reform upward is 
but languid. The silver question rather absorbs interest. 
The decisive battles on this subject are : the action of the 
Kentucky and Maryland and Ohio Democratic conventions 
approving the Administration's antagonism to free silver, and 
the approval of free silver by the Nebraska Democratic con- 
vention. The contest has not risen above the appearance of 
a selfish battle of borrowers and lenders into the realm of 
patriotism and equity, where it must finally be settled. At 
this writing the commercial interests of the country, just 
recovering slowly from the panic caused by political tinkering 
with finance in 1893, seem likely to be again disturbed not 
only by silver and tariff agitation but especially by the pro- 
posal of the bankers to retire the greenbacks, and by the 
danger of new foreign loans when the foreign syndicate that 
has promised to protect the Treasury's gold reserve until 
October I reaches the limit of its obligation, and so the point 
where it is for its interest to compel another bond issue. 



Gambling. — Lotteries have received this year a deadly, if not 
a death blow, in the passage by Congress of the Hoar Anti- 
lottery Bill, which was followed and supported by new State 
laws in Florida and Kansas. Montana has torn down the 
signs that have so long disgraced the State, " Licensed Gam- 
bling." Connecticut has forbidden policy playing. Even race- 
track gambling has received legislative blows this year in 
Rhode Island, Minnesota, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New 
Jersey. But on the other hand race-track gambling monopo- 
lies have been legalized in Missouri and New York — in the 
latter case despite a new provision in the constitution, a legis- 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 423 

1895. lative crime urged on by all the daily papers of New York 
City. These adverse acts are offset again by the decisive anti- 
gambling victories of the Civic Federation of Chicago, which 
has suppressed all open gambling in Chicago, with the aid 
of the new city government, while the Christian Citizenship 
League has defeated, in the Illinois Legislature, legislative 
bills to legalize race-track gambling. Further indication that 
Anglo-Saxon sentiment against gambling is growing is afforded 
in the downfall of Lord Rosebery, which was partly due to his 
promotion of the national vice of betting by which he outraged 
" the Nonconformist conscience," which is the very heart of the 
Liberal Party. In France and Belgium, however, nine tourist 
resorts have recently added gambling establishments in imita- 
tion of Monte Carlo, and this evil is likely to spread to other 
parts of the Continent. Massachusetts has passed a law this 
year against " bucket shop " betting on prices, which it is to 
be hoped will prove a net strong enough to catch the larger 
grain and stock gamblers who secured it to rid themselves of 
competition among the poor. 



Government Ownership.— There is a steady growth of 
municipalism — city ownership of waterworks and lighting 
plants and provisions in new charters for street railways that 
the city may buy them out after a certain time — but since the 
suspension of The New Nation no paper gives us this news 
systematically. Why daily papers do not is not hard to 
guess. The granting of franchises to private corporations 
by city fathers without reward (except to themselves) is still, 
however, the rule. New York aldermen have indeed risen to 
such a height of virtue as to reject the offer of the Metropoli- 
tan Street Car Company to pay $250,000 to the city for its 
franchise as bribery, so making the excuse to give the franchise 
without such return to the city to the rival company that is 
supposed to have paid its bribes direct to the city fathers them- 
selves. 

The first official reports of city ownership of street railways 
in Glasgow and Leeds have been made this year and are very 
favorable to the new plan. These reports and the Brooklyn 
strike led to an unsuccessful but encouraging effort in the 
New York Legislature to secure to New York, Brooklyn, and 



424 APPENDIX. 

1895. Buffalo the right to vote on city ownership of street railways. 
Judge Gaynor of Brooklyn aided the movement by asserting 
such railways to be public institutions, owing even more to the 
public than to the stockholders. The numerous needless kill- 
ings done by the fenderless deadly trolleys run by over- 
worked motormen aid the movement for city ownership most 
of all. In lieu of city ownership, Detroit has secured three- 
cent fares in that city, on which, by use of transfers, one may 
ride twenty-two miles, which beats the world. There are two 
and three cent fares abroad, but for shorter distances. Russia 
has recently reduced first-class fares on its government railways 
to one cent per mile. An article in The Atlantic Monthly 
advocating "A National Transportation Department" has 
attracted general and favorable attention, significant of growth 
of public sentiment toward government ownership of railways. 
The Voice published interviews (June 13) with senators and 
congressmen, showing that government ownership of the tele- 
graph will be urgently advocated in the next Congress. 



Humane Movements. — The report that vivisection experi- 
ments on living animals were being made in public schools has 
been confirmed by investigation, and the agitation against 
them gives good promise of success. The favor with which 
the " Red Cross Society of Japan" has been welcomed, by 
government and people alike, in its efforts for sick and 
wounded soldiers, indicates the growth of humane ideas in 
that half-Christianized empire. 



Immigration. — The efforts of Senator Chandler and Con- 
gressman Stone to secure increased restrictions of immigration, 
for which the hard times, when there was more emigration 
than immigration, was a favorable opportunity, were defeated 
in the last Congress by the direct opposition of the Adminis- 
tration through its Immigration Department. A written 
report, specially made for the writer by the Bureau of Im- 
migration, shows that the total number of immigrants 
received by this country for the year ending June 30 was 
149,016 males and 109,520 females, The number debarred 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 425 

1895. was 2412. The Storrs law passed this year by the New 
Jersey legislature, which forbids naturalization within thirty 
days of election, has been upheld by the courts. 



Impurity. — One of the most prominent subjects of legisla- 
tion in many States this year has been the " age of consent," 
by which is meant the age when consent becomes not a justifi- 
cation but a palliation of sexual congress out of wedlock ; the 
age being stated in the law on rape. Kansas (1887) and 
Wyoming (1890) were the only States in which girls were 
before this year protected to the age of majority, that is, 
eighteen, in person as well as property. This year New 
York, Missouri, and Colorado have been added to the list. 
Efforts to pass the same law shamefully failed in Indiana, 
Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Delaware ; in 
which last the age is seven, though falsely reported as raised 
through confusion with another law. In North Carolina the 
age was raised from ten to fourteen years. The defeats are less 
to be lamented because the friends of purity have not yet pre- 
pared a suitable law to be urged everywhere. They will 
doubtless agree on such a bill at the national conference of the 
American Purity Alliance in Baltimore, October 10-14. The 
need of such conference is seen in the fact, of which I am 
informed by the Colorado Secretary of State, that the new law 
of that commonwealth by inadvertence forbids marriage itself 
up to eighteen years of age. The imprisonment of Oscar 
Wilde for nameless indecency is a wholesome blow to nasty 
"realism" in literature and art. There is hope that the 
Maid of Orleans revival and the accompanying reaction against 
infidelity in France will both strengthen the reaction against 
impurity in that country. The most unfavorable sign in our 
own country is the increasing shamelessness of the "living 
pictures " of our theaters, which went from flesh-colored tights 
to bronze and silver powder, and then to marble powder 
"absolutely without drapery," and, alas! without effective 
protest. The defense of Trilby's "innocent unchastity " by 
respectable readers, and its welcome to even Christian homes, 
is also a sign of the times. 






426 APPENDIX. 

1895. Labor and Capital. — It was thought by some that strikes 
accompanied by lawless violence had ended with the failure 
of the Chicago strike in 1894, but the Brooklyn street rail- 
way strike of this year, though justified as a strike, was 
hardly less unjustifiable in its lawlessness than that of 
Chicago. There has also been occasion in Ohio and West 
Virginia to suppress riots of striking miners by troops. The 
anti-capitalistic feeling of working men has been especially 
intensified by three court decisions : (1) That of the Illinois 
Supreme Court, repealing the anti-sweatshop law, in pre- 
tended defense of workwomen's rights to labor as many 
hours as they choose ; (2) that of the national Supreme Court 
repealing the income tax, which affected only the richest two 
per cent, of the people ; (3) that of the same court, confirm- 
ing the jail sentence of the Chicago strike leaders. Not 
working people only, but the general public, have had their 
distrust of corporations and trusts increased by their triumphs 
in the so-called reform legislatures of this year — especially in 
New York, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Illinois ; of which the 
last two were called back by their governors in special ses- 
sion, because of the needed laws they had been prevented 
from passing by corporation influence. Anti-capitalistic feel- 
ing has been further intensified by the sudden increase of the 
prices of oil and beef, which was attributed, with good reason, 
to the oil and meat trusts. On the other hand is to be 
noted the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court against the 
Whisky Trust in particular, which at the same time outlaws 
all trusts. The people, however, moderate their joy by re- 
membering that like decisions against the Oil Trust and Sugar 
Trust in Ohio and New York have proved waste paper. 
Anti-capitalistic feeling has been yet further fostered by the 
growing tendency of multi-millionaires to make extravagant 
displays of their wealth in vast landed estates, palatial yachts, 
$3,000,000 palaces, $50,000 fountains, and $20,000 dinners. 
Among the encouraging news is the success of a strike for 
a living wage in the sweat-shops of New York, the abolition 
of the "pluck me" company stores in Pennsylvania, and 
the passage by the expiring Rosebery ministry of a bill 
extending the excellent provisions of the British factory acts 
to all laundries, shops, etc., having six employees — a bill the 
like of which failed in the New York legislature. Among the 
most hopeful aspects of the labor controversy is the increase 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 427 

1895. of sociological studies and the agitation for a union of re- 
formers in a new anti-saloon and anti-monopoly party, in 
which are interested Mr. C. B. Spahr of The Outlook, ex- 
Governor John P. St. John, and Dr. I. K. Funk and Mr. 
E. J. Wheeler of The Voice, which is likely to crystallize in 
time to celebrate the opening of the new century. We note 
also the passage of industrial arbitration bills by the Illinois 
legislature and the national House of Representatives — this 
national bill did not pass the Senate — and best of all is the 
voluntary raising of wages by hundreds of firms all across 
the land on the return of good times, which has never been 
done so generally on like occasions in the past — an indication 
of growing altruism, as well as a prudent preventive of 
strikes. 



Law Enforcement. — Lynchings still continue in the 
North, and are yet more frequent in the South. Boston cel- 
ebrated July 4 .^^M^ft 
by an anti-A. re§ <>>, 
P. A. riot. In 1 """'%' 
Savannah an 
ex-priest was 
mobbed ear- 
lier in the year, 
but was pro- 
tected by the 
authorities. 
The national ^ 
habit of law- J|| 
breaking is, 
however, 
slightly de- >,, 
creasing. On 
July 7 the only 
cities named 
in the tele- 
graph columns 

as having Sunday ball-games were Chicago, St. Louis, 
Cincinnati, Louisville, Burlington, Terre Haute, Quincy, 
Omaha, St. Joseph, Dubuque, Grand Rapids. The Brooklyn 



'*• 



THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 



428 APPENDIX. 

1895. Law Enforcement Society has shown its "reform" mayor 
and other city officers that convictions for Sunday liquor 
selling can be had, even from police court juries, by earnest 
and efficient prosecutions. But the great news of this half 
year in law enforcement has been the vigorous example of 
impartial enforcement of all laws that has been afforded by that 
scholar in politics, Theodore Roosevelt, as chief police commis- 
sioner of New York. By assuming the role of detective, which 
the rogues have persuaded many good people to despise, he 
proved the negligence of his police, and then rallied them to the 
full discharge of their sworn duties. After several had been 
given jail sentences and others severely fined by Recorder Goff, 
the liquor dealers surrendered unconditionally. Two hundred 
pleaded guilty at one time and paid $8000 in fines, and The 
Wine, Liquor, and Beer Dealers' Association passed a reso- 
lution to obey the law, which is also their recorded confes- 
sion of habitual lawlessness. The result is a great decrease 
of Sunday arrests, a reduction of hospital patients, and 
proof that even liquor sellers may be compelled to obey the 
laws. Mr. Roosevelt has contributed to the cause of law and 
order words as sterling as his deeds, in the September Forum. 
The so-called " German- American Reform Union " has shown 
itself less devoted to reform than to Sunday beer by opposing 
law enforcement, but of 155 German tradesmen interrogated 
on the subject by The Evening Post, 104 favored the strict 
enforcement of the law — perhaps for varied motives. Chicago, 
whose reformers in the City Hall and Civic Federation have 
been picking and choosing among the laws as a bill of fare — 
attacking gambling, but sparing its "pals," the saloon and 
brothel — are watching New York, which has suddenly taken 
from them the first place in municipal reform by the dash 
of this new hero, and may be expected to move forward to 
match his achievement in due time. Saratoga has shown com- 
mendable fidelity in suppressing gambling at that resort. The 
Governor of Kansas has also proved himself the ' ' Chief Ex- 
ecutive " of that State by a vigorous though tardy war on the 
illegal saloons. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 429 

1895. Municipal Reform. — The Century magazine for July de- 
clares : " The widespread interest in the improvement of local 
government is the most conspicuous sign of the times." The 
reports made in June at the National Conference on Munic- 
ipal Reform at Cleveland confirm the statement of The Cen- 
tury. In a multitude of cities there has been some slight 
gain, either in better officers, or, more frequently, in an 
awakened demand for better ones, often accompanied by 
investigation and organization. The most encouraging gains 
were in the two cities that seemed most hopelessly ring- 
ridden — Chicago and New York — in both of which large 
majorities elected new officers for this year on reform plat- 
forms. But New York is the only conspicuous case of the 
successful application of the non-partisan principle advocated 
for city elections by all municipal reformers. In other cases 
the reform candidate has usually been named by a party 
caucus, though elected by the aid of the better men of the 
other party. Although the New York Legislature shamefully 
neglected reform bills, because its bosses were not bought 
with patronage, the power of removal bill and the police 
magistrates' bill has enabled Mayor Strong to give the city 
good officers. The legislature failed to pass the police 
reorganization bill, but New York is getting the police reor- 
ganization desired through Mr. Roosevelt — another conspic- 
uous proof that men are more than measures. The only 
police officer of those exposed by the Lexow investigation 
that has been sent to prison is Inspector McLaughlin, al- 
though others, including Byrnes and Williams, have had 
their resignations sent them and are out of office. Mayor 
Wier of Lincoln, Neb., and Mayor Kennedy, of Alleghany, 
have distinguished themselves by suppressing all open prosti- 
tution, and Mayor Denny, of Indianapolis, by suppressing 
Sunday saloons and Sunday baseball. Among minor municipal 
reforms a beginning has been made in street-cleaning in Chi- 
cago and New York City, but no large American city, except 
Dayton, yet compares in this respect with Paris and other Con- 
tinental capitals, where one who throws a bit of paper in the 
street is requested by the police to pick it up. 



43° APPENDIX. 

1895. Newspaper Reform. — The newspapers have furnished, as 
usual, the best arguments for newspaper reform : (1) by 
fake and false news, including false rumors of the engage- 
ment of Miss Willard, of the breakdown of the Hawaian 
Republic, of ex-President Harrison's refusal of a retainer 
from the liquor dealers, of South Dakota's alleged repeal of 
its divorce law ; (2) by the omission of such important news 
as the liquor investigation ordered by Congress, and many 
other facts in this epitome of news that will be new to faith- 
ful readers of daily papers ; (3) by the general friendliness of 
the daily press to the gambling bills recently before various 
legislatures, and other bills hostile to good morals. There is 
as yet no sign that the supreme need of religion and reform, 
a syndicate of daily papers friendly to both, will be estab- 
lished in this century. The fine of five hundred dollars 
imposed on the London editor of The Review of Reviews, for 
contempt of court in anticipating the condemnation of a pris- 
oner on trial in July, was a serious blow to " trial by 
newspapers." Probably the most effective blow struck for 
newspaper reform this year is the editorial by Charles Dudley 
Warner on this subject in Harper's Magazine for August, in 
which that experienced journalist says that no one at all 
acquainted with public opinion can fail to hear that confidence 
in the news daily printed is daily diminishing. 



Opium. — The crusade against opium has met a serious 
reverse in the report of the Opium Commission, with only 
one dissenting vote, that opium is not seriously injurious to 
the people of India — a verdict that does not convince earnest 
reformers, but will convince many others and so give the 
opium curse a new lease of life. 



Peace. — The Napoleonic craze in American magazines this 
year and the appropriation of an unprecedented sum by the 
last Congress for iron-built ships do not indicate a rapid 
growth of peace sentiment, but the proposal for a treaty of per- 
petual arbitration between Great Britain and the United States, 
which has been indorsed by nearly the whole Parliament of 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 431 

1895. the former country, is generally favored by our people and is 
likely to be adopted. It is an omen of good that during the 
warlike German celebrations of the victory of Metz in Sep- 
tember of this year, the Social Democrats held counter demon- 
strations in behalf of international fraternity. The relations of 
Great Britain to both France and Turkey are strained, as are 
also those of Norway to Sweden and of Russia to Japan. The 
massacres of Christians in China and Armenia during this year, 
with like outrages upon Chinamen in our own country in 
former years, emphasize the need of a powerful Court of 
Nations, to deal with international affairs as effectively as our 
Supreme Court deals with interstate affairs. 



Prison Reform. — The question of prison labor has been 
agitated in the legislatures of New York and Illinois with 
no satisfactory result. The former legislature has passed a 
cumulative sentence bill for police court " rounders," whose 
sentence is to be doubled for each new offense. Mr. D. L. 
Moody has undertaken to supply good reading to the prisons 
all over the United States, so far as possible, and is collecting 
money to be used for that purpose. 



Political Reforms. — The four men who are most com- 
monly spoken of by the public as political "bosses," two in 
each of the two leading parties, have each won hard-fought 
victories over opponents in their own States The Proportional 
Representation League held what we take to be its first annual 
conference at Saratoga in August, and adopted a platform and 
plan suggested by Professor J. R. Commons and others. The 
writer submitted to the political conventions of several parties 
in New York State the following plank, which is given as first 
adopted by the Prohibition Party : "We accept as the expres- 
sion of our political ideal the unanimous declaration of the 
Supreme Court that this is a Christian nation, and we call upon 
the people of the State to repudiate and consign to oblivion 
any political party that shall propose to submit a command- 
ment of the decalogue to the local option of corrupt cities." 



43 * APPENDIX. 

1895. Sabbath Reform. — All across the land pastors speak of the 
bicycle and the trolley as the two chief perils to the Sabbath. 
In May a cycle parade of three thousand riders, including 
three hundred women, rode from Chicago to Evanston, passing 
scores of churches at the hours of morning church and Sabbath- 
school, which would not have been allowed even in Germany. 
A few Y. M. C. A. cyclists joined the run, for which, in 
accordance with the rules, they were excluded from Y. M. C. 
A. athletic contests for ninety days. There is encouragement 
in the failure of a movement to weaken the Pennsylvania 
Sabbath law and of the effort to legalize the Sunday saloons in 
New York State, and in their suppression instead ; also in the 
action of the Congregationalist Home Missionary Society, 
which other churches might well copy, forbidding their mis- 
sionaries to use Sunday trains. On July 7 the barbers of 
Illinois generally closed their shops, in accordance with a new 
law passed by their request. There is also a new law in New 
York State closing barber shops on Sundays, excepting in 
New York City and Saratoga. In Korea, although not yet a 
Christian country, on recommendation of the Prime Minister, 
who is a Christian, the government offices are closed from 
Saturday afternoon until Monday morning. The King of 
Korea does not hold court on Sunday. As against Sabbath 
reform the Sunday paper has, by a new form of bribery (its 
colored pictures) addressed to women and children, captured 
the patronage of many Christian families, which have sold out 
conscience for a chromo. Perhaps the greatest battle for the 
Sabbath ever fought is that of this year in New York State, 
namely, the proposal to submit the fourth commandment to 
the local option of corrupt cities. The most serious feature of 
the case is that good and sincere men, including Dr. Park- 
hurst and the editor of The Outlook and the constituents of the 
New York Good Government Clubs, favor it ; while Mayor 
Strong and Mayor Schieren, both elected as reformers, and 
other politicians of the better sort are not only in favor of 
local option but in favor of legalizing the Sunday saloons. Yet 
other reformers, it is to be feared, will favor local option to 
open saloons on the Sabbath if coupled with local option to 
close them all the week. Some good men will fail to see that 
local option and home rule might as fitly be allowed to corrupt 
cities on the seventh and eighth commandment, on prostitution 
and gambling, on both of which it has already been asked, 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 433 

1895. as on another part of the common law, whose corner-stone is 
the Decalogue. The Prohibition Party and the League of 
Republican Clubs both rejected this bogus local option in their 
State meetings early in September, and both resolved to stand 
by the American Sabbath, as did also the Republican State 
Convention. 



Tenement-house Reform. — Through the efforts of Mr. 
R. W. Gilder, editor of The Century, and a Commission of 
which he is the head, the New York Legislature passed what 
is no doubt the best set of tenement-house laws in the United 
States, which should be studied not only by legislators and 
reformers, but also by landlords who wish to make their tene- 
ments worthy of themselves and fit for their tenants. 



Anti-Tobacco Crusade. — Whatever may be the case with 
other forms of tobacco, cigarettes are certainly encountering 
ever-increasing hostility. Both legislatures and city councils 
have this year passed numerous anti-cigarette laws in all parts 
of the land. Rules against spitting on floors and walks are 
also increasingly common. 



Woman Suffrage. — Legislative bodies this year in all 
parts of the world have given unprecedented attention to 
woman suffrage. In most cases it was not successful, but 
received a larger vote than in previous years. But the advent 
of woman in politics in Colorado has not affected the temper- 
ance vote to any such extent as was expected ; and in Ohio, 
where women voted this year for the first time in educational 
matters, only a few went to the polls — one-fifth in some places 
the writer investigated — which was due partly to rain, and more 
to lack of interest. Women as well as men need to be aroused 
to greater devotion to the public good. In that case they 
would be incapable of voting "unanimously," as the Kansas 
Equal Suffrage Association is reported to have done, at the 
instance of Susan B. Anthony on July 11, that as the men of 
Kansas had refused them the ballot, " it is the duty of every 



434 APPENDIX. 

1895. self-respecting woman in the State of Kansas to fold her hands 
and refuse to help any moral, religious, charitable reform or 
political association until the men of the State shall strike the 
adjective ' male ' from the suffrage clause of the constitution." 
Whatever may be the case with other women, those who voted 
for that bulldozing boycott showed themselves unprepared for 
suffrage. 

Of many things said this year of the "new woman " nothing 
has made a stronger impression on the public than the address 
on that theme of Mrs. Maud B. Booth. Let the new woman 
be educated and developed, said Mrs. Booth ; let her study, 
work, preach, ride her wheel, swim, drive, and do anything 
which will perfect her so that she may be a power in the nation, 
but " by all means, let her not neglect her heart," let her not 
" forsake her womanliness." Her plan for the reformation of 
the new woman, Mrs. Booth stated thus : " I would make her 
change her dress the first thing. I would take her big sleeves 
and make them into dresses for the children of the slums. I 
am sure a good many little dresses could be made out of those 
sleeves. As for some of her other garments, which I will not 
mention here, I would take them away and give them to the 
sex to which they belong. The next thing I would do would 
be to collect the books that the new woman reads, books that 
any God-fearing, right-feeling woman would blush to have 
about her, disgusting treatises on realism and kindred topics. 
I would pile these books all up together and burn them, burn 
them along with her cigarettes and her chewing-gum. The 
next step would be to induce her to come to the Salvation 
Army meetings and learn what it was to get rid of herself, to 
help the poor, the sick, the lost, and the outcast, and forever 
abandon her vain self-seeking. Then, if that plan failed, I 
should get her a strong-willed, loving husband, that she might 
come to recognize that there is something great and strong 
and noble in the other sex." 



Miscellaneous. — A census of churches published by The 
Independent at the opening of this year showed the number of 
Christians, including Roman Catholics, at the last account, to 
be twenty-two millions. Evangelical Christians one to every 
4^ of the population, as against one in 5 in 1880. Popula- 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 435 

1895. tion of the country July 1 (calculated by percentage of growth 
shown by last census), seventy millions. 



On the whole this review of the six months, though it does 
not justify the lazy hopefulness of the wilful optimist, does 
not, on the other hand, warrant the despair of the wilful pes- 
simist. Considering how aggressive are the forces of evil, 
how passive are most of the good, how few are earnestly seek- 
ing to resist evil and promote righteousness, the gains are as 
encouraging as the losses ought to be arousing. The chief 
obstacles to more decisive victories are not appetite, lust, and 
greed in our foes, but the apathy, laziness, and cowardice in 
those who sing of themselves as " Christian soldiers." When 
they really learn to fight we shall have more ringing reports. 



To the foregoing record of 1895, mostly given to things done, 
should be added the notable words said in behalf of court 
reforms by Mr. Justice Brewer of the United States Supreme 
Court at the annual meeting of the American Bar Association : 
" Shorten the time of process. Curtail the right of continu- 
ances. When once a case has been commenced, deny to every 
other court the right to interfere or take jurisdiction of any 
matter that can be brought by either party into the pending 
litigation. Limit the right of review. Terminate all review in 
one appellate court. Reverse the rule of decision in appellate 
courts, and instead of assuming that injury was done if error 
is shown, require the party complaining of a judgment or decree 
to show affirmatively, not merely that some error was committed 
in the trial court, but also that, if that error had not been com- 
mitted, the result must necessarily have been different. In 
criminal cases there should be no appeal. I say it with reluc- 
tance, but the truth is that you can trust a jury to do justice 
to the accused with more safety than you can an appellate court 
to secure protection to the public by the speedy punishment of 
a criminal. To guard against any possible wrong to an accused 
a board of review and pardons might be created, with power to 
set aside a conviction or reduce the punishment, if on the full 
record it appears not that a technical error has been committed, 
but that the defendant is not guilty or has been excessively 
punished." 



43^ APPENDIX. 

1896. 



September 19. — Centennial of Washington's Farewell Address, last of 
Revolutionary Centennials. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 437 



I896, OCTOBER-DECEMBER. — CELEBRATION OF THE COMPLETION OF 
NINETEEN CHRISTIAN CENTURIES. 

{Appropriate for 1896 or 1900-1901 A. D.) 

All scholars are agreed that Christ was born a little more than five 
years before our era, that is, in 5 B. c. The day is not surely known, 
but the known death of Herod makes it certain that it was some time 
in the last quarter of that year. The last quarter of 1895 therefore 
brings us to the nineteen hundredth birthday of Christ in the strict use of 
the term. Colloquially we say when a child is one year old that is his 
first birthday. It is really his second. . Counting Christ's first birthday, 
1895 brings us to the nineteen hundredth birthday of Christ, worthy 
a whole quarter's celebration ; still more the last quarter of 1896, when 
the twentieth century really begins. 

First session, evening, Mass meeting under auspices of Union 
Preachers' meeting. Selections from oratorio of The Messiah by united 
choirs. Luke's story of the " Christmas Shepherds," recited by a girl ; 
Matthew's story of the " Magi," recited by a boy. Addresses (fifteen 
minutes each): " How are Christian Churches Superior to Pagan Tem- 
ples of Greece and Rome?" " How Superior to Heathen Temples of 
To-day?" "In What Respects are Christian Churches below Christ's 
Standard?" " By What Forces Can They Be Brought up to It ?' 

Second session, afternoon, Congress of societies of Christian women, 
such as W. C. T. U., King's Daughters, etc. Prelude of brief select 
readings. Addresses, " How are Women Better off in Christian Lands 
than in Ancient Pagan Lands?" "How Better off than in Heathen 
Lands of To-day?" " In What Respects are Christian Women Below 
Christ's Standard ? " "By What Forces Can They be Brought up to It ? " 

Third session, evening, Mass meeting under the auspices of the lay 
officers of the churches. Addresses: "How is Business in Christian 
Lands Morally Better than it was in Ancient Pagan Lands?" "How 
Better than in Heathen Lands of To-day?" "How are the Business 
Customs of To-day Below Christ's Standard ? " "By What Forces Can 
They be Brought up to It ? " 

Fourth session, afternoon at close of public schools, Convention of 
Christian boys' and girls' societies, such as Junior Y. M. C. A., Junior 
Endeavorers, Junior Epworth Leagues, Loyal Legions, etc. Each 
society to furnish one brief declamation, or solo, or chorus for intro- 
ductory service. Addresses: "How are Boys and Girls in Christian 
Lands Better off than Boys and Girls in Ancient Pagan Lands ? " " How 
Better off than Boys and Girls of the Heathen Lands To-day ? " " How 



438 APPENDIX. 

do the Boys and Girls in Christian Lands Come Short of What Christ 
Would Have Them Be?" " By What Forces Can They be Lifted to 
His Standard ? " 

Fifth session, evening, Christian Citizenship rally of young peoples' 
societies, such as Y. M. C. A., Y. P. S. C. E., Epworth League, etc. 
Patriotic music, vocal and instrumental. Addresses: "How is the 
Politics of Christian Lands Superior to that of Ancient Pagan Lands ? " 
" How Superior to that of Heathen Lands of To-day?" " How is the 
Politics of Christian Lands Inferior to Christ's Standard?" " By What 
Forces Can It Be Brought up to That Standard ? " * 

* The above topics and questions are the basis of a new series of lectures to be 
delivered by the author at Lafayette College and elsewhere, 1895-96, on Descriptive, 
Static, and Dynamic Sociology. 



CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 439 
1897. 



440 APPENDIX. 

I8q8. 






CHRONOLOGICAL DATA' OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 441 
1899. 



44 2 APPENDIX. 

1900. 




CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 443 



I9OO-I9OT. 

PROPOSED CELEBRATION OF THE TRANSITION FROM THE NINETEENTH 
TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. 

My generally approved plan for the celebration of the completion of 
nineteen Christian centuries is, in brief, as follows : The celebration to 
be inaugurated on the last Thanksgiving Day in the nineteenth century 
in Boston, with a Jubilee of Civil Liberty in 
Faneuil Hall and elsewhere, the program to 
be arranged by the Boston ministers ; followed 
next day by a trip by sea in a model of the 
Mayflower and other vessels to Plymouth, land- 
ing on Plymouth Rock ; proceeding thence to 
New York City for a week of Christian reform 
congresses on temperance, Sabbath reform, 
purity, prison reform, etc.; then three hundred 
or more round-the-world tourists to start on 
their tour on special train, with stops for one-day 
celebrations in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 
of "Self-Government, Suffrage, and Universal 
Peace"; in the Capitol at Washington, of "Chris- 
tian National Institutions"; with brief local THE "MAYFLOWER." 
celebrations arranged by Christian ministers of the locality, in each case, 
in Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Omaha, Denver, Los Angeles, with 
a week's celebration of the last Christmas of the nineteenth century at 
San Francisco. On January 1, 1901, the round-the-world missionaries 
and Christian tourists to sail out from the Golden Gate into the Pacific, 
holding week of prayer services on shipboard ; stopping for a day's 
celebration in Honolulu, to be arranged by Christian ministers and 
churches of that city ; then brief meetings, with restful pleasures of 
travel interspersed, in Japan, China, India, Australia ; the trip so 
scheduled as to bring the party to Jerusalem and Bethlehem for Palm 
Sunday, and to Nazareth for Easter, and to Athens for the later Greek 
Easter (Egypt and Constantinople intervening) ; then Rome before 
summer ; followed during summer by Germany, Switzerland, Paris (then 
in midst of its next World's Fair), and then London. The great World 
Societies — the World's Sunday-school Association, the World's Y. M. 
C. A. and W. C. T. U., the World's Evangelical Alliance, the World's 
Endeavor Union would no doubt put in their conventions at dates and 
places to fit the itinerary in such centers as Jerusalem, Rome, Paris, and 
London — the tour to occupy six months, followed later, perhaps, by 
another like tour starting in the spring, when more can secure leave of 
absence. The special trains and boats would naturally be decorated 
with inscriptions such as : " The Year of Our Lord, 1901," " The Lord 
Reigneth, Let the Earth Rejoice," and so the triumphal march would be 
a world-encircling sermon. The special trains, and especially the boats, 
would afford opportunity for studies of the nineteen Christian centuries 
and of every country visited with special reference to its religious his- 
tory, under inspiring leadership. Indeed, we suggest that in 1900 the 
C. L. S. C. make a review of the nineteen Christian centuries its chief 
topic, and in 1901 arrange a Round-the- World Tour in Books, that all 



444 APPENDIX. 

who travel and all who stay at home may that year make the Chautauqua 
Circle a world circle, not confining it for those two all-embracing years 
to the usual quartet of Greek, Roman, English, and American history. 
It would be every way fitting, at least in the odd year 1900, to give its 
readers briefer studies of the less-important but surely not unimportant 
nations, and a concise review of the Christian centuries, which all will 
then wish to know about and celebrate. With all private commissions 
eliminated and wholesale arrangements made, it is expected that the cost 
of such a trip will not exceed $1000 for each tourist. Other international 
and national societies, it is hoped, will appoint committees to cooperate 
with Miss F. E. Willard, Lady Henry Somerset, and Mrs. W. F. 
Crafts, who are the World's W. C. T. U. committee, in making some 
definite plans for the tour. Another feature of the proposed celebration 
calling for immediate action is the passage in each State, so far as 
possible, of improved suffrage laws, to take effect January 1, 1901. 
Vice and ignorance should have due notice that no new voters will be 
made in the twentieth century out of illiterates, drunkards, and criminals. 
A national recognition of Christ in a constitutional preamble or amend- 
ment, which should also abolish sectarian appropriations and forbid all 
unions of Church and State, and an International Court of Peace and 
Arbitration, are other fitting celebrations to be secured in advance. 



ROUND THE WORLD READING TOURS. 

To those who have quickly traveled, in this book, down the centuries, 
from creation to our own day, we suggest also reading by countries for 
more extended and yet brief studies of the world's past and present. 
Each of the three courses outlined below can be taken in half-hour 
daily readings in the forty available weeks of a year, although more 
time is desirable, when available. If those using this plan of reading 
should unite in a literary society, and at the end of each of these courses of 
reading there should be an examination, with some certificate of merit, 
to which all were looking forward, it would add to the zest ; and there 
would be still more interest in the course if, by the way, recitations, 
readings, and essays on the countries through which one was passing 
were -given at the meetings of the circle or society, and photographs of 
the scenes under consideration were brought by the members. On each 
country and king, see references in Alphabetical Index of this book ; also 
cyclopedias, book-list named below, and available libraries. 

ROUND THE WORLD READING TOUR OF FORMER TIMES. 

Journey in books from one nation to another, visiting each, as nearly 
as possible, at the period (see p. 358) of its world-empire, or age of 
greatest extent, and in an order made approximately chronological by 
adding connecting links of intervening history. This will constitute a 
study of all countries and of the world from the mountain-peaks of 
political history, and, with some zigzagging about the Mediterranean, 
may be followed as a round the world tour. Let these mountain-peaks 
of history be climbed, one after the other, for brief, comprehensive 



ROUND THE WORLD READING TOURS. 445 

outlooks. It will be helpful in each case to review the march by which 
the nation reached its highest altitude. It will be appropriate also to 
look around at the condition of other nations at each of these epochs 
by way of contrast, and also to read briefly of the nation's decline. 
Thus, with brief readings of connecting history, a complete view of the 
past will be obtained on a plan that can be made as exhilarating as real 
mountain climbing. 

ROUND THE WORLD READING TOUR OF OUR OWN TIMES. 

Read the recent history of each country in the order it would naturally 
be visited in a round the world tour, beginning in each case at the coun- 
try in which the reader or associated readers reside. Both these plans 
can be worked, or a simpler plan than either, from my Round the 
World Book-list (twenty-five cents per dozen, National Bureau of Re- 
forms, Washington, D. C), which was used with profit and delight some 
time since by a young people's society in the author's New York church, 
in which case the division between the earlier and later history of each 
country studied in round the world order was not made. Three grades 
of books in size and price are given, one of them consisting of books 
both brief and cheap. Only one set of books was bought, with the 
idea that each week all the books on the country under consideration 
would be read, each by a different person, who would report in brief 
its contents at the general meeting of the readers. It would be better 
to have two or more copies of each of the books when funds permit. 
Some special point was emphasized in the meeting of each week or 
fortnight. For instance, for two weeks the members read books in regard 
to the political life of ancient and modern Italy, from Romulus to 
Garibaldi, one person being required to prepare a ten-minute sketch of 
its early political history, and another a longer essay of its recent unifica- 
tion ; while yet another, who had visited Italy, described, with the aid 
of pictures and costumes, the past and present social life of the people. 
A second fortnight was devoted to Italy's religious history, with short 
essays, and carefully prepared talks on the Waldenses, the Roman Cath- 
olics, and Savonarola ; each essay or talk being followed by general con- 
versation on the same topic, to add whatever facts other members of the 
club had ascertained, and to draw out more fully the meaning of the 
essayist or leader, if any point had not been sufficiently explained. A 
third fortnight was spent in reading Italian literature and the biographies 
of Italian authors ; short essays being prepared by assignment on Cicero, 
Vergil, Seneca, Dante, Petrarch, and Tasso, and arranged on the pro- 
gram in chronological order. The last fortnight was devoted to the 
development of Italian art, with seven-minute sketches of its artists 
in chronological order, the subjects being illustrated by photographs 
and other copies of their purest masterpieces, not overlooking their 
historical errors in admiring their artistic excellence. These reading 
plans provide the two elements of enjoyable and profitable reading — 
namely, unity and variety. Historic fiction, biography, general history, 
poetry, even science, are included, but all unified by their relation to the 
one country under consideration, which each element helps to picture. 



446 APPENDIX. 

HON. CARROLL D. WRIGHT ON DIVORCE * 

Washington, March 13, 1895. 
Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts: 

My Dear Sir : In further reply to yours of the 8th inst., and espe- 
cially to that part of it which relates to an address I made on the 
divorce question in 1891, I am very glad to offer you my thoughts upon 
the subject, and particularly upon those points wherein you find you 
cannot be in agreement with me. 

The use of the words " Mosaic law" at the point suggested by you 
was a slip. It should not have been so. It seems to me, however, that 
the term "ecclesiastical view" was correct, because the ecclesiastical 
view of divorce means, if I understand it aright, the idea that no 
divorce should ever take place except for adultery. I have studied this 
question of marriage and divorce a great deal, and I am perfectly free 
to say that I cannot join those who believe that divorce should be lim- 
ited to the one scriptural cause — adultery. One of the chief reasons for 
this opinion is that such a limitation reduces the whole matter to a low 
physical plane. 

I want also to assure you that I am not in favor of lax divorce laws, 
but just where the line should be drawn is the great difficulty. To give 
you some idea of my argument, which you refer to as after the middle 
of my 1891 speech, I will say that I believe that industrial independence 
and rational divorce will ultimately reduce to the minimum the number 
of unholy marriages, the unions for convenience, for support, for physi- 
cal reasons only perhaps, and will also reduce the number of murders 
and suicides growing out of abhorrent marital relations. These two 
things will also give stability to marriages wherein the psychical as well 
as the physical grounds are properly blended ; in which affection, and not 
mercenary motives, is the predominant cause of marriage. I want to 
see marriages take place, as a rule, only when affection, and not simply 
law, is to bind the parties. 

Herbert Spencer has very grandly expressed the true sentiment in this 
respect of the change from the soulless law status to that of affection. 
" In primitive phases," he says, " while permanent monogamy was 
developing, union in the name of the law — that is, originally, the act of 
purchase — was accounted the essential part of the marriage, and union 
in the name of affection was not essential. In the present day, union in 
the name of the law is considered the most important, and union by 
affection as less important. A time will come when union by affection 

* See discussion of Mr. Wright's views on pp. 66, 67. 



HON. CARROLL D. WRIGHT ON DIVORCE. 447 

will be considered the most important, and union in the name of the law 
the least important, and men will hold in reprobation those conjugal 
unions in which union by affection is dissolved." And Montaigne once 
wrote : " We have thought to make our marriage tie stronger by taking 
away all means of dissolving it ; but the more we have tightened the 
constraint, so much the more have we relaxed and detracted from the 
bond of will and affection." 

I believe in this line of thought, and that the purity of the family is 
more effectually secured by declaring that no sacredness exists when 
affection is destroyed than by holding men and women in hated bonds 
simply because a magic " Presto ! " has been pronounced by a magistrate 
or by a minister. 

Now, I am very well aware that one who wishes to agree with me in 
this position may not find himself able to do so, because he will think 
that the words of the Great Master stand in his way, and that the state- 
ments I have made are arguments against his command ; and, further- 
more, he may think that marriage is a sacrament which cannot be abro- 
gated or annulled by human courts. I am willing to confront this 
position. 

The Great Teacher had been preaching the new gospel along the 
shores of Galilee ; he was followed by the multitudes from Galilee, 
from Decapolis, from Jerusalem, from Judea, and from beyond Jordan, 
and when in the mountain, and after he had given the world his won- 
derful sermon, the Pharisees, with their usual casuistry, undertook to 
draw from him some statement that would enable them to accuse him. 
To the interpretation of his sayings the skill of the grammarian, the 
lexicographer, and the expert exegetist has been brought to play a great 
part, yet with ever-dividing lines. His constant cry was that the king- 
dom of heaven was at hand, and he preached to inspire the people of 
his time and of the conditions that surrounded them. Let us concede 
for a moment that Matthew wrote down with exactness the words of 
Christ nearly thirty-two years after they were uttered, and that Mark 
remembered perfectly what his Great Teacher told him the Divine Mas- 
ter had said, and we have two crucial statements on which the whole 
ecclesiastical position rests : First, one which relates simply to remarriage 
under some condition; second, the command "What therefore God 
hath joined together, let not man put asunder." I can find no state- 
ment limiting divorce to one cause only, or really prohibiting it for any 
cause ; and the fact that great exegetists disagree on these points as to 
what Christ did mean, and that some of the wisest come to the conclu- 
sion I have reached, make me contend that I am in no way expressing 
views out of harmony with the teachings of the Great Master ; but if I 



44^ APPENDIX. 

am, before I vacate them, I must be convinced that Jesus was consider- 
ing modern judicial divorce, and not simply the arbitrary " putting 
away " of the wife, in accordance with the old custom, which had no 
law in it, and that under the great command, " What therefore God 
hath joined together, let not man put asunder," all unions are of God's 
joining. 

My own conception of the work of Christ, as it related to the affairs 
of the state, is that he formulated a grand moral and religious constitu- 
tion, a code of principles embodying old and new precepts which we 
call the basis of the Christian religion, but that he did not attempt to 
legislate on the details of conditions for all time. So while the Church 
(I use the word in the broadest sense) is bound to preach the loftiest 
ideals for the State in its legislative capacity, the State must grapple with 
the problems it finds, and the complex conditions which surround them. 
These conditions grow more and more complex as civilization advances 
in its grand march toward social perfection ; and one of the most com- 
plicated and vexing questions the State has to deal with is that of mar- 
riage and divorce, for it must ever keep in view, in dealing with it, the 
purity and the sacredness of the family. In doing this may not the 
State consider that the dismemberment of the family by its internal war- 
fare has already been accomplished through God's plans as well as that 
the original union was made by him ? Has not the State this right when 
it is undertaking to secure the happiness of the greatest number ? Has 
not God put asunder what in some cases man in a blasphemous way has 
attributed to God as joining ? If this view is correct, divorce is but the 
legal recognition of an already disrupted family. Man, through his 
statutes, may recognize what God has already put asunder, even if he 
may not put asunder what God hath joined together. The powers that 
be are ordained of God, and it is right that we should render unto 
Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are 
God's. This is the highest conception of the State, and is a declara- 
tion I emphatically accept. Christ constantly taught obedience to the 
powers that be. The powers that be, then, must regulate the affairs 
of the State. The family tie is broken, the integrity of the so-called 
sacrament violated, the putting asunder accomplished. Can there be 
any sacredness left? A new status of the parties has been created, not 
by law, but by the evil that exists in one or both of the parties. Law 
simply recognizes and defines the new status by a decree called 
" divorce," so that the legal conditions of all men may be known. 

In a religious and ideal State there can be no crime ; in the actual 
State there is much crime, and the legislator must meet the conditions 
of society as he finds them. In heaven there is to be no marrying and 



HON. CARROLL D. WRIGHT ON DIVORCE. 449 

no giving in marriage ; in the actual life of the present, marriage, for 
various motives, holy and unholy, is the rule, and the legislator, even 
with the highest ideal of religion before him, and in his heart and mind 
even, must consider the actions of men as he finds them. 

The various ecclesiastical views on divorce, based on the Master's 
words, are as conflicting as are the views of controversial theologians on 
the state of the soul after death. These views may be classified under 
five heads, as follows : 

First. The Roman Catholic Church, High Church Episcopalians, and 
some others in other churches, deny the right of absolute divorce. 
Neither husband nor wife should be able to secure it even for the infidel- 
ity of the other. 

Second. In English ecclesiastical as well as in English civil law the 
infidelity of the wife, only, is the ground of divorce. Many American 
Episcopalians also agree with this view. 

Third. The Protestant Episcopal Church of America holds to the right 
of absolute divorce for the infidelity of either party, and this church, 
as well as the bodies referred to in the first and second classes, also 
holds to separation a mensa et thoro for sufficient cause. Congregation- 
alists, Baptists, Unitarians, etc., have no authoritative legislative eccle- 
siastical bodies and therefore cannot be classed by their creedal 
utterances ; but probably most Congregationalists and nearly all Baptists 
hold to this position. A large, and, it may be, growing, number of 
Congregationalists and others tend toward a more liberal view even. 

Fourth. The great Presbyterian body (except the United Presbyterians 
and perhaps the smaller divisions) and, if I am rightly informed, the 
Protestant Methodist Episcopal Church, allow divorce for infidelity, and 
desertion also, but rigidly draw the line at the latter. 

Fifth. The Greek and Lutheran churches, and frequently individual 
writers and exegetical scholars, favor divorce for an indefinite number of 
causes. 

From this it will be seen that in the churches themselves there is no 
common rule in the interpretation of the Scriptures or in understanding 
exactly what Christ meant ; and it is well known that many of the early 
reformers, Wyclif, Luther, Melanchthon, Erasmus, and other men not 
only of the highest virtue and purity of life and thought, but also deeply 
versed in the interpretation of Scripture, took the ground that divorce is 
not limited by the Scriptures, either old or new ; and Judge Edmund 
Bennett, dean of the law school of Boston University, a most devoted 
churchman, when speaking of marriage some time since before the 
Congregational ministers of Boston, said: 4< Upon this branch of the 
subject," that is, the ecclesiastical view of divorce, "is it too much to 



4^0 APPENDIX. 

conclude, . . that it is not so clear that Christ intended to say that no 
divorces should ever be granted by law except for a violation of the sev- 
enth commandment ? " And he further said, and with great force : 
' Why should a delicate and sensitive woman be forever bound to a 
man whose only delight is to heap indignity and cruelty upon her and 
her children, or to one who, by habitual profanity and outrageous con- 
duct, makes her own life wretched, and the moral and right training of her 
children an impossibility ? . . Shall a young and unsuspecting wife, 
whose false-hearted husband, the next day after their marriage, entirely 
abandons her and absconds to parts unknown, be condemned to live in 
that miscalled wedded state for the remainder of her natural life ? And 
yet this very occurrence is constantly happening in the midst of us. 
True, even one act of infidelity, under whatever circumstances commit- 
ted, is a sad enough occurrence in domestic life ; but if really repented 
of, it may be condoned, and the remainder of the wife's married days 
be not unhappy ; but to be constrained to live with some husbands for 
the rest of one's mortal life is nothing less than a constant living death. 
A modern David may be a more endurable companion than one who 
constantly violates every commandment except the seventh ! " And 
these are the emphatic words of a distinguished scholar when discussing 
the ecclesiastical view of divorce. 

Another distinguished scholar, Judge Hiram Sibley of Ohio, in an 
able address delivered at the Ecumenical Methodist Conference at 
Washington, in 1891, discussing this very question, whether or not 
divorce was allowed by the Master, came to this conclusion (I express it 
in very nearly his own words) : " Infidelity, desertion, and other acts 
which, like the first, destroy the sexual purity of the relation, or, like 
the second, operate to deny to an innocent party and to society the sub- 
stantial benefits of, and so what is essential in the right, to the relation, 
if its bonds be held indissoluble, are valid causes for annulling it." 

If my position is against the strict scriptural view, I can congratulate 
myself on being in most excellent company ; but when I recog- 
nize that the position of woman under the divorce question, from the 
ecclesiastical point of view, is made more intolerable by other laws from 
the Old and New Testaments, I cannot content myself with a simple 
protest. She has been kept in marital bondage by the alleged authority 
of God, and the traditional curse recorded in Genesis is the basis of other 
conditions. It is there recorded that God said : "Thy desire shall be 
unto thy husband, and he shall rule over thee." Could this have been 
the command of the Divine Father of the gentle Son of Mary, the true 
lover of woman, or was it the command of that other spirit that took the 
lowly Jesus up into the mountain and tempted him ? I believe it was 
the latter, if the curse was ever uttered. Thousands of volumes of the 



HON. CARROLL D. WRIGHT ON DIVORCE. 45 1 

size of that in which the curse is found could not relate the misery it has 
brought to womankind, and when the utterances of Paul, which de- 
graded woman and marriage, are added to the sentiment of Genesis, it is 
no wonder that the ecclesiastical position on divorce finds its stronghold 
only in the ranks of dogmatic theology. 

I will accept the ecclesiastical ground taken from the Master's com- 
mand, " What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put 
asunder," if the proof is fairly clear that God and not man or the devil 
has made the union. The mere " Presto, change!" or " I pronounce 
you husband and wife," does not furnish the sufficient proof that it is of 
God. Nothing can be sacred that is not pure. The second ecclesiastical 
error is in the assumption that all marriages are sacramental, and hence 
sacred, while the fact is many are unholy, for under the " Presto " 
men violate every principle of marriage, outrage purity, and make a hell 
of what should be the sweetest relations ; and to my mind it smacks of 
blasphemy to call the union of a beast and an angel, or of two beasts, 
a sacrament on the ground that God hath joined them together ; for 
blasphemy is an injury offered to God by attributing to him that which 
is not agreeable to his nature. Marriage is a sacramental union when 
two hearts that beat as one come to the altar with pledges of life-long 
fidelity ; when affection, true and kind, the acme of friendship, brings 
them there ; when they come with serious and solemn acknowledgment 
of the true purpose of marriage and with gladness in their hearts. It is 
not a sacramental union when the one comes to the consecrated altar, 
and with the rankest perjury, taken under the guise of a God-ordained 
ceremony, sells her honor, her life, her body, her soul into life-long 
prostitution that is far more demoralizing than that in which one sells 
her honor alone, but not for life-long slavery ; or the other comes to 
take a confiding, loving woman under his care when he has no affection, 
true and holy, to give in return. We say if one come to the table of the 
Lord's Supper to celebrate the sweet memorial of the religionists' belief 
with pure heart and pure life, it is a sacrament. If he come with 
depraved heart and lips that wish to taste the wine, there is no sacra- 
ment, but a desecration of holy ceremonies. Marriage is a sacrament 
when God hath joined together, and then no man can put asunder. 
True sacramental marriage, that which occurs when God hath joined 
together, takes place before the marriage ceremony, which is simply 
a law function, the declaration to the world for legal purposes, for the 
rights of children, of property. The law defines a God-made status ; it 
does not make it. So divorce takes place when the devilish conduct of 
one of the parties abrogates the true marriage, and law then defines the 
status ; it does not make it. The rights of persons, of children, of 
property, demand this of law. » 



452 APPENDIX. 

When marriage is spoken of as a sacrament, it is presumed that moral 
marriage is intended. An immoral marriage cannot in any sense be 
sacramental. Granting that a moral, and therefore a proper marriage 
conforms to the law as announced by the Master does not justify 
immoral and improper marriage, nor the continuance of repugnant rela- 
tions that offend public morality. 

Genesis does not reveal the birth of geology, nor does sociology date 
from the Christian era. The phenomena of life and of society cover all 
time. The Great Teacher's constitutional work could not have been 
aimed at the infinite ramifications of conditions in detail which confront 
the legislators of successive ages. He adjusted his constitutional work 
to the times, the morality, the conditions, and the knowledge of his 
age. I cannot, therefore, believe that this position on divorce is con- 
trary in spirit to the truest religious basis of society ; indeed, as I have 
more than once declared, I believe that in the adoption of the philosophy 
of the religion of Jesus Christ as a practical creed for the conduct of 
business lies the surest and speediest solution of those industrial and 
social difficulties which are exciting the minds of men to-day and leading 
many to think that the crisis of government is at hand. 

I have, perhaps, drawn this statement out to greater length than 
I should, but your letter so kindly invited it that I felt it my duty to 
write as fully as I have. You will not agree with me. For this I am 
truly sorry, but we cannot expect to agree on all points. My only hope 
is that if you find yourself in public controversy with me on this matter 
you will print at length what I have written above, so that I may not be 
misunderstood nor my arguments be unknown. 

You see that I take the ground, broadly, that Christ laid down no 
law. He was dealing with another question than divorce. He took no 
ground against it, but did take the ground that marriage after divorce- 
ment, except for adultery, was adultery itself, and I believe that the 
reasons which I have given strongly back up my position. 

Thanking you for your courtesy, 

I am, 

Sincerely yours, 




NOTES ON PURITY. 453 

[The last paragraph of Mr. Wright's letter shows that he does not 
really differ from "the ecclesiastical view" which he opposes. Not 
even Roman Catholics object to legal separation of those unhappily 
married, for which Mr. Wright's argument is really a plea, but they and 
most Protestants have always claimed, as Mr. Wright does, that " mar- 
riage after divorcement, except for adultery, was adultery itself." This 
view of Mr. Wright is also what the Churches generally consider to be 
Christ's view, as he does ; and so the controversy seems to be of value 
chiefly as illustrating how persons may think they differ who really 
agree. As to that alleged " curse " in Genesis, it is on the face of it only 
a prophecy of what has most surely occurred, not foreordained, but only 
foreknown by God.] 



NOTES ON PURITY. 

A childless home is an anomaly. The parents in such case are to be 
commiserated more than the bereaved, unless such childlessness is their 
choice, in which case it is a crime against marriage and against society. 
Small families are intentionally so in some cases, no doubt, but it seems 
incredible that the same should be true of childless ones. As we ascend 
the scale of life, the age of marriage increases and the births decrease. 
In the professions marriage averages in England seven years later for 
men and four years later for women than among miners. The lower the 
station the earlier the marriage, as a rule, and the larger the family. So 
says Kidd's Social Evolution, 26. (On Malthus, pro and con, read 
Toynbee's Lectures on the Industrial Revolution, ch. x, xi ; Andrews, 
Wealth and Moral Law, 121 ff. ; Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 
bk. ii, ch. i ; Social Economist, October, 1894.) The sorrow of the 
childless ought not to be aggravated by suspicion, but no condemnation 
can be too severe for the slaughter of the innocents unborn, which 
physicians tell us is constantly in progress in the interest of fashion's 
so-called " society " and of sensuality. (See " Well-springs and Feeders 
of Immorality," by B. O. Flower, Arena, December, 1894.) It is not 
the unmarried alone that need to learn self-mastery. But we believe 
that a majority of homes are undefiled by secret sin, glad gardens of 
parental and filial love. 

Benjamin Kidd says {Social Evolution, 283) : " France stands now, 
a solitary example among European peoples, with a population showing 
an actual tendency to decrease. . . The causes of the more recent 
decadence of the French nation are well known. . . On the average, 
out of every 1000 men over twenty years of age in the whole of France 
only 609 are married. Out of every 1000 families, as many as 640 have 



454 APPENDIX. 

only two children or under, and 200 of these families have no children 
at all." 

The first word in sociology is not production but reproduction, the 
most godlike of human powers ; one so kindred to creatorship that nearly 
all heathen religions make it an object of worship, as in the Bible it is a 
subject of " honor, "though by many Christians of to-day thought of only 
with shame. There is profound significance in Lamartine's trinity, the 
father, the mother, and the child — through whom society is ever 
recreated. Dr. Pomeroy notes that heredity repeats in the child not 
what the parents happen to be at the time of its birth so much as what 
they have been all their lives. Lady Henry Somerset (quoted Literary 
Digest, March 30, 1895) says: "Economic independence, social and 
political independence, are of vast import to women ; but there is 
a deeper lesson and a harder one to teach — the personal independence of 
woman ; and only when both man and woman have learned that the 
most sacred of all functions given to woman must be exercised by her 
free will alone, can children be born into the world who have in them 
the joyous desire to live ; who claim that sweetest privilege of childhood, 
the certainty that they can expand in the sunshine of the love which is 
their due. Whoever doubts this has only to study the laws of God 
written in the life of the animal world, and he will find that the whole 
creation in a natural state is founded on the principle of the mother's 
right to choose when she will become a mother. This is the chief 
corner-stone of that holy temple we are to build — our character." 

Personal impurity, beyond its hygienic and moral peril to the indi- 
vidual, is a fundamental peril to society because it attacks the very 
foundations of the family. For a city to tolerate a traffic in it is to 
invite both physical and moral blood-poisoning of society itself. Expert 
reformers do not admit that there are any " necessary evils." Toronto, 
with a quarter of a million inhabitants, does not tolerate one known 
house of infamy, not one street-walker. The lame and impotent con- 
clusion of some daily papers, reasoning on Dr. Parkhurst's exposures of 
blackmail in New York, is that the blackmailing should be stopped by 
repealing the laws against disorderly houses, as if bribery were worse 
than impurity, or either of them necessary. The following was quoted 
in The Altruistic Review for August, 1894, from Harper's Magazine : 
" This is a proper time for serious men calmly to consider the question 
whether the sale of liquors in saloons on Sundays and the business of 
disorderly houses can really be suppressed in a large city like ours by 
merely making, and trying to enforce, laws against such things ; and if 
not, whether it will not be in the general interest to regulate, and by 
regulation mitigate and circumscribe, evils which in some measure will 



NOTES ON PURITY. 455 

continue to exist in spite of even the most conscientious and energetic 
exertion of legal force. This question should be studied and discussed 
from the point of view not of sentimental, but of practical morality, 
without levity on the one side and. without cant on the other. Much 
may in this respect be learned from the various experiences of the great 
European capitals." " Much," indeed, may be learned from " European 
capitals," but only in the way of warning against repeating their mis- 
takes in this matter. Professor C. R. Henderson {Dependents, Defect- 
ives, Delinquents, 253) says: "The 'regulation' of prostitution is not 
even a palliative remedy, but tends to destroy the moral feelings which 
promise a real cure. Under cover of ' legal regulation,' our ' Christian ' 
States offer to lust hecatombs of corrupted girls, a more hideous example 
of human sacrifices than those of the heathen." (Apply with stamps to 
The Philanthropist, 39 Nassau Street, New York, for pamphlet by 
A. A. Powell, showing failures of State regulation of vice, and for other 
purity literature. The pamphlet referred to gives $65,000,000 as the 
annual money waste in New York brothels alone. Mrs. Ballington 
Booth of the Salvation Army, in Christian Work, January, 1895, gives 
220,000 as the number of harlots "known and marked in the United 
States alone." And Dr. B. F. De Costa says : " For every fallen 
woman there are five fallen men.") The licensing of prostitution with 
medical supervision is, in effect, saying : " Behold here, under the pro- 
tection of the law, under the supervision of your fathers and brothers as 
officials and physicians, are women — women who once were such as 
your mothers and sisters — groomed and guarded for your slaves ; walk 
forth boldly into the market-place and buy, and fear not ! " 

Neither Toronto nor Pittsburg allows the sale of the corrupting police 
gazettes. It is amazing that fathers and mothers allow the streets of 
nearly all cities to be placarded with indecent theatrical pictures when 
the one bill-poster of the town could be taught decency by any deter- 
mined citizen who would insist on his obedience to the law. It is not 
less strange that fathers tolerate and even patronize tobacconists whose 
windows insult their wives and daughters and tempt their sons. Boys of 
pure ambitions find it hard enough to hold the blooded steed of passion 
in check without having tradesmen urging it to madness with their 
pictorial whips at every block. 

Josiah W. Leeds of Philadelphia has done some moral street-cleaning 
in this line that should be repeated elsewhere. 

It is not sufficiently known by parents, and by youth who are nobly 
struggling for self-mastery, that tobacco and alcohol are both sexual 
irritants that make it as hard as possible to do right, and as easy as pos- 
sible to do wrong. Both morals and health are attacked by such traffic. 



456 APPENDIX. 

Animal passion is also promoted in youth by the usual American 
excess of animal food. Many a bad boy " needs cow's milk more than 
a cow's hide." 

Perhaps maidenhood may have too much of veils and chaperons in 
other lands, but in ours it certainly has too much liberty ; for instance, 
in attendance, without guardians, upon evening picnics and concerts in 
parks, which often in such cases repeat the wickedness of the heathen 
" sacred groves." In one city, at least, an ordinance forbids girls with- 
out guardians to visit such places after dark. Liberty and Ignorance 
form a dangerous partnership. Girls are too much taught to yield to the 
wishes of others. They need also to be trained in the faculty of resist- 
ance. Instead of breaking their wills, let us strengthen them. 

Not much can be publicly said on this theme, but whenever there is 
occasion, the condemnation should be swift and severe. It was a 
startling reductio ad absurdum of the theory that modern prophets ought 
not to interfere with politics, when a confessed adulterer, aspiring to 
reelection to Congress, on the preachers of his city condemning his 
course, " challenged the right of ministers to interfere in political 
affairs." It was more strange that some preachers, on like action being 
proposed in the Southern Presbyterian Assembly, objected that the body 
" should not take notice of matters political." But it was a sign of 
sound mind and conscience in the body politic that the effort of this 
adulterer to traffic in his evil notoriety by a lecture tour was a flat 
failure. 

Though little can be publicly said on this theme, much ought to 
be privately read. It is useless to urge parents to talk frankly on 
these matters to their own children. They will not. It would be 
hardly an exaggeration to say, they cannot. But they should see that 
what needs to be known is said to or read by their boys and girls. (Send to 
American Purity Alliance, 39 Nassau Street, New York, for A Private 
Letter to Girls, by Grace H. Dodge, and to N. W. C. T., The Temple, 
Chicago, for A Mother s Letter to Her Son, by Mary Clement Leavitt, 
asking in both cases for full list of purity literature.) Doctors, the 
fittest persons to speak on these subjects by lectures and conversation, 
have not (noble exceptions aside) done their duty in fighting this secret 
plague. There are several fatal falsehoods commonly believed by the 
youth of both sexes that reputable doctors should hunt to death. Lead- 
ing physicians of New York — Roosa, Smith, Keyes, Currier, Mendelson, 
Thomson — have signed the following statement, published in The 
Philanthropist, January, 1895 : " In view of the widespread suffering, 
physical disease, deplorable hereditary results, and moral deterioration 
inseparable from unchaste living, the undersigned, members of the 



NOTES ON PURITY. 457 

medical profession of New York and vicinity, unite in declaring it as 
our opinion that chastity — a pure, continent life for both sexes — is conso- 
nant with the best conditions of physical, mental, and moral health." 

There is no time when incontinence is even physically safe for either 
party. More appropriate than for any vial of deadly poison would the 
skull and cross-bones be as the label for the harlot's house of death. 
Not a few doctors, in their materialism, have abetted impurity, setting 
themselves against the divine law of continence. Only Christian doctors 
can safely be trusted with the bodies of our youth. 

Something can be done by improved laws. Crimes against property 
are punished more severely than crimes against purity. "The age of 
consent " is infamously too low in nearly all our States. 

There are signs that the scandalous " age of consent" laws of our 
States, as found in laws against rape — now that public attention has 
been drawn to them — will be improved speedily from very shame. 
Women suffragists cite them forcibly as showing the mistake of leaving 
legislation on such subjects wholly to men. 

Kansas, Wyoming, Colorado, Missouri, New York, Nebraska, are the 
only States which have raised the law to 18, the age of majority. The 
other States are all below this only proper standard. The papers have 
made so many misreports of the ages in these other States that no one 
should rely on any information in regard to them except copies of the 
laws, as they may be seen in any large law library. Even Canada's age 
of consent is only 16. The author suggests that friends of purity 
secure everywhere a law as nearly up to the following as possible : 
Be it enacted, etc., That in prosecutions for rape, seduction, or other 
sexual congress out of wedlock, all of which is hereby declared a felony, 
to be punished by imprisonment at the discretion of the court, except in 
any case for which existing laws prescribe a more definite term of im- 
prisonment or severer punishment, consent shall not be recognized as 
having any legal existence in palliation in the case of any minor. 

Moses and the mob are right in saying the ravisher deserves capital 
punishment (which is the law in a number of our States) ; only the mob 
should say it as voters, not as lynchers. (Castration is also seriously 
proposed. See Henderson's Dependents, Defectives, Delinquents , 253 : 
Warner's American Charities, 133-35 J an d Rev. Dr. H. L. Wayland in 
Christianity Practically Applied, I : 455.) 

Even more than law we need a public sentiment that will annihilate 
the " double standard," and brand " the male prostitute "as well as his 
partner in evil. The Heavenly Twins is a powerful protest against 
the double standard — a bride's repudiation of a husband whom she finds 
has come to her stained by a " fast life." 



458 APPENDIX. 

The question of "Morals vs. Art" (see Anthony Comstock's pam- 
phlet of that title) is one which belongs here in the discussion of purity- 
arid the family. Artists have overawed some good men by their loud 
defense of nudes. We are asjted to believe that an exact copy on 
canvas or in stone of some naked female model is the noblest, purest 
art, and suitable for exhibition to youth and age. Some of us have 
read of the regular annual orgies of Parisian artists with their models, 
orgies so indecent that even Paris police are compelled to interfere. 
There are some unsavory stories of even great artists and their models. 
Therefore we are not persuaded that the production of nudes has an 
ennobling influence even upon the artists themselves in all cases, although 
some Christian artists defend the use of models as a professional neces- 
sity, even though no nude pictures are to be made. The Interior, in a 
scholarly article suggested by the nudes at the World's Fair, showed (and 
Kidd's Social Evolution, 138, declares the same) that even in Greece 
nudes came in only with the decadence of art. They were certainly 
contemporaneous with the decadence of morals. 

It is not sufficiently known that the fixed principle of British and 
American court procedure in regard to obscenity, whether in books or 
pictures, is that everything is to be condemned whose " tendency is to 
corrupt and deprave those whose minds are open to such immoral influ- 
ences." The "intent" of the artist or author does not count, nor his 
fame, nor the fact that all would not be injured. " Look," says the 
judge to the jury, " at that picture, and say if it should come into the 
hands of your children, into the hands of your sons or your daughters ; 
if the impressions it would be likely to create would be pure and moral 
ones, or whether they would be likely to create lewd, lascivious, and 
immoralones." 

It is greatly to be regretted that Christian young people are so seldom 
willing to study the moral influence of balls and theaters upon them- 
selves and their associates in a judicial and impartial spirit, with a clear 
recognition that personal wishes and social customs are not in them- 
selves conclusive arguments. Ministers cannot be suspected of opposing 
good times in the interest of gloom. No social party is merrier than 
one made up wholly or largely of ministers. Let young people ask them- 
selves seriously : Why is it that these guardians of morals, who make no 
objection to tennis and croquet and cycling, and a hundred other recre- 
ations, have always been so nearly unanimous in their belief that the 
dance and theater are for many young people a menace to purity, and 
therefore ought to be avoided, even by those not thus imperiled them- 
selves, for the general good? " It does not harm me," even if a true 
judgment is a very selfish test. Altruism says rather : "If all the world. 



NOTES ON PURITY. 459 

follows my example, as some are sure to do, will there result more harm 
than good?" Let a young Christian, if in doubt, make original inves- 
tigations as to how many successfully couple devotion and the dance, and 
attend the prayer-meeting and the theater with equal regularity. 

As to the theater, I made careful investigation of the eight theaters of 
highest standing in New York City, when a pastor there, by reading the 
librettos of the plays, and found that the eight plays then on the boards 
were all pictures of impurity, to say nothing of the ballets ; the so-called 
"best theater " having on its stage a soiled " lily," playing the part of a 
courtesan in a picture of seduction long drawn out ; a play as unfit for 
pure men or women of any age as a visit to the mouth of the pit, which 
indeed it was. Shortly after, in Harper's Weekly, the theatrical man- 
ager, Mr. Harrigan, referring nonchalantly to the relation of the theater 
to morals, declared that the money a play would bring was the decisive 
point with managers, admitting that the foremost plays then in vogue, 
which he named, all centered in immoral intrigues. Because one cel- 
ebrated play pictures pure home life, shall we support an institution 
which is the very citadel of the attack upon the family ? An article 
on " Show-places in Paris" {Harper's Monthly, December, 1894) shows 
that French theaters are even worse than ours. The " living pictures" 
of the London theaters (consisting of women in glove-fitting, flesh- 
colored tights, in tableau attitudes), suppressed by the efforts of Lady 
Henry Somerset and others, were allowed to reappear in New York and 
other American cities at the very time the Lexow Committee were hunt- 
ing down less public and so less corrupting nastiness. Each of the city 
papers commended the committee on one page and advertised the 
"pictures" on another. Some good people fear to fight "living 
pictures," and like theatrical indecency, for fear of increasing the evil 
by advertising it. But this cannot be a valid excuse when the thing 
attacked is illegal, and so can soon be put beyond all advertising ben- 
efits. In 1895 the theaters of the United States had become so impure 
and coarse that The Outlook, a defender of the theater, said (April 13, 
1895) : "Asa friend of a true theater and of a drama which belongs to 
the arts, The Outlook urges all self-respecting people to stay at home 
until the managers introduce decency, variety, and a little art into the 
plays." 

We cannot leave this subject without an earnest protest against the 
plague of erotic novels, sold freely on railroads managed by Christian 
men ; sold without protest in the shops of respectable citizens, and 
allowed in Christian homes, although their very titles and covers are 
doors to hell. This and other literature that court records prove to be 
promotive of crime, are allowed to poison youth in open day. The 



460 APPENDIX. 

French Academy refuses persistently to admit Zola, but fathers and 
mothers admit him to their homes. 

Dress reform, often treated by men, and women, too, as a jest, is 
a matter of serious importance, since it affects the health of mothers, 
and so of their children, and so the public health. The Chinese 
women, with bandaged feet, might well send hygienic missionaries to 
American women, who compress more vital organs at the dictates of 
fashion. When a woman gratuitously sweeps the street it might be 
treated as only an amusing instance of the follies of fashion, were it 
not that she is sweeping disease germs into her home. The low-cut 
dress, which some Christian women wear at the dictates of Paris ac- 
tresses and demi-monde \ promotes not only pneumonia, but also passion, 
and for both reasons is a social peril. 



EASY LESSONS IN CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. 

PREPARED FOR THE USE OF MIXED SCHOOLS. 

V This is' life eternal, that they may know thee, the only true God, 
and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent." — John xvii : 5. 

[Copyright, 1890, by J. A. Quay, Morganza, Pa.]* 

Notice. — The object of this little book is to present a short and 
plain explanation of doctrines common to all who profess belief in the 
gospel of Jesus Christ, leaving instruction in the doctrines peculiar to 
each denomination of Christians to be supplied by each authorized 
teacher of that church. 

[extracts.] 

Question. — What is the first thing man should know ? Answer. — The 
first thing man should know is that there is a God, who rewards the 
good and punishes the wicked. 

Q. Who is God ? A. God is the creator of heaven and earth, and of 
all things. 

Q. What is man ? A. Man is a creature composed of body and soul, 
and made in the image and likeness of God. 

Q. In what is man like to God ? A. Chiefly in his soul ; which is 
a spirit that can never die, capable of knowing and loving God. 

Q. Say the Apostles' Creed. (Creed as usual.) 

* A copy of this very interesting book (see history of it, pp. 94-96), with indorsements 
of it, can be had from the above address for 10 cts. postpaid. 



EASY LESSONS IN CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. 461 

Q. What means the Blessed Trinity? A. One God in three divine 
persons. 

Q. Are they not, then, three Gods ? A. No ; the three persons are 
one and the same God, having but one and the same divine nature and 
substance. 

Q. Why did the Son of God become man ? A. The Son of God 
became man that he might redeem and save us. 

Q. How did Christ redeem and save us ? A. By his sufferings and 
death on the cross. 

Q. Is the sin which we inherit from our first parents the only kind of 
sin ? A. The sin which we inherit from our first parents is not the only 
kind of sin ; there are other sins which are called actual sins, because 
they are acts of our own. 

Q. What is actual sin? A. Actual sin is any thought, word, deed, or 
omission, contrary to the law of God. 

Q. How long did Christ live on earth ? A. Christ lived on earth 
about thirty-three years, and led a most holy life in poverty and 
sufferings. 

Q. Why did Christ live so long on earth ? A. Christ lived so long on 
earth to show us the way to heaven by his teachings and example. 

Q. What is Holy Scripture? A. Holy Scripture is a collection of 
books, written by men inspired by the Holy Ghost, and acknowledged 
to be the written Word of God. 

Q. Which is the best prayer ? A. The Lord's Prayer, because Jesus 
Christ himself taught it. 

Q. Why do we say "Our Father," when we say the Lord's Prayer? 
A. We say " Our Father," because God is the common Father of all ; 
and therefore we should speak to him with child-like confidence, and 
love and pray for one another. 

Q. To obtain eternal salvation is it enough to know what God teaches ? 
A. No ; we must also keep his commandments. 

Q. Why are we bound to love God above all things ? A. Because 
he is our Creator, our Redeemer, and our supreme happiness, for time 
and eternity. 

Q. How are we to love our neighbor as ourselves? A. "As you 
would," says Christ, "that men should do to you, do you also to 
them." 

Q. Who is our neighbor ? A. All men are our neighbors ; even those 
who injure us, or differ from us in religion. 

Q. Where is our duty to God and our neighbor most fully stated ? 
A. In the Ten Commandments. 

Q. Who gave the Ten Commandments ? A. God gave the Ten 



462 APPENDIX. 

Commandments, written on two tables of stone, to Moses, and Christ 
confirmed them in the New Law. 

Q. Say the Ten Commandments. (Given as in Exodus xx, common 
version.) 

Q. What are we commanded to do by the words : "lam the Lord thy 
God ; thou shalt have no other gods before me " ? A. We are com- 
manded to know and serve the one true and living God, and adore but 
him alone. 

Q. What is forbidden by the words : " Thou shalt not make to thy- 
self any graven image " ? A. By these words we are forbidden to make 
images and pictures of any kind, to adore and serve them, as the 
idolaters did. 

Q. Is it lawful to pray to images and pictures ? A. By no means ; 
for they have neither life, nor sense, nor power to hear or help us. 

Q. What is forbidden by the words : " Thou shalt not take the name 
of the Lord thy God in vain " ? A. These words forbid all profanation 
of the holy name of God. 

Q. What are we commanded by the words : " Remember the Sabbath 
day to keep it holy " ? A. We are commanded to keep holy the 
Lord's day. 

Q. How is the Lord's day profaned? A. The Lord's day is pro- 
faned by unnecessary worldly business, dissipation, drinking, dancing, 
and whatever else tends to make it a day of revelry and scandal rather 
than of rest and prayer. 

Q. What are we commanded by the words : " Honor thy father and 
thy mother " ? A. We are commanded to love, honor, and obey our 
parents and superiors in all that is not sinful. 

Q. What are we commanded by this commandment : " Thou shalt 
not kill"? A. We are commanded by this commandment to live in 
peace and union with our neighbor, to respect his rights, to seek his 
spiritual and bodily welfare, and to take proper care of our own life and 
health. 

Q. What is forbidden by this commandment : " Thou shalt not 
commit adultery " ? A. This commandment forbids all unchaste free- 
dom with another's wife or husband ; also all external acts of impurity, 
with ourselves or others, in looks, words, or actions, and everything 
that leads to impurity. 

Q. What is forbidden by the commandment: "Thou shalt not 
steal " ? A. All unjust taking or keeping what belongs to another. 

Q. What else is forbidden by this commandment ? A. All cheating 
in buying or selling ; or any other injury done our neighbor in his 
property. 



EASY LESSONS IN CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. 463 

Q. What is commanded by this commandment? A. To pay our 
lawful debts and to give every one his own. 

Q. What is forbidden by the commandment : " Thou shalt not 
bear false witness against thy neighbor " ? A. This commandment for- 
bids all false testimonies, rash judgments, slanders, and lies. 

Q. What do the words, " Thou shalt not covet anything that is thy 
neighbor's," forbid? A. They forbid all wilful, unjust desires of our 
neighbor's goods. 

Q. Why does God forbid evil desires ? A. Because it is sinful to 
desire what it is sinful to do ; because sinful thoughts and desires lead to 
sinful actions. 

Q. Is it necessary to keep every one of the Ten Commandments? 
A. Yes ; if a man offend in one, the observance of the others will not 
save him. 

Q. What does Christ say of the observance of the commandments ? 
A. Christ says : " If thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments." 

Q. Of what life does Christ speak? A. Of everlasting life in the 
kingdom of his glory, where the just shall see and enjoy God forever. 

Q. What will Christ say to the good on the last day. A. " Come, 
ye blessed of My Father, possess the kingdom prepared for you." 

Q. What shall Christ say to the wicked on the last day? A. "De- 
part from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, which was prepared for 
the devil and his angels." 

Q. What should we always bear in mind ? A. That in the judgment 
Jesus Christ will render to every man according to his works ; and 
that it profits a man nothing to gain the whole world, if he lose his 
soul. 

(The conclusion of the second part of the book, which gives "A 
Short History of the Christian Religion," is as follows): 

Q. What conclusion must we draw from this history of religion ? A. 
We must conclude that the religion which unites man with God goes 
back to the beginning of the world. Since the fall of man the central 
figure of revealed religion has been one and the same, the Redeemer, the 
Messiah. 

Whether expected, or already come, Jesus Christ is the foundation of 
religion ; eternal salvation was never at any time possible, except through 
him. He alone can destroy sin and lead men to happiness. 

Jesus Christ, as the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity, existed 
before his incarnation and lives after his death on the cross. He 
speaks, he teaches, he commands, he forbids, he combats, and he tri- 
umphs. All men die and all the works of men pass away. The religion 
of Jesus Christ lives and abides forever. 



464 APPENDIX. 

[In view of what is said above of the "best prayer," which Roman 
Catholics joined with men of all religions in repeating at the World's 
Fair, it is a strange, but we fear a representative fact, that in the quiet 
village in which the author is spending a few summer days while proof- 
ing this book, the Lord's Prayer has been withdrawn from the public 
schools, this very year, 1895, on account of the objection of the local 
Roman Catholic priest to its use. This change was made without pro- 
test on the part of the citizens ; indeed, was done without the knowledge 
of most of them. Let every reader of these lines investigate the status of 
his own town or city as to religious exercises in the schools, and the exact 
wording of the law on that subject ; and ascertain also whether agnostic 
readers and doctored histories are used in the local schools.] 



LETTER FROM PROFESSOR R. T. ELY ON SENDING THE UNEMPLOYED 
TO FARMS. 

University of Wisconsin, 
Madison, Wis., February 1, 1895. 
Dear Mr. Crafts : I beg you to accept my thanks for articles which 
you have sent me from time to time. I have been much interested in 
them. There is one thing to which I would take exception. You speak 
about the impossibility of finding men in New York City to take places 
on farms at a time when there was great complaint on account of lack of 
employment. I have looked into this matter somewhat and think the 
statement, which has been frequently made, a misleading one. I think 
it unfortunate, as many people seek by such statements to evade their 
responsibility toward others. Of course, I know that you have no 
thoughts of the kind. I was brought up on a farm and know a good 
deal about the situation of the country. I do not know any place east 
of the Mississippi where it is not possible to secure farm laborers for 
quite small wages, provided one is able to give continuous employment. 
The one difficulty is in finding laborers during the harvest time and 
similar seasons when men are wanted only for a few days. The entire 
wages which one could earn during such a season would not be sufficient 
to defray transportation expenses to any point distant from New York 
City. In my old home in western New York, which I frequently visit, 
I find that now they have no difficulty in getting all the labor they want 
even in their busiest season, which is the grape-gathering season. We 
must further consider this : If artisans and mechanics in the city should 
leave the city to find temporary employment in the country, they might 
lose the chance of securing permanent employment of a kind for which 



ON THE DEFINITION OF ANARCHY, 465 

they are especially adapted. It seems to me it would be very foolish for 
city men not trained to farm work to go to the country. There is no 
real demand for such labor. There is much ground for the claim that 
there is already a relative over-supply of farm products. If a few 
farmers cannot instantly find the laborers they want, the newspapers 
write columns about it, and for obvious reasons the information is 
welcome to many. As I say, I know you do not wish to do anything to 
help people shake off that feeling of responsibility which they ought to 
have. 

It is frequently said, to refer to an analogous case, that there is a 
dearth of servants. I have never yet been in a place where there were 
not plenty of servants, such as they were. There is, of course, a dearth 
of qualified servants. 

Faithfully yours, 

R. T. Ely. 



LETTER FROM PRESIDENT E. B. ANDREWS ON THE DEFINITION OF 
ANARCHY. 

Brown University, 
Providence, R. I., January 21, 1895. 
Rev. W. F. Crafts : 

My Dear Sir: What I have said about "administration" under 
anarchism [in Wealth and Moral Law] cannot, I fear, be supported by 
proof tests. I have rather assumed it than deduced it from the 
anarchist treatises — assuming it as necessary to the working of any 
social system whatever, however far removed from the existing order. 
This seems to me a correct principle of criticism, according to Schaeffle's 
remark which I quote in Wealth and Moral Law, p. 101. It is, how- 
ever, a clear implication of all that Krapotkin has written on the subject. 
See his various articles in the Nineteenth Century and elsewhere, and 
also in Benjamin W. Tucker's deliverances in his papers and lectures. 
The idea which I express in my lecture was impressed on me particularly 
by Tucker's exposition in a joint debate which I had with him and 
Bliss, the Christian Socialist, at a meeting of the Unitarian Congress in 
October, 1890. This debate was quite fully reprinted in the Christian 
Register, Boston, October 23, 1890. ' 

I think your definitions as good as any so short ones on these themes 
could be, save that I should, for my part, leave out the word " violent " 
from the definition of anarchism. As I understand, Tucker, Yarrow, 
and Krapotkin do not advocate violence in doing away with the present 
order, and do not think it necessary. They believe that their system is 



466 APPENDIX. 

sure to come as the result of evolution. This was the notion also of 
my uncle, the late Stephen Pear Andrews. Of course the majority of 
anarchists, impatient at the slow march of evolution, wish to help it on, 
and, to do all the good they can, stock up with dynamite. But I really 
think that Tucker, at least, a very mild and kindly man, deprecates this. 
I am glad that the Princeton students are to have the benefit of your 
studies. 

Sincerely, 

E. B. Andrews. 

[See "Anarchism" in Alphabetical Index; also Flint's Socialism, 
36, 37-] 



CHICAGO STRIKE COMMISSION S RECOMMENDATIONS, HON. CARROLL 
D. WRIGHT, CHAIRMAN. 

I. 

I. That there be a permanent United States strike commission of 
three members, with duties and powers of investigation and recom- 
mendation as to disputes between railroads and their employees similar 
to those vested in the Interstate Commerce Commission as to rates, etc. 

a. That, as in the Interstate Commerce Act, power be given to the 
United States courts to compel railroads to obey the decisions of the 
commission, after summary hearing unattended by technicalities, and 
that no delays in obeying the decisions of the commission be allowed 
pending appeals. 

b. That, whenever the parties to a controversy in a matter within the 
jurisdiction of the commission are one or more railroads upon one side 
and one or more national trades unions, incorporated under Chapter 567 
of the United States Statutes of 1885-86, or under State statutes, upon 
the other, each side shall have the right to select a representative, who 
shall be appointed by the President to serve as a temporary member of 
the commission in hearing, adjusting, and determining that particular 
controversy. 

(This provision would make it for the interest of labor organizations 
to incorporate under the law and to make the commission a practical 
board of conciliation. It would also tend to create confidence in the 
commission, and to give to that body in every hearing the benefit of 
practical knowledge of the situation on both sides.) 

c. That, during the pendency of a proceeding before the commission 
inaugurated by national trades unions, or by an incorporation of em- 
ployees, it shall not be lawful for the railroads to discharge employees 



STRIKE COMMISSION'S RECOMMENDATIONS. 467 

belonging thereto except for inefficiency, violation of law, or neglect of 
duty ; nor for such unions or incorporation during such pendency to 
order, unite in, aid, or abet strikes or boycotts against the railroads com- 
plained of ; nor, for a period of six months after a decision, for such 
railroads to discharge any such employees in whose places others shall 
be employed, except for the causes aforesaid ; nor for any such em- 
ployees, during a like period, to quit the service without giving thirty 
days' written notice of intention to do so, nor for any such union or 
incorporation to order, counsel, or advise otherwise. 

2. That Chapter 567 of the United States Statutes of 1885-86 be 
amended so as to require national trades unions to provide in their 
articles of incorporation, and in their constitutions, rules, and by-laws, 
that a member shall cease to be such and forfeit all rights and privi- 
leges conferred on him by law as such by participating in or by insti- 
gating force or violence against persons or property during strikes or 
boycotts, or by seeking to prevent others from working through 
violence, threats, or intimidations ; also, that members shall be no more 
personally liable for corporate acts than are stockholders in corporations. 

3. The commission does not feel warranted, with the study it has 
been able to give to the subject, to recommend positively the establish- 
ment of a license system by which all the higher employees or others of 
railroads engaged in interstate commerce should be licensed after due 
and proper examination, but it would recommend, and most urgently, 
that this subject be carefully and fully considered by the proper com- 
mittee of Congress. Many railroad employees and some railroad officials 
examined, and many others who have filed their suggestions in writing 
with the commission, are in favor of some such system. It involves too 
many complications, however, for the commission to decide upon the 
exact plan, if any, which should be adopted. 

II. 

1. The commission would suggest the consideration by the States of 
the adoption of some system of conciliation and arbitration like that, 
for instance, in use in the commonwealth of Massachusetts. That 
system might be reen forced by additional provisions giving the Board 
of Arbitration more power to investigate all strikes, whether requested 
so to do or not, and the question might be considered as to giving labor 
organizations a standing before the law, as heretofore suggested for 
national trade-unions. 

2. Contracts requiring men to agree not to join labor organizations 
or to leave them, as conditions of employment, should be made illegal, 
as is already done in some of our States. 



468 APPENDIX. 

III. 

1. The commission urges employers to recognize labor organiza- 
tions ; that such organizations be dealt with through representatives, 
with special reference to conciliation and arbitration when difficulties 
are threatened or arise. It is satisfied that employers should come in 
closer touch with labor and should recognize that, while the interests 
of labor and capital are not identical, they are reciprocal. 

2. The commission is satisfied that if employers everywhere will 
endeavor to act in concert with labor ; that if, when wages can be 
raised under economic conditions, they be raised voluntarily ; and that 
if, when there are reductions, reasons be given for the reduction, much 
friction can be avoided. It is also satisfied that if employers will con- 
sider employees as thoroughly essential to industrial success as capital, 
and thus take labor into consultation at proper times, much of the 
severity of strikes can be tempered, and their number reduced. 



ARBITRATION BILL. 

A combination of bills prepared by Hon. Carroll D. Wright and 
Attorney-general Olney, passed the House of Representatives, February 
26, 1895, but was not voted on by the Senate. Main features as given 
below : 

1. It applies to all common carriers and the employees thereof, except 
masters of vessels and seamen, as defined in Section 4612, Revised 
Statutes. 

2. Leased or rented property shall be considered as belonging to the 
carrier operating it. 

3. All wages, rules, and regulations shall be reasonable and just, but 
contracts for stipulated wages can be made. 

4. If a contention arises that threatens injury to a carrier, the chairman 
of the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Commissioner of Labor 
shall, upon the request of either party to the controversy, put themselves 
in communication with the parties to the controversy and shall use their 
best efforts by mediation and conciliation to amicably settle the same ; 
and if such efforts shall be unsuccessful, shall at once endeavor to bring 
about an arbitration of the controversy. 

5. If the controversy cannot be settled by the parties named in the 
foregoing, then a board of arbitration shall be chosen as follows : There 
shall be one man named by the labor organization to which the man 
belongs, or if there is more than one organization involved, then these 
organizations shall name a man to represent them jointly ; the employer 



STRIKE COMMISSION'S RECOMMENDATIONS. 469 

to name one arbitrator, and if they cannot agree they shall name a third 
one within forty-eight hours. Failing to name this third man, the com- 
missioners heretofore designated shall name him. 

6. Pending the arbitration the existing status shall not be changed. 

7. The award shall be filed in the clerk's office of the Circuit Court 
of the United States of the State wherein the employer carries on busi- 
ness, and shall be final and conclusive upon both parties, unless set aside 
for error of law apparent on record ; the respective parties to the award 
shall each faithfully execute the same, and the same may be specifi- 
cally enforced in equity so far as the powers of a court of equity permit, 
except that no employee shall be punished for his failure to comply with 
the award as for contempt of court. 

8. During the pendency of arbitration it shall not be lawful for the 
employer to discharge the employees, except for inefficiency, violation of 
law, or neglect of duty ; nor for the organization representing such 
employees to unite in, aid, or abet strikes or boycotts against such em- 
ployer ; nor for any such employees during a like period to quit the 
service of said employer without thirty days' written notice ; nor for such 
organization representing such employees to order, counsel, or advise 
otherwise. Any violation of this section shall subject the offending 
party to liability for damages, which may be recovered in an action upon 
the case brought by any person or persons or corporation who shall have 
received or incurred any loss or damage by reason of such unlawful act. 

9. Employees dissatisfied with the award shall not quit the service of 
the employers before the expiration of three months from and after 
making of such award, nor without giving thirty days' notice in writing 
of their intention so to quit. Nor shall the employer dissatisfied with 
such award dismiss any employee or employees on account of such 
dissatisfaction before the expiration of three months from and after the 
making of such award, nor without giving thirty days' notice in writing 
of his intention so to discharge. 

10. The award shall continue in force as between the parties for one 
year after the same shall go into practical operation, and no new arbitra- 
tion upon the same subject between the same employer and the same 
class of employees shall be had until the expiration of said one year. 

11. When the award is filed in the Circuit Court of the United States 
judgment shall be entered thereon accordingly, at the expiration of thirty 
days from such filing. Permission to file exceptions on points of law is 
given. At the expiration of ten days from the decision of the Circuit 
Court upon exceptions, judgment shall be entered unless during ten days 
either party shall appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals. The determi- 
nation of the Circuit Court of Appeals shall be final. 



47° APPENDIX. 

12. After providing how complaints shall be filed and the arbitrators 
called, it provides that if individual employees complain no notice shall 
be taken, unless it can be shown that the award can be made binding on 
all the men of their class. 

13. It is provided that all labor organizations incorporated shall stipu- 
late in their articles, rules, by-laws, and regulations that a member shall 
cease to be such by participating in, or by instigating force or violence 
against persons or property during strikes, lockouts, or boycotts, 
or by seeking to prevent others from working, through violence, threats, 
or intimidation ; but members of such incorporations shall not be per- 
sonally liable for the acts, debts, or obligations of the corporations, nor 
shall such corporations be liable for acts of the members and others in 
violation of the provisions of this section. 

14. Whenever receivers appointed by Federal courts are in the pos- 
session and control of railroads, the employees upon such railroads shall 
have the right to be heard in such courts upon all questions affecting the 
terms and conditions of their employment, and no reduction of wages 
shall be made by such receivers without the authority of the court 
thereto after due notice to such employees. 

15. It is stipulated that any employer who shall require employees to 
quit labor organizations, or make them agree not to join, or who shall in 
any way discriminate against an employee because he belongs to a labor 
organization, or who shall require employees to contribute to a charitable 
or other fund for the purpose of thereby releasing the employer from 
legal liability for personal injury, or, who having discharged an employee, 
shall attempt to prevent him from seeking employment elsewhere, is 
declared to be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof 
shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars and not 
more than one thousand dollars. 



[From The Independent, July 23, 1891.] 

HOW WORKING MEN LIVE. 

By Edward P. Clark. 

What students of social science most desire is facts. There can be no 
intelligent discussion which is not based upon a solid foundation of 
knowledge. The most valuable possible contribution to the current 
debate regarding working men in this country, therefore, is an accurate 
and comprehensive statement of the conditions of thousands of the class. 
Such a compilation is presented in the Eighth Annual Report of the 
Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, a volume of 451 



HOW WORKING MEN LIVE. 47 1 

pages, which is "chock-full" of facts and figures of the highest 
significance. 

During the year 1890 the regular office employees of the bureau per- 
sonally visited 201 shops and manufacturing establishments in twenty-five 
cities, towns, and villages, and put a long list of questions to no less than 
8838 workmen, the greatest pains being taken to make every inquiry 
plain and to secure intelligent replies. As the bureau has been in exist- 
ence several years, and the value of its previous work has come to be 
appreciated, there were but few cases where all the questions asked were 
not willingly answered, while the employers also extended every courtesy 
to the canvassers. The relations between employers and employed ap- 
pear to be unusually harmonious in Michigan, and, with the exception 
of the carpenters' strike in Detroit, there were no serious labor troubles 
in the whole State during the year. All the conditions were thus most 
favorable to the prosecution of such an investigation. 

The canvass was chiefly confined to the employees of the agricultural 
implement and iron-working industries, although a few other establish- 
ments were visited. These are among the oldest and most successful 
industries in the State, and the wages paid are, of course, much higher 
than in some other sorts ; the canvass of Muskegon, for example, show- 
ing that the iron workers receive fully a half more in a year than the 
furniture makers and wood workers, who were questioned in 1889. 
These 8838 men, consequently, represent the best grades of the labor- 
ing class in Michigan. The report tells us just what we want to know 
about an army of such men — where they were born ; how many are 
married, and the size of their families ; what wages they receive, and 
how much of those wages they spend ; how many own homes, and 
have their lives insured ; what proportion own sewing-machines and 
musical instruments ; how many take newspapers and magazines, and 
what sort they take ; in short, how a good many thousands of working 
men's families live. 

A little more than two-fifths of these men were born in other 
countries, those of American birth aggregating 5091 out of 8838. But 
the proportion who are really of American stock is less than these latter 
figures would indicate, inasmuch as many of the younger generation are 
the sons of parents who were born in other countries. An inquiry into 
parentage showed that a little more than two-fifths of the American- 
born had foreign parents. Altogether, those who were themselves born 
in other lands and those whose parents were foreigners make almost 
exactly two-thirds of the whole number. The Germans lead in both 
classes, numbering 1764 of the 3747 foreigners and 927 of the 2144 born 
of foreign parents. There are fewer natives of Ireland than one would 



47 2 APPENDIX. 

expect — only 277 ; but of the second generation there are 528. Michi- 
gan naturally draws a good many Canadians across the line, natives of 
the Dominion numbering 694, and sons of Canadians 162. The Ger- 
mans are most evenly distributed throughout the State. Some of the 
minor nationalities are scarcely found, except as colonies in one or two 
places ; 141 of the 157 Polanders living in Detroit, and two-thirds of the 
221 Hollanders in Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo, while Grand Rapids 
has also 28 of the 41 Swedes. 

Of the whole number, 4889 are married, and 195 more have been 
married and are now widowers. The proportion of husbands among 
the adults, however, is decidedly larger than these figures indicate, as 
the canvass reached many hundreds of boys who were in their teens, 
nearly one-seventh of the employees being under nineteen. There will 
be general surprise at the small number of children reported, 5186 
families having only 1 1,161. There were no less than 951 married men 
without children, and in families which have children the average does 
not quite reach three apiece. Sixty-nine per cent, of the children of 
school age attend school ; this evidently meaning not that thirty-one per 
cent, fail to attend school at all, but that sixty-nine per cent, of the 
whole number between the ages within which one may go to school do so. 
The public schools get a trifle more than four-fifths of all who attend 
any school, although in Detroit the parochial schools secure two-fifths of 
the children. A State law prohibits the employment of children under 
ten years of age, and only twenty-one cases were reported of boys at 
work under fourteen. Such boys, by the way, are prohibited from 
working more than nine hours a day, and must attend school four 
months in the year. 

The figures regarding wages are full of interest. One man earns $40 
a week ; eight, $30 to $40, and 125, $20 to $30, while at the other end 
of the scale are a dozen boys at $2 apiece, and 322 others who do not 
receive over $3 a week. Only a trifle more than fifteen per cent, 
receive $15 or over, while more than seventeen per cent, are paid less 
than $7. The largest class at any single rate is 1048 at $12. The 
average for all 8838, married and single, boys and men, was $10.06 per 
week ; but for the married men it rose to $11.50. This is for the time 
they were actually at work, the losses from various causes (chiefly inability 
to get work) cutting down the average number of weeks that wages were 
earned to a trifle less than forty-six. The average amount received 
during the year in the shape of wages was $467, but for the men sup- 
porting families it rose to about $525. Some places go far above this, 
143 men employed in the iron-working trades in Muskegon earning 
average wages of $653 a year. 

To many persons $525 a year will seem a rather small sum upon which 



HOW WORKING MEN LIVE. 473 

to support a good-sized family, but the report shows that it is sufficient 
to insure a comfortable home in thousands of cases. No less than 2328 
employees own the houses in which they live, nearly half of them free 
from incumbrance of any sort. As almost all of these house-owners 
are married men, it appears that 46 per cent, of such men are rearing 
families in their own homes. The Germans lead in this respect, 37 
per cent, of all employees of that race owning their homes, with the 
Hollanders close behind at 35, and the Irish third on the list with 
33. The Poles who reach Michigan apparently mean to stay there, 
for although they bring less money with them than any other race and 
earn the lowest average wages, 28 per cent, of them live in houses which 
they have paid for in whole or in part — a proportion nearly as large as 
among the Scotchmen, who come to this country much more "fore- 
handed," and are so much more efficient workmen that they earn $576 
a year against the Pole's $368. Of course the Pole's house is a much 
cheaper one than the Scotchman's, the average value of the first class 
being $956 and of the second $2025. The average value of the homes 
of all races is $1312. Those who own homes which are fully paid for 
have reached the average age of forty-one, while those whose houses are 
mortgaged average thirty-six years. That there is much comfort in 
these homes appears from such facts as that sixty-nine per cent, of those 
who support families own sewing-machines ; that sixty-seven per cent, 
of all employees take newspapers and magazines (a daily paper in quite 
half of the cases) ; and that more than one-fifth own a musical instru- 
ment of some sort, the list including 709 family organs and 314 pianos. 

Forty per cent, of the whole number saved something during the 
year. There were 1390 who made payments and improvements upon 
their homes to the amount of $175,470, and 2477 who saved $329,880 in 
money — the latter class, it is interesting to note, included 264 of the 
former. Nearly one-quarter of the whole number carry life insurance, 
and the percentage is, of course, much larger among the married men. 
Indeed, in Battle Creek a canvass of 793 men, 564 of whom were 
married and 25 widowers, showed that 408 had their lives insured. 
The average amount of insurance carried falls a trifle short of $1500. 
The thrifty Scotch take most kindly to this form of provision against the 
future, thirty-six per cent, of them having their lives insured ; the 
English coming next with thirty-three per cent. , and the Irish not much 
behind with thirty per cent. , while their average amount exceeds both 
the English and Scotch. One-fourth of all the employees belong to 
benefit societies, which pay an average amount of $6.41 a week in case 
of sickness. 

This volume shows conclusively that it is economy and thrift, far 
more than a large income, which settles the question whether a working 



474 APPENDIX. 

man shall " get on in the world." There are hundreds of cases where 
men born in foreign lands and receiving by no means large wages, are 
rearing families and saving enough money to own their homes by the 
time they reach middle life. Here are a dozen fair samples — every one 
foreign born, and half of them earning less than the average wages of 
married men as a class : 

Born in Poland, by trade a molder, working in Detroit, thirty-three 
years old, married, supporting two children ; annual earnings, $576, 
family expenses, $435, owning a $1000 house half paid for ; is worth 
$800. 

Polander, laborer, Detroit, thirty-nine, married, five children ; earn- 
ings. $39° '» expenses, $300 ; owning $800 house with $300 mortgage ; 
is worth $700. 

Polander, machinist, Grand Rapids, thirty, married, four children ; 
earnings, $780 ; expenses, $600 ; owning $1800 house, half paid for ; is 
worth $3000. 

Russian, machinist, Grand Rapids, forty, married, five children ; 
earnings, $780 ; expenses, $690 ; owning $2300 house with $350 mort- 
gage ; life insured for $1500 ; is worth $3100. 

Hollander, teamster, Kalamazoo, forty-five, married, two children ; 
earnings, $408 ; expenses, $383 ; owning $1100 house unincumbered ; is 
worth $1200. 

Irishman, laborer, Detroit, thirty, married, three children ; earnings, 
$432 ; expenses, $325 ; owning $1250 house with $900 mortgage ; is 
worth $600. 

Irishman, laborer, Battle Creek, fifty-three, married, one child ; earn- 
ings, $459 ; expenses, $284 ; owning $2000 house, unincumbered ; is 
worth $2560. 

Swiss, carpenter, Jackson, twenty-seven years old, married, four 
children ; earnings, $661 ; expenses, $550 ; owning $1400 house, with 
$100 due upon it ; life insured for $600 ; is worth $1600. 

Swede, machinist, Grand Haven, forty-nine, married, one child ; 
earnings, $546 ; expenses, $500 ; owning $800 house, unincumbered ; is 
worth $1000. 

Austrian, blacksmith, Grand Rapids, thirty-three, married, two 
children ; earnings, $360 ; expenses, $360 ; owning $800 house, unin- 
cumbered ; is worth $1000. 

German, pattern maker, Muskegon, thirty-four, married, two 
children ; earnings, $864 ; expenses, $700 ; owning $1500 house, unin- 
cumbered ; life insured for $2000 ; is worth $2500. 

German, mounter, Dowagiac, forty-eight, married, two children ; 
earnings, $525 ; expenses, $457 ; owning $1000 house, with $200 mort- 
gage ; life insured for $4100 ; is worth $1800, 



BALLOT ON CURRENT REFORMS. 475 



PLEBISCITE ON CURRENT REFORMS. 

The following ballot is intended, first of all, to enumerate and de- 
fine current reforms ; and, second, to afford a means by which to as- 
certain which of them are ripe in public sentiment, and which are yet 
in the green. The figures after "Yes," " No," and "?" have been 
added to the ballot to show the representative vote of fifty senior 
students of Oberlin in 1S90— some of them young men, the others 
young ladies. Where no vote is indicated the question has been 
added since. Those who believe that the best prophecy of the future 
is the unforced opinion of young men and young ladies, will value the 
result as a guideboard showing what roads our educated Christian 
young people are taking.* The ballot would be especially valuable 
for political papers to use in ascertaining what planks found in the 
platforms of reform organizations are seasoned enough to be built into 
political platforms. Free permission is granted to anv periodical to 
use the ballot, due credit being given, and a marked copy being for- 
warded to the author's address, to which it is hoped reports of ballots 
taken by colleges and other bodies will also be sent, to be published 
later. 

Each reader will please indicate his vote by penciling a circle 
around " Yes" or " No" after each question. If one favors a stronger 
measure, add -f- after " Yes" ; if a weaker — , or modify by erasure 
or additional words. If undecided put the circle about the "?" 
Do you favor — 



I. From the Standpoint of the Family. 

1. A law or ordinance forbidding children under sixteen to be on 
the streets, except in the company of adult guardians, after nine 
o'clock at night — a curfew bell giving due warning ? Yes 20, or No 
io.or ? 20. 



47^ APPENDIX. 

2. The enactment and enforcement ot such laws as will prevent 
bill-posters, tobacconists, newsdealers, and others from displaying 
pictures whose tendency is to arouse lust in our youth ? Yes 47, or 
No o, or ? 3. 

3. The enforcement of laws (as in Toronto and Pittsburg) forbid- 
ding the sale of police gazettes that describe and picture vice and 
crime, and such additional legislation as may be necessary to sup- 
press all similar literature, or at least to make the selling of it to 
youth a crime ? Yes or No, or ? 

4. Correcting by agitation "the double standard" in society, and 
requiring the same purity of word and deed in any one who would be 
counted a gentleman as in one who would be treated as a lady ? Yes 
48, or No 1, or ? 1. 

5. Raising the " age of consent" everywhere by law to at least 
twenty-one years? Yes 36, or No 8, or ? 6. 

6. Capital punishment for rape ? Yes or No, or ? 

7. Preventing both the direct and indirect licensing of prostitution ? 
Yes 47, or No 2, or ? 1. 

8. A uniform national marriage and divorce law in the National 
Constitution to prevent polygamy and restrain divorce? Yes 45, or 
No o, or ? 5. 

9. In place of above law or pending its enactment, such improve- 
ments of existing marriage laws by State commissions or otherwise, 
that divorce with permission to marry again can be granted (as is the 
law in New York State alone) only for the one cause of adultery, and 
only to the innocent party ? Yes 34, or No 12, or ? 4. 

10. Laws forbidding public attacks upon marriage and public incite- 
ments to crime, either in the press or on the platform ? Yes 40, or 
No 3, or ? 7. 

11. A penalty ($4,000 in France) for publishing the revolting de- 
tails of a divorce trial ? Yes 39, or No 3, or ? 8. 

12. Laws (as in England) forbidding night work by messenger 
boys ? Yes or No, or ? 

13. Laws forbidding night work by minors and by all women, ex- 
cept in care of the sick ? Yes or No, or ? 

14. Laws requiring seats for female clerks in stores ? Yes or No, or ? 

15. Legal restriction of the wage-work of women and children at 
least, to eight hours per day ? Yes or No, or ? 

16. Forbidding insurance of children, lest it lead to neglect or 
something worse ? Yes or No, or ? 

17. Tenement house reform by compulsory thinning out and clean- 
ing out by health authorities wherever needed ? Yes or No, or ? 

18. Dress reform ? Yes 44, or No 2, or ? 4. 

19. Dress reform for women to the extent at least of (1) abolishing 
the decolette style for the shoulders ; (2) adopting dresses that clear 
the ground for the streets ; (3) avoiding all compression of the waist ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

20. Voluntary funeral reform, to the extent of (1) more economy 
and less display even by those who can afford both, for the sake of 
the poor, if not for the sake of good taste ; (2) no Sunday funerals 
except in rare instances of real " necessity and mercy" ? Yes 20, or 
No 10 or ? 20. 



BALLOT ON CURRENT REFORMS. 477 

II. From the Standpoint of the Schools. 

21. Compulsory education for the whole school year for children 
up to fourteen years of age at least, with additional compulsory edu- 
cation for at least two years more for a part of the time in evening 
schools or otherwise? Yes or No, or ? 

22. Maintaining the American common school substantially on the 
present plan, with no division of the school fund for sectarian uses, 
and the Bible read without comment, but not without expression, in 
the opening exercises ? Yes 49, or No 0, or ? 1. 

23. Additional unsectarian teaching of Christian morality ? Yes or 
No, or ? 

24. The teaching of hygiene in all public schools, with special ref- 
erence to the influence of alcohol ? Yes 49, or No o, or ? 1. 

25. Flying a national flag over or in every school when in session 
as a means of promoting patriotism ? Yes or No, or ? 

26. The teaching of at least the elements of civics in public schools 
as a preparation for citizenship? Yes or No, or ? 

27. The required reading in all public schools, shortly after each 
adjournment of the Legislature, of an officially prepared summary in 
popular language of the general laws of the State ? Yes or No, or ? 

28. Elementary manual education in public schools, enough to 
dignify labor and qualify boys and girls to do simple mechanical work 
for themselves, or to start in trades at an advantage ? Yes 41 or No 
4, or ? 5. 

29. Much attention in public schools to the art of expression by 
voice and pen, since ours is a " Government by talking," which 
makes readiness of expression an important element of good citizen- 
ship in all occupations? Yes 45, or No 2, or ? 3. 

30. Maintaining Normal schools at State expense as heretofore ? 
Yes 39, or No 4, or ? 7. 

31. State universities also ? Yes 41, or No 4, or ? 5. 

32. Opening colleges to both sexes ? Yes 45, or No 3, or ? 2. 

33. Limitation of college athletics, in term time, by college law to 
the grounds of the college to which the athletics in each case belong ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

34. Forbidding by college lav, or by civil law, or by the football 
associations, of such plays in football as have often caused fatalities ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

35. The punishment of hazing by civil rather than college law ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

36. The rejection, by action of school boards or other powers, 
of the proposal to introduce military drills in public schools ? Yes or 
No, or ? 

III. From the Standpoint of Business. 

37. " Early closing" of places of trade? Yes 41, or No 1, or? 8.. 

38. Saturday half holidays for at least the summer months ? Yes 
44, or No o, or? 6. 

39. Wages for women equal to those of men for the same quantity 
and quality of work? Yes 31, or No 6, or? 13. 



47^ APPENDIX. 

40. Laws requiring both steam and street railroad companies to 
supply safety appliances, such as steam heat in place of stoves on 
trains and the best of fenders on street cars ? Yes or No, or ? 

41. Compulsory arbitration of labor troubles in the case of public 
corporations enjoying public protection and special privileges, and 
essential in their working to the healthy industrial life of the com- 
munity? Yes or No, or ? 

42. The people's ownership or directorship of all railroads ? Yes 
8, No 25? 17. 

43. Government management of the telegraph as a part of the 
postal system ; and also of the express business by a cheaper parcel 
post ; and postal savings banks ? Yes 33, or No 4, or ? 13. 

44. Telephone also ? 

45. City ownership and management of gas works and water works ? 
Yes 38, or No 3, or ? 9. 

46. Of electric lighting? Yes or No, or? 

47. Of street car lines ? Yes or No, or ? 

48. City referendum on the granting of public franchises ? Yes or 
No, or ? 

49. Bellamy's nationalization of trade in its chief features ? Yes 2, 
or No 38, or ? 10. 

50. As a remedy for trusts, the giving to the Interstate Commerce 
Commission, or some other, power to compel fair trade by free trade, 
that is, by proclaiming to all lands temporary free trade in any article 
whose producers have combined to force up the price ? Yes 24, or No 
7, or ? 19. 

51. The eight-hour day for mechanics, but as a child of Reason, not 
of Violence ? Yes 37, or No 3, or ? 10. 

52. Compulsory insurance for wage earners (as in Germany) ? Yes 
or No, or ? 

53. Legal protection of owners of real estate against the destruction 
of property values by the building of public stables or tenement 
houses in residential districts of cities and from blackmailing by 
threats of such building — the location of such structures being for- 
bidden except on permission of property owners within certain radius ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

54. One or more public weigher in every city by whom loads of 
coal and wood must be weighed and certified, and by whom all smaller 
purchases shall be tested as to weight and measure on request ? Yes 
38, or No 4, or ? 8. 

55. Public farms separate from those to which criminals and willful 
vagrants are sent for kindly confinement of adult incapables ? Yes 40, 
or No 3, or ? 7. 

56. Government farms, other than those used for the confinement of 
criminals, vagrants and incapables, where habitual wage-earners, tem- 
porarily out of work, may, without loss of self-respect, earn a scanty 
support, payable in rations, not in money, on such a plan as to expe- 
dite their return, as soon as possible, to private employment? Yes 
or No, or? 

57. Leading features of the Charity organization movement, namely, 
that pauperism should not be fostered by giving to unknown beggars 
on the streets or at the door, or to repeaters who secure aid from sev- 
eral societies by concealment for lack of a common bureau ; and that 



BALLOT ON CURRENT REFORMS. 479 

even applicants for aid who are found to be worthy should be helped 
to help themselves rather than helped to become helpless ? Yes 50, 
or No o, or ? o. 

58. Leading features of prison reform, namely, making prisons " re- 
formatories," and aiding discharged convicts into honest industry? 
Yes 50, or No o, or ? o. 



IV. From the Standpoint of Christian Morality. 

59. An amendment to the National Constitution forbidding all sec- 
tarian appropriations ? Yes or No, or ? 

60. An amendment to the Constitution forbidding any State to unite 
Church and State as Congress only is now forbidden to do ? Yes or 
No or ? 

61. Cancelling the exemption of church property from taxation ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

62. Putting the name of God at least into the National Constitution 
by adopting the phraseology in which the Declaration of Independence 
appeals to the God of nations, or by some like expression of the same 
as a preamble, in order to place the religious elements of Government, 
the Bible in the schools, chaplaincies, Thanksgiving Proclamations 
and the like, upon a more unquestionable constitutional basis ? Yes 
24, or No 7, or ? 19. 

63. Acknowledging the Kingship of Christ in place of or in addition 
to the above, by incorporating in the preamble the recent unanimous 
opinion of the Supreme Court, " This is a Christian nation," or words 
to that effect ? Yes or No, or ? 

64. The quiet American civil Sabbath, rather than the Continental 
Sunday of open saloons, theatres and race tracks ? Yes 50, or No o, 
or? o. 

65. Sabbath Rest secured by law to postmen, railroad men, telegra- 
phers, barbers, newsdealers, tobacconists, confectioners and provision 
dealers, as well as to other toilers ? Yes 46, or No o, or ? 4. 

66. A Sabbath Law for the Capital of our country that shall give 
its residents as complete protection against needless work and noise 
and dissipation on that day as is enjoyed by the most favored of the 
States ? Yes 49, or No, or ? 1. 

67. The " Sunday closing" of museums and art galleries? Yes or 
No, or? 

68. At least a half Sabbath and half a week day per week guaran- 
teed by special law to street car employees ? Yes 48, or No o, or ? 2. 

69 Entire suspension of Sunday work on street car lines ? Yes or 
No, or ? 

70. Voluntary Sabbath closing of drug stores, save an hour or two 
early and late in the day, except for emergency calls ? Yes 29, or 
No 10, or ? II. 

71. Suppression, by church discipline, if necessary, of Sunday trains 
for camp meetings, church dedications and the like, so far as they 
are run at the request or by the permission of churches oi church- 
members ? Yes 40, or No 5, or ? 5. 

72. Suppression by enforced law of the noisy huckstering of Sun- 
day newspapers ? Yes 47, or No 1, or ? 2. 



4^0 APPENDIX. 

73. A National law authorizing the Labor Bureau (the Senate so 
voted in 1894), with sufficient appropriation provided, to gather offi- 
cial and impartial statistics concerning the alcoholic liquor traffic ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

74. Removal of all screens that hide the interior of saloons and so 
conceal violations of law? Yes 40, or No 5, or ? 5. 

75. Forbidding the sale of liquor and tobacco to minors, also forbid- 
ing them to enter places where liquor is sold? Yes 48, or No o, 
or ? 2. 

76. Restricting saloons to the extent at least of forbidding the 
opening of more than one to each 500 of the population ? Yes 41, 
or No 5, or ? 4. 

77. The permanent closing of all " saloons" at least, that is, clos- 
ing all places where drinkers loaf and treat and hatch crimes and 
treasons ; all places where liquors are sold to be drunk on the prem- 
ises, except with meals at bona fide eating houses ? Yes 48, or No 

1, or ? 1. 

78. Compulsory commitment of drunkards to inebriate asylums ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

79. Suppression of the "canteens" where National soldiers are re- 
quired to sell liquors to each other under National law ? Yes or No, or ? 

80. Removing internal revenue tax on liquors to separate govern- 
ment from a partnership in the liquor business ? Yes 16, or No 23, 
or ? 11. 

81. An amendment to the Federal Constitution prohibiting the im- 
portation, manufacture and sale of all intoxicating drinks ? Yes 41, 
or No 2, or ? 7. 

82. Interstate Commerce legislation to prevent interference with 
State rights and nullification of State legislation by the sending in of 
liquors from license States into prohibition States ? Yes 47, or No 

2, or ? 1. 

83. Total abstinence rather than "moderation" as the right atti- 
tude of the individual toward the drinking usages of society ? Yes 
48, or No 1, or ? 1. 

84. Some form of prohibition, rather than any form of license, as 
the right attitude of government toward the liquor traffic ? Yes 36, 
or No 8, or ? 6. 

85. Some form of prohibition, rather than any form of State conduct, 
of the liquor traffic (such as the Dispensary system of South Carolina, 
the Gothenburg plan, etc.)? Yes or No, or? 

86. Forbidding the sale of alcoholics by druggists except pure al- 
cohol scientifically used in making up physicians' prescriptions ? (The 
only form, in the opinion of Dr. Benjamin Ward Richardson, in 
which it can be properly used as a medicine.) Yes or No, or? 

87. Forbidding race-track gambling all the year, inside as well as 
outside the tracks? Yes or No, or? 

88. Closing the mails by law of Congress to all lottery advertise- 
ments, whether in circulars or newspapers (this has been done, but 
needs to be maintained), and the withdrawal of charters from all Na- 
tional banks that are the accomplices, that is, guarantee payments, 
of such companies ? Yes 43, or No 2, or ? 5. 

89. Forbidding interstate commerce by express companies or other- 
wise in the interest of lotteries ? Yes or No, or? 



BALLOT ON CURRENT REFORMS. 481 

90. State laws making the auvertising of a lottery or any other 
participation in any gambling scheme a crime, with severe penalties ? 
Yes 44, or No 1, or ? 5. 

91. Amendment of laws against gambling, so far as necessary, to 
include paid guessing and voting when used with the purpose of 
getting something for nothing from all except those who receive the 
financial benefits ? Yes 41, or No 2, or ? 7. 

92 Stringent laws to prevent the sale of opium, except on written 
prescription of an authorized physician ? Yes 50, or No o, or ? o. 

93. The recognition of moral reforms as essential parts of Chris- 
tianity in the curriculum of theological seminaries and other Christian 
schools, and in the examination of candidates for the ministry and 
membership of the churches, and in the official schedules of benevo- 
lence ? Yes or No, or ? 

94. Having the churches, as such, both separately and in unison, 
take a more active part in reforms than is usual, by protesting against 
bad laws whenever proposed, and promoting the enactment and en- 
forcement of good ones ? Yes 44, or No 2, or? 4. 

95. Newspaper reform by means of a syndicate of philanthropists 
who shall endow and control as " The People's University," a group 
of newspapers in leading cities which shall not be inferior to any in 
ability, and shall not be hostile or indifferent to reforms or religion, 
nor wholly controlled by financial considerations, and in which editors 
shall say nothing in refined homes by their types that their editors 
would not dare to say there by their lips— papers that will faithfully 
give all the important news correctly, concisely, cleanly ? Yes 32, 
or No 7, or ? 11. 

V. From the Standpoint of Politics. 

96. The Cleveland plan for primary nominations without primaries, 
through the publication of the names of candidates for nomination in 
the papers and votes for their nomination (not election) at public 
ballot boxes at the voters' convenience ? Yes or No, or ? 

97. In place of or supplemental to the above, a law that neither 
nominations nor elections shall ever take place in a building in which 
liquors are sold ? Yes or No, or ? 

98. Impartial naturalization laws, that will not exclude Indians, 
Japanese and Chinese from citizenship except on conditions applying 
equally to Hungarians, Poles and Italians ? Yes or No, or ? 

99. Protecting " Government of the People, by the People, for 
the People" against increasing perils from legislators by putting pro- 
visions in regard to such matters as are especially liable to be the 
subjects of corrupt legislation, for example, the drink traffic, gam- 
bling, Sunday work, impurity, monopolies, into the Constitution, 
where changes can be made only by consent of the people ? Yes or 
No, or ? 

100. In place of or in addition to the above, the Initiative and Refer- 
endum, by which the people can at any time compel a vote or utter a 
veto in the State Legislature ? Yes or No, or? 

101. In place of or in addition to the above, prevention of hasty 
legislation by a constitutional provision that final legislative action on 
a proposed law can in no case be taken, or only in case of unanimous 



4 g 2 APPENEIX. 

consent, in less than three days from its first reading ? Yes or No, 
or? 

102. The essential features of " Ballot Reform," namely, the official 
ballot and secret voting ? Yes 38, or No o, or ? 12. 

103. Further election guards in the form of strict laws requiring the 
publication in detail of election expenses, and restricting their amount ? 
Yes or No, or ? 

104. The application of the Australian ballot to all elections of Con- 
gressmen by a law of Congress ? Yes 41, or No o, or ? 9. 

105. A legal defense fund to secure prompt and efficient prosecution 
in the courts of all accused of election frauds, under direction of the 
Civil Service Commission or a kindred one ? Yes 41, or No 2, or ? 7. 

106. Disfranchisement of every person convicted of participating in 
bribery or attempted bribery ? Yes 36, or No 6, or ? 8. 

107. Compulsory public record of reasons for not voting by the ab- 
sentees of each election — refusal to be punished by one year's dis- 
franchisement for each refusal, or otherwise ? Yes or No, or ? 

108. Denial of suffrage (to take effect in the beginning of the 20th 
century, the year 1901) to any person not previously a voter who can- 
not then read or write, and to foreigners who have not resided ten 
years in our country, and to persons convicted of drunkenness or any 
other crime during two years previous to the election in which they 
desire to vote ? Yes 36, or No 3, or ? 11. 

109. Restriction of immigration from China and all other foreign 
countries by laws impartially shutting out all foreigners whom our con- 
suls have not recommended as likely to make honest and self-support- 
ing citizens, but no others ? Yes 43. or No 4, or ? 3. 

no. The appointment of a non-partisan Immigration Commission, 
with large discretionary powers, to restrict and regulate immigration, 
in view of the timidity of partisan legislators and partisan adminis- 
trators in dealing with this problem ? Yes or No, or ? 

in. Woman suffrage, for election of school boards at least? Yes 
20, or No 21, or ? 9. 

112. Woman suffrage, for city and town elections at least? Yes 
4, or No 36, or ? 10. 

113. Woman suffrage, with no limitations except such as apply also 
to men ? Yes 6, or No 39, or ? £. 

114. Dealing with the "race problem" as in part a rum problem 
and in part a problem of education by the forced exile from the 
negroes of rum and ignorance, whatever else may be necessary ? 
Yes 27, or No 6, or ? 17. 

115. Transforming Indian tribes into educated individual citizens, 
with necessary safeguards for a few years against sharpers ? Yes 42, 
or No 1, or ? 7. 

116. Discontinuance of the military enlistment of Indians ? Yes or 
No, or ? 

117. Statehood for Indian Territory ? Yes or No, or ? 

118. Election of President and Vice-President by direct popular 
vote, with limitation to one term of six years ? Yes or No, or ? 

119. Limitation of Governors and Mayors also to one prolonged 
te:m ? Yes or No, or ? 

120. Proportional minority representation by cumulative preferen- 
tial voting? Yes or No, or ? 



BALLOT ON CURRENT REFORMS. 4^3 

121. Settlement of contested election cases by a special court made 
up of all retired judges of the highest rank, in place of the legislative 
partisan majority ? Yes or No, or ? 

122. Civil service reform in the main ? Yes 49, or No o, or ? 1. 

123. Adding total abstinence to the requirements for civil service 
(as it has been added in some cases to the requirements of railroad 
service) ? Yes or No, or ? 

124. A constitutional provision, in protection of the civil service 
against partisan or personal abuse, that in all cases where an officer 
is dismissed from such service, a public record of the reasons for such 
dismissal shall be filed? Yes or No, or ? 

125. Forbidding all public officers to receive railway passes as in- 
direct bribes, or else requiring transportation corporations to grant 
them in return for charter privileges ? Yes or No, or ? 

126. The election of a larger proportion of business men and 
fewer lawyers as legislators ? Yes or No, or ? 

127. Three-fourths verdict in jury trial in civil cases ? Yes or No, or ? 

128. Further jury reform to the extent of (1) making something less 
than a unanimous verdict sufficient to convict or acquit in criminal 
cases, and (2) providing for the panel being made up in an absolutely 
impartial manner, and (3) providing against the exclusion of persons 
of intelligence who have read about the case, but declare themselves 
able to hear the case impartially ? Yes 41, or No o, or ? 9. 

129. Greater simplicity and celerity in court proceedings through 
the expression of laws in language easily understood by the people, 
prompt trials guaranteed by statute, with more equity and less of 
technicality and delays and appeals ? Yes 46, or No o, or ? 4. 

130. Forbidding the detention of untried persons or witnesses for 
more than ten days before trial except by special order of court? 
Yes or No, or ? 

131. Law and Order Leagues, uniting good citizens of all parties 
and creeds to enforce not only existing liquor laws, but also those 
against gambling, vice and Sabbath-breaking ? Yes 49, or No o, or ?l. 

132. Special attention by such leagues to enforcing laws against 
the corruption of youth by lustful pictures, papers, books and exhi- 
bitions ? Yes 49, or No o, or ? r. 

133. Proclamations by Governors (similar to one in New Hamp- 
shire) calling attention of offenders and executive officers to neglected 
laws and insisting on their enforcement, in order that bad laws may 
be repealed, imperfect ones amended, and good ones utilized ? Yes 
49, or No o, or ? 1. 

134. Taking from Governors the pardoning power and vesting it in 
a commission or court of pardons ? Yes 24, or No 10, or ? 16. 

135. The appointment of police commissioners for great cities (as 
in Boston) by State rather than city authorities? Yes 14, or No 15, 
or? 21. 

136. Police matrons to take charge of female prisoners in station 
houses in all large cities? Yes or No, or ? 

137. Separating city elections from all others and from party poli- 
tics, and uniting all friends of law against the forces of lawlessness? 
Yes 38, or No 1, or ? 11. 

138. Single headed city commissions and departments (as in Brook- 
lyn) ? Yes or No, or ? 



4 8 4 



APPENDIX. 



139. Salaries for all city officials ? Yes or No, or? 

140. Forbidding sales of pistols except as poisons are sold, under 
careful restrictions ? Yes or No, or ? 

141. Forbidding sale or gift of dynamite to or its possession by any 
person not licensed by public authorities to use it for industrial pur- 
poses ? Yes or No, or ? 

142. Imprisonment for all second or third offences at least, rather 
than fine only ? Yes or No, or? 

143. Indefinite sentence in case of third or subsequent offence as 
"habitual criminal," with no subsequent release unless on parole ? 
Yes or No, or? 

144. The prompt punishment of murderers without regard to sex ? 
Yes 46, or No 2, or ? 2. 

145. Abolition of capital punishment ? Yes or No, or? 

146. Electrocution rather than hanging? Yes 26, or No 7, or? 17. 

147. Free trade at once ? Yes or No, or ? 

148. Free trade, but gradually accomplished ? Yes or No, or ? 
14c,. Tariff for revenue only? Yes or No, or? 

150. Tariff for revenue chiefly, with temporary and diminishing 
protection ? Yes or No, or ? 

151. Protective tariff, but with lower rates than McKinley Bill ? 
Yes or No, or? 

152. McKinley Bill in the main? Yes or No, or? 

153. Non-partisan tariff reform by a commission similar to the In- 
terstate Commerce Commission ? Yes 32, or No 8, or? 10. 

154. Large taxes on large legacies ? Yes or No, or? 

155. Graded taxation, the percentage increasing in proportion to 
wealth ? Yes 28, or No 11, or ? it. 

156. " The Single Tax" on land ? Yes 1, or No 39, or? 10. 

157. Taxation only on such property as can be found and appraised 
without any oath of the tax-payer, and on this at its actual selling 
value? Yes or No, or? 

158. Unlimited free coinage of silver? Yes or No, or ? 

159. The single gold standard ? Yes or No, or ? 

160. The issue of all paper money by the Government without the 
aid of national banks and the abolition of interest on government 
bonds, so putting them in the same class with greenbacks? Yes or 
No, or ? 

161. Vigorous action by our Government, in conjunction with 
other nations, in suppressing the slave trade and rum traffic in Africa 
and elsewhere among savage races ? Yes 50, or No o, or ? o. 

162. The establishment by our Government securing concurrent 
action of leading nations, of an international court of arbitration for 
the authoritative settlement of international disputes ? Yes 46, or No 
1, or ? 3. 



BALLOT ON CURRENT REFORMS. 485 

VI. Miscellaneous. 

163. Cremation ? Yes or No, or ? 

164. Phonetic spelling ? Yes or No, or ? 

165. Discountenancing the foreign habit of giving fees for services 
otherwise paid for? Yes or No, or ? 

166. Suppression or great restriction of vivisection ? Yes or No, or ? 

167. Discontinuance of docking, of the check rein, and the use of 
birds for bonnet trimming ? Yes or No, or ? 

168. 

169. 

170. 

171. 

172. 

173. 

174. 

175. 

Summary of Ballot. 

Let the voter, having marked his answer to each question, if he de- 
sires to keep his ballot, fill out this summary and mail it or a copy of 
it to the address on the first page. 

" Yes" to Nos 

" Yes -f-" to Nos 

" Yes — " to Nos 

" No" to Nos 

" ?" (undecided) to Nos 

Name : 

P. O. address : 
Occupation : 
Votes to be classified by occupations and results reported. 
Readers will please suggest reforms for above blanks. 



4 S6 APPENDIX. 

REPORT OF BALLOT ON REFORMS AT PRINCETON SEMINARY. 

Ninety-nine of the reforms in the ballot preceding were voted on by 
fifty students of Princeton Theological Seminary (same reforms as voted 
on several years before by fifty Oberlin seniors, with whom compare), 
the ballots being given out the week preceding the lectures, to be voted 
before hearing them, although by oversight they were not taken up until 
some of the lectures had been delivered. They are supposed, however, 
to represent the views of students before hearing the lectures. We 
give subjects abridged, with numbers for reference to the ballot for the 
questions in full : 

i. Curfew — yes, 27 ; no, 8 ; ? 15 (? means undecided). 4. Abolish- 
ing "double standard" of purity — yes, 49; ? 1. 5. Age of consent 
twenty-one — yes, 33 ; no, 4 ; ? 13. 7. State regulation of vice to be 
forbidden — yes, 47 ; no, 1, 8. National divorce law — yes, 43 ; ? 7. 
9. Divorce for one cause only — yes, 33 ; ? 7. 10. Prohibition of an- 
archistic speeches — yes, 45 ; no, 1 ; ? 4. 11. Publication of divorce 
proceedings forbidden — yes, 42 ; ? 8. 18. Dress reform — yes, 41 ; 
no, 2 ; ? 7. 20. Funeral reform — yes, 31 ; no, 6 ; ? 13. 22. Division 
of school fund resisted — yes, 49 ; ? 1. 24. Scientific temperance educa- 
tion — yes, 49 ; ? 1. 28. Manual education — yes, 43 ; ? 7. 29. In- 
creased rhetorical teaching — yes, 44 ; ? 6. 30. State support of normal 
schools — yes, 40 ; no, 2 ; ? 8. 31. Of State universities — yes, 22 ; no, 5 ; 
? 23. 32. Coeducation in colleges — yes, 33 ; no, 6. 37. Early closing 
— yes, 40 ; no, 1 ; ? 9. 38. Saturday half-holiday — yes, 42 ; ? 8. 
39. Equal wages for men and women — yes, 43 ; no, 3 ; ? 4. 42. Gov- 
ernment ownership of railroads — yes, 23 ; no, 7 ; ? 20. 43. Of tel- 
egraph and express — yes, 39 ; no, 3 ; ? 8. 44. City ownership of water 
and gas — yes, 39 ; no, 2 ; ? 9. 48. Complete nationalism — yes, 7 ; 
no, 10 ; ? 33. 49. Fair trade or free trade — yes, 26 ; no, 4 ; ? 20. 
50. Eight-hour law — yes, 41 ; ? 9. 53. Public weigher — yes, 33 ; no, 3 ; 
? 14. 54. Workhouse for incapables — yes, 41 ; no, 1 ; ? 5. 56. The 
"new charity" — yes, 48; ? 2. 57. Prison reform — yes, 49; ? 1. 
59. Sixteenth amendment — yes, 48 ; no, I ; ? 1. 61. God in the con- 
stitution — yes, 37; no, 2 ; ? 11. 63. American Sabbath rather than 
Continental Sunday— yes, 50. 64. Sabbath rest for postmen, etc. — 
yes, 49 ; ? 1. 65. Sabbath law for Capital — yes, 49 ; ? I. 67. At least 
half Sabbath for street car men — yes, 45 ; ? 5. 69. Partial Sabbath 
closing of drug stores — yes, 35 ; no, 4 ; ? 11. 70. Church discipline 
for Sunday camp meetings, etc. — yes, 47 ; no, 1 ; ? 2. 71. Suppression 
of Sunday paper huckstering — yes, 49 ; ? I. 73. Removal of liquor 
screens — yes, 48 ; ? 2. 74. Forbidding sale of liquor and tobacco to 
minors — yes, 46 ; no, 2 ; ? 2. 75. Restricting saloons to 1 in 500— 



PRINCETON BALLOT ON REFORMS. 487 

yes, 44 ; no, 2 ; ? 4. 76. Anti-saloon laws — yes, 44 ; no, 2 ; ? 3. 
79. Abolishing internal revenue — yes, 23 ; no, 11 ; ? 16. 80. National 
prohibition amendment — yes, 36 ; no, 8 ; ? 6. 81. Interstate com- 
merce protection of prohibition States — yes, 46 ; no, I ? 3. 82. Total 
abstinence — yes, 49 ; ? 1. 83. Prohibition — yes, 40 ; no, 2 ; ? 8. 
87. Stringent anti-lottery legislation, including abetting national banks — 
yes, 48 ; ? 2. 89. State laws against lottery ads — yes, 48 ; ? 2. 
90. Guessing and voting chances to be treated as lotteries — yes, 47 ; 
? 3, 91. Stringent laws against opium— yes, 48 ; ? 2. 93. Churches to 
be active in reform — yes, 38 ; no 6 ; ? 6. 94. Newspaper reform — 
yes, 46 ; ? 6. ior. Ballot reform — yes, 46; ? 4. 103. Ballot reform 
in Congressional elections by national law — yes, 36 ; no, 3 ; ? 11. 
104. Legal defense fund for suffrage — yes, 41 ; no, 1 ; ? 8. 105. Dis- 
franchisement for bribery — yes, 33 ; no, 5 ; ? 13. 107. Disfranchise- 
ment for drunkenness, etc. — yes, 24 ; no, 16 ; ? 10. 108. Impartial and 
strict immigration restrictions — yes, 44 ; no, 1 ; ? 5. no. Educational 
woman suffrage — yes, 20; no, 15; ? 15. in. Municipal woman suf- 
frage — yes, 18; no, 14; ? 18. 112. Full woman suffrage — yes, 18; 
no, 20 ; ? 12. 113. Forced emigration of rum and ignorance from 
negroes — yes, 27 ; no, I ; ? 22. 114. Severalty for Indians — yes, 42 ; 
no, 2 ; ? 8. 121. Civil service reform — yes, 45 ; ? 5. 127. Jury re- 
form — yes, 36 ; no, 7 ; ? 7. 128. Judiciary reform — yes, 48 ; ? 2. 
130. Law and order leagues — yes, 49 ; ? I. 131. Suppressing corrupt 
pictures — yes, 49 ; ? 1. 132. Governors' proclamations on neglected 
laws — yes, 47 ; ? 3. 133. Taking from governors power of pardon — 
yes, 34 ; no, 6 ; ? 10. 134. State police commissions — yes, 19 ; no, 7 ; 
? 24. 136. Separating city elections from party politics — yes, 39 ; no, 2 ; 
? 9. 143. No regard for sex in murder trials — yes, 48 ; no, 1 ; ? 1. 
145. Electrocutions — yes, 26 ; no, 6 ; ? 24. 152. Non-partisan tariff 
commission — yes, 39 ; no, 1 ; ? 10. 154. Graded taxation — yes, 34 ; 
no, 5 ; ? 11. 155. Single tax — yes, 7 ; no, 12 ; ? 21. 160. Suppres- 
sion of slave and rum traffic in Africa — yes, 47 ; no, I ; ? 2. 161. In- 
ternational court of arbitration — yes, 47 ; ? 3. 



488 APPENDIX. 

BRIEF READING COURSE IN PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN 
SOCIOLOGY. 

It would be easy to fill a volume with the titles of standard books 
and valuable articles germane to this theme, but our aim is to suggest 
a course of reading that will give a busy preacher or active Christian 
layman an outlook upon this subject for the smallest possible expendi- 
ture of time and money. The books following the dash, as a second 
section under each topic, have been added since this reading course was 
first published with the original syllabus, to extend the course for those 
who can read more on any or all the subjects, as is desirable whenever 
possible. Some will wish to be as thorough in sociology as in theology, 
as God's Sinaitic autograph gives them equal space. 

Introductory. — Professor A. W. Small and George E. Vincent, 
Introduction to the Study of Society ; American Book Co., $1.50. Dr. 
William Howe Tolman and Professor W. I. Hull, Handbook of Socio- 
logical Information ; City Vigilance League, 427 West Fifty-seventh 
Street, New York, $1.10. 



I. From the Standpoint of the Church. — Benjamin Kidd, Social 
Evolution; Macmillan, $1.75, 25c. Charles Loring Brace, Gesta 
Christi, or Humane Progress ; Armstrong, $1.50. Dr. Josiah Strong, 
The New Era ; Baker & Taylor Co., 60c, 35c. Professor Richard T. 
Ely, Social Aspects of Christianity; Crowell, 90c. Professor J. R. 
Commons, Social Reform and the Church; Crowell, 75c. Professor 
George A. Herron, The New Rede77iption ; Revell, 75c. Dr. Washing- 
ton Gladden, The Church and the Kingdom ; Revell, 50c. Christianity 
Practically Applied, 2 vols.; Reports of Evangelical Alliance Congress in 
Chicago ; Baker & Taylor Co., $2.00 each. Professor A. G. Warner, 
American Charities ; Crowell, $1.50. Handbook of Friendly Visitors 
Among the Poor; Putnams, 50c. Mrs. Josephine Shaw Lowell, Public 
Relief and Private Charity ; Putnams, 40c. Report on Penny Provi- 
dent Fund, Loan Association, etc., from New York Charity Organiza- 
tion Society, Charities Building, New York ; Charities Review, $1.00 
per year. Reports and leaflets of following institutional churches : 
Berkeley Temple, Boston ; Pilgrim Church, Worcester ; Tabernacle, 
Jersey City ; St. George's, St. Bartholomew's, Judson Memorial, all of 
New York ; Pilgrim Church, Cleveland. Documents of Christian Social 
Union, Dean Hodges, secretary, Cambridge, Mass.; of American Insti- 
tute of Christian Sociology, Dr. William Howe Tolman, secretary, 
Charities Building, New York ; of King's Daughters, 158 West Twenty-, 
third Street, New York. The Kingdom, Minneapolis. 



SOCIOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 489 

Canon W. H. Freemantle, The World the Subject of Redemption ; 
Longmans, Green & Co., New York, $2.00. Canon B. F. Westcott, 
Social Aspects in Christianity/ Macmillan, $1.50. Same, The Incarna- 
tion in Common Life; Macmillan, $2.50. T. Herbert Stead, The King- 
dom of God; T. & T. Clark, 60c. W. E. H. Lecky, History of European 
Morals; Appleton. Ulhorn, Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Charity, 3 
vols. J. P. Kelly, The Law of Service. Rev. B. Fay Mills, God's 
World; Revell, $1.25. President William D. Hyde, Outlines of Social 
Theology; Macmillan, $1.50. 



II. From the Standpoint of the Family and Education. — 
(1) The Family.— Dr. Joseph Cook, Marriage; Houghton, Miffin & 
Co., $1.50. Report on Divorce ; U. S. Department of Labor, free. Re- 
ports and documents of National Divorce Reform League, Rev. Dr. 
S. W. Dike, secretary, Auburndale, Mass. (In sending to societies for re- 
ports one should enclose a contribution for its work, or at least postage.) 
D. Convers, Marriage and Divorce; Lippincott, $1.50. Professor W. C. 
Wilkinson, The Dance of Modern Society; Funk & Wagnalls, 50c. 
Anthony Comstock, Traps for the Young; Funk & Wagnalls, $1.00. 
Art vs. Morals; Ogilvie & Co., New York, 10c. Dr. J. W. Clokey, 
Dying at the Top; W. W. Vanarsdale, Chicago, 25c. Publications of 
American Purity Alliance, 39 Nassau Street, New York. Purity leaflets 
of W. C. T. U., Chicago. J. A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 
$1.50; The Children of the Poor, $2.50; Scribner. Mrs. Helen 
Campbell, Prisoners of Poverty, 50c. ; Women Wage Earners, $1.00; 
Roberts Bros. A Haunted House (Hampton Health Tract) ; Putnams, 
8c. Dr. Henry Clay Trumbull, Hints on Child-training ; John D. 
Wattles & Co., Philadelphia. Miss Frances E. Willard, Last Annual 
Report ; also The Union Signal (devoted to women's Christian work 
in all lands), Chicago. U. S. Department of State, Consular Report 
117, June, 1890, describing municipal artisans' dwellings in Liverpool. 
Riverside Buildings pamphlet of Improved Dwellings Co., 20 Joral- 
emon Street, Brooklyn. U. S. Department of Labor, Special Reports 
on Housing Working People in Europe, and on Slums of American 
Cities. 



E. Westermack, The History of Human Marriage; Macmillan, 14s. 
C. N. Starke, The Primitive Eamily ; Appleton, $1.75. National 
Woman Suffrage Association pamphlets ; address care of Woman s 
Journal, Boston. M. Ostrogorski, The Rights of Women ; Swan Son- 
nenschein & Co., London ; Scribners, New York, $1.00. Dr. M. L. 
Holbrook, N. Y., Chastity, 50c. 



49° APPENDIX. 

(2) Education. — Reports of National Commissioner of Education. 
R. H. Quick, Educational Reformers ; Kindergarten Literature Co., 
The Temple, Chicago, $1.50. Mrs. Mary Chisholm Foster, The Kin- 
dergarten; Hunt & Eaton, $1.00. Reports of Children's Aid Societies 
of New York and Philadelphia ; of State School for Dependent Chil- 
dren, Coldwater, Mich.; of Elmira Reformatory ; of Industrial Educa- 
tion Association, 21 University Place, New York ; of New York Trade 
Schools (Colonel R. I. Auchmuty), Sixty-seventh and Sixty-eighth 
Streets, New York ; of American Society for Extension of University 
Teaching, Fifteenth and Sanson Streets, Philadelphia ; of University 
Settlements as follows : Andover House, 9 Rollins Street, Boston ; 
Epworth League House, Hull Street, Boston ; University Settlement, 
26 Delancy Street, New York ; College Settlement (Women's Colleges), 
95 Rivington Street, New York ; Princeton House, Philadelphia ; Hull 
House, Chicago ; Chicago Commons, etc. 



C. M. Woodward, The Manual Training School; D. C. Heath & 
Co., Boston, $2.00. Florence D. Hill, Children of the State; Mac- 
millan, $1.75. 



III., IV. — From the Standpoint of Capital and Labor. — Joseph 
Mazzini, Duties of Man (Letters to Working Men); Funk & W agnails 
Co., 15c. Professor R. T. Ely, Outlines of Economics, college edition ; 
Hunt & Eaton, $1.25. Arnold Toynbee, Lectures on Industrial Revo- 
lution ; Humboldt Publishing Co., New York, $1, 60c. Alfred Mar- 
shall, Economics of Industry ; Macmillan, New York, $1.50. Thomas 
Carlyle (extracts), Socialism and Unsocialism, 2 vols.; Humboldt Pub- 
lishing Co., New York, 25c. each. John Ruskin (extracts), The Com- 
munism of John Ruskin ; Humboldt Publishing Co., New York, 25 c. 
W. C. Owen, The Economics of Herbert Spencer; Humboldt Publishing 
Co., 25c. Henry George, Progress and Poverty ; Henry George & 
Co., $1, 35c. Charles Sotheran, Horace Greeley, Socialist ; Humboldt 
Publishing Co., 25c. A. E. T. Schaeffle, The Essence of Socialism; 
Humboldt Publishing Co. , New York, 15c. Fabian Essays ; Humboldt 
Publishing Co., 25 c. Fabian Tract No. ji, Socialism True and False ; 
Fabian Society, 276 Strand, London, 2c. John Stuart Mill (extracts), 
Socialism; Humboldt Publishing Co., 25c. Edward Bellamy, Looking 
Backtvard ; Houghton, Mifflin, 50c. Professor R. T. Ely, Socialism 
and Social Problems ; Crowell, $1.50. Dr. A. J. F. Behrends, Social- 
ism and Christianity; Baker & Taylor Co., $1.50. Dr. Joseph Cook, 
Labor, Socialism, 2 vols.; Houghton, etc., $1.50 each. President E. B. 
Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law ; Hartford Seminary Press, 60c. 



SOCIOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 49I 

Dr. Washington Gladden, Working People and their Employers j Funk 
& Wagnalls Co., New York, $1. Rev. Charles Roads, Christ En- 
throned-in the Industrial World ; Hunt & Eaton, New York, $1. J. E. 
Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages ; Humboldt, etc., 25c. 
U. S. Department of Labor Reports on Chicago Strike, Profit-Sharing, 
Building and Loan Associations, etc. House of Representatives Report 
2309, on Sweating. William Traut, Trades Unions ; American Feder- 
ation of Labor, Indianapolis, 10c. Rev. William Booth, Darkest Eng- 
land and the Way Out ; Funk & Wagnalls, $1.50, 50c. Darkest England 
Social Scheme, 30c; Salvation Army Headquarters, in Reade Street, 
New York. Reports of American Social Science Association ; F. B. 
Sanborn, secretary, Concord, Mass.; Putnams. Annals of the American 
Academy ; Philadelphia, Station B, bi-monthly, sent only to members of 
Academy. Reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. Sociological 
Department, Homiletic Review. Rev. W. D. P. Bliss, Cyclopedia of 
Social Reforms; Funk & Wagnalls Co., $6 (in press). 



Economic Classics, Adam Smith, Ricardo, Malthus (extracts) ; Mac- 
millan, 75c. each. W. Cunningham and E. A. MacArthur, Outlines of 
English Industrial History ; Macmillan, $1.50. L. F. Ward, Dynamic 
Sociology. Same, The Psychic Factors of Civilization ; Ginn & Co. , 
$2. Henry Wood, The Political Economy of Natural Law ; Lee & 
Shepard, $1.25. Sidney and Beatrice Webb, The History of Trades 
Unionism ; Longmans, Green & Co., $5. George E. McNeill, The 
Labor Movement; A. M. Bridgman, Boston, $3.75. George Howell, 
The Conflicts of Capital and Labor; Macmillan, $2.50. Dr. G. von 
Schulze-Gaevernitz, Social Peace; Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London; 
Scribner's, $1 .25. Henry Dyer, The Evolution of Industry ; Macmil- 
lan, $1.50. F. L. Palmer, The Wealth of Labor; Baker <x: Taylor Co., 
$1. Professor J. B. Clark, The Philosophy of Wealth; Ginn & Co. , 
Boston, $1.10. Gohre, Three Months in a Workshop; Scribners. 
Charles Booth, Pauperism ; Macmillan, $1.25. Jane Addams and 
others, Hull House Maps and Papers ; Crowell, $2.50. Same, Philan- 
thropy and Social Progress ; Crowell. Alfred Tennyson, Locks ley Hall 
Sixty Years After. Professor J. R. Commons, The Distribution of 
Wealth; Macmillan, $1.75. H. D. Lloyd, Wealth Against Common- 
wealth ; Harpers, $2.50. N. P. Gilman, Profit Sharing Between 
Employer and Employee ; Houghton, Mifflin, Si. 75. Rev. Dr. J. M. 
Ludlow, " Cooperative Production in the British Isles," Atlantic 
Monthly, January, 1S95. Benjamin Jones, Cooperative Production. 
John Rae, Eight Hours for Work; Macmillan, $1.25. Professor Rob- 
ert Flint, Socialism ; Isbestor & Co., London; Lippincott, $2. The 
Outlook, New York. Dr. Washington Gladden, Applied Christianity ; 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Hon. Carroll D. Wright, The Industrial 
Evolution; Floyd & Vincent, Meadville, Pa., $1.00. Professor R. T. 
Ely, The Labor Movement in America; Crowell, Boston, $1.50. Pro- 
fessor A. A. Hopkins, Wealth and Waste; Funk & Wagnalls Co., $1.50. 
Karl Marx, Capital; Humboldt Publishing Co., $1.00. Professor Ros- 
well D. Hitchcock, Socialism ; Randolph, 50c. Rev. F. M. Sprague, 
Socialism from Genesis to Revelation ; Lee & Shepard, $1.50. Professor 
E. R. L. Gould, Baltimore, European Bureatis of Labor Statistics. 



492 APPENDIX. 

Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Successful Men of To-day; Funk & Wagnalls 
Co., $r.oo, 25c. The American Journal of Sociology; University of 
Chicago, $2.00 per year. 



V. From the Standpoint of Citizenship. — Ex-President J. H. 
Seelye, Citizenship; Ginn & Co., Boston, 60c. Elisha Mulford, The 
Nation; Houghton, Mifflin & Co., $2. James Bryce, The American 
Commonwealth; 2 vols., $2 each. Dr. Philip Schaff, Church and State ; 
Scribners, $1.50. William M. Ivins, Machine Politics (Ballot Reform); 
Harpers, 25c. U. S. Supreme Court, " This is a Christian Nation," 
U. S. Supreme Court Reports, cxliii, 457. Dr. A. McAllister. Manual 
National Reform Association; $1.75. Rev. I. J. Lansing, Romanism 
and the Republic; Arnold Publishing Co., $1.25. E. J. Wheeler, 
Prohibition ; Funk & Wagnalls Co., 75c. (also The Voice, $1.00 per 
year). Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, The Temperance Century, 75c, 35c; The 
Sabbath for Man, 1. 50; both Funk & Wagnalls Co. , New York. Professor 
C. R. Henderson, Dependents, Defectives, Delinquents ; D. C. Heath 
& Co., Boston, $1.75. Documents and Reports New York Prison Associa- 
tion, 135 East Fifteenth Street, New York. Hon. R. Brinkerhoff, Ohio 
State Board of Charities Prison Sunday Circular No. 5. Report of 
National Civil Service Reform League, 56 Wall Street, New York. 
Leaflets of National Municipal League, 614 Walnut Street, Philadel- 
phia ; of American Institute of Civics, 38 Park Row, New York ; 
of Society for Protection of American Institutions, Charities Building, 
New York. Hon. W. E. Chandler and Hon. W. A. Stone, Con- 
gressional Speeches and Reports on Immigration ; also apply for Report 
to Commissioner of Immigration. J. W. Sullivan, Initiative and Ref- 
erendum ; Humboldt Publishing Co., 25c. Hon. S. B. Capen, Boston, 
Address on Municipal Reform. Charles F. Dole, The American 
Citizen ; D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. Thomas J. Morgan, Patriotic 
Citizenship ; American Book Co., N. Y., $r.oo. 



Professor Woodrow Wilson, The State; D. C. Heath & Co., $2. 
Professor F. S. Hoffman, The Sphere of the State; Putnams, $1.50. 
Albert Shaw, Municipal Government in Great Britain ; The Century 
Co., $2. Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst, Our Fight with Tammany; 



SOCIOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 493 

Scribners, $1.25. Dr. William H. Tolman, Municipal Reform Move- 
ments ; Revell, $1. "Our Civic Renaissance," Review of Reviews, 
April, 1895. S. L. Loomis, Modern Cities and Their Religious Prob- 
lems ; Baker & Taylor Co., $1. Dr. Josiah Strong, Our Country; 
Baker & Taylor Co., 65c, 35c. J. J. Lalor, Cyclopedia of Political 
Science ; C. E. Merrill, 52 Lafayette Place, New York. Tribune 
Almanac, 25c. The Statesman s Year Book; Macmillan, $3. W. D. 
McCrackan, Swiss Solutions of American Problems; Arena Publishing 
Co., Boston, 25c. Patriotic poems of Lowell, Whittier, Longfellow. 
R. M. Smith, Emigration and Immigration; Scribner, $1.40. Havelock 
Ellis, The Criminal; Scribner & Welford, $1. W. M. F. Round, Our 
Criminals and Christianity; Funk & Wagnalls Co., 15c. Arthur 
MacDonald, Criminology; Funk & Wagnalls Co., $2. Cyclopedia of 
Te77iperance and Prohibition; Funk & Wagnalls Co, $3.50. Josiah 
Leeds (528 Walnut Street, Philadelphia), The Beginnings of Gambling ; 
Elijah Helm, The Joint Standard. Arthur I. Fonda, Honest Money. 
Coins Financial School; Coin Publishing Co., Chicago, 25c. President 
F. A. Walker, Boston, Bimetalism (a tract for the times). Money; The 
Century Co., 75c. Professor R. T. Ely, Taxation in American States and 
Cities ; Crowell, $1.75. The American Magazine of Civics, 38 Park 
Row, New York. "Progress of the World," in Review of Reviews. 
World notes of New York Observer. The Literary Digest, New York. 
Professor John Fiske, Civil Government in the United States ; Hough- 
ton, Mifflin & Co., $1.00. Dr. F. H. Wines, Punishment and Reforma- 
tion; Crowell, Boston, $r.75. Daniel S. Remsen, Primary Elections ; 
Putnams, 75c. Professor George D. Herron, The Christian State; 
Crowell, 75c, 40c. Professor E. R. L. Gould, Baltimore, Popular Con- 
trol of the Liquor Traffic, 50c. (Professor Gould's Report on the 
Gottenberg System can be had free from U. S. Department of Labor.) 
Conference on Charities and Corrections, each annual report, $1.50; 
John M. Glenn, Treas., Baltimore. Summary of State Legislation, 
annual bulletin indexing all State laws of previous year ; University of 
the State of New York, Albany, 20c. Rev. W. F. Crafts, The Civil 
Sabbath; National Bureau of Reforms, 35c. Speeches of John G. 
Woolley, 5 cts. each. F. W. Clark, Agent, 294 Washington St., Boston. 
Albert Shaw, Municipal Government on the Continent ; The Century 
Co., $2.00. (In press.) Publications of National Bureau of Reforms, 
Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Superintendent, Washington, D. C, sent to 
members who contribute $2.60 or more. See also "Literature" in 
alphabetical index following. 



Books for Current Topics Club or Pastor's Library. — In 
answer to frequent requests of pastors for a list of a dozen books or so 
that will give a glimpse into social problems for the smallest expenditure 
of time and money, the following are named : Crafts' Practical Christian 
Sociology; Kidd's Social Evolution; Ely's Social Aspects of Christianity ; 
Evangelical Alliance Reports, 2 vols.; Christianity Practically Applied ; 
Mazzini's Duties of Man ; Ely's Economics and Socialism and Social 
Problems; Wright's Industrial Evolution ; Gladden's Industrial Situa- 
tion; Booth's In Darkest England and the Way Out; Warner's A?neri- 
can Charities ; Chicago Civic Federation's Congress on Industrial Con- 



494 APPENDIX. 

ciliation and Arbitration ; An Example of Arbitration ; Crafts' Sabbath 
for Man and Temperance Century; Wheeler's Prohibition ; Woolley's 
Speeches; Dole's American Citizen; Sullivan's Direct Legislation; 
Shaw's Municipal Government in Great Britain ; Tolman's Municipal 
Reform Movements ; Strong's New Era. 

The retail cost of these books and pamphlets, inclusive of this book, 
is $12.75 ; an d with numerous free government reports, and other free 
pamphlets of foregoing longer list, they would supply sufficient literary 
material for a successful Current Topics Club, for which this book might 
serve as the general text-book. Sustaining members of the National 
Bureau of Reforms will be loaned twelve books for twelve weeks, from 
its library for use alone or in a club ; besides which they may receive 
guidance by correspondence and the bulletins and books to which mem- 
bers are entitled, — see next page. 



NATIONAL BUREAU OF REFORMS, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, SUPERINTENDENT. 



Advisory Board and Honorary Committee. — Professor Herrick 
Johnson, D. D.; Joseph Cook, LL. D.; D. J. Burrell, D. D.; Mr. 
Anthony Comstock ; Reuen Thomas, D. D.; L. T. Townsend, D. D.; 
Mr. William Shaw; Mr. C. B, Botsford ; A. H. Plumb, D. D.; J. B. 
Helwig, D. D. ; Mr. L. A. Maynard ; Mr. Edwin D. Wheelock ; 
Edward Thomson, D. D. ; Rev. W. F. Macauley ; Captain A. Wishart ; 
Rev. J. B. Davison ; Mrs. Mary H. Hunt ; Mrs. J. C. Bateham ; Mrs, 
Isabella Charles Davis ; Hon. Henry B. Metcalf ; Professor S. H. 
Woodbridge ; Mr. Josiah W. Leeds ; Mr. Aaron A. Powell ; Rev. I. J. 
Lansing ; Mr. William Reynolds ; Rev. S. E. Lewis ; Professor George 
T. Purves, D. D.; George C. Heckman, D. D.; Presidents. F. Scovel ; 
President J. W. Simpson ; Rev. A. Ritchie, D. D. ; Rev. Hugh Johns- 
ton, D. D. ; Rev. E. K. Bell ; Rev. D. McKinney ; Henry M. Kieffer, 
D. D.; Mr. S. M. Cooper ; J. T. McCrory, D. D.; Rev. L. L. Pickett ; 
Rev. J. B. Converse. 



Objects and Methods. — The object of the Bureau is to promote 
such moral reforms as the Christian churches generally approve by 
securing the enactment and enforcement of good laws and the defeat of 
bad ones in regard to Sabbath reform, gambling, purity, temperance, 
immigration, civil service reform, ballot reform, voluntary industrial 
arbitration, etc. , through petitions, letters, and personal appeals to legis- 
lators, and the use of lectures, literature, and friendly conferences on 
labor and other problems among the people. 

Departments of Work. — 1. Lectures (see next page), conventions, 
conferences (see Chronological Data of Progress, 1896, 1901). 2. 
Literature. (Send for list and samples.) 3. Lobbying. (Send for list 
of laws, national and State, that need letters and petitions and personal 



NATIONAL BUREAU OF REFORMS. 495 

effort with reference to enactment, improvement, or repeal.) 4. Asso- 
ciated Press of Reforms. (Send promptly marked papers or brief state- 
ments as to all gains or losses to reform in legislation, court decisions, 
law enforcement, etc., to be given to the press of the world in classified 
form and to the public in Bureau bulletins.) 

Memberships. — Life members, $100 ; patrons, $50 ; sustaining mem- 
bers, $12 ; active members, $5 ; annual members, $2.60. 

[All above memberships entitle members to all bulletins and books 
published by the Bureau. All above except annual members are entitled 
also to study reforms by correspondence.] 

Associate members, $1.00, entitled to all bulletins and leaflets 
published. 

Honorary Members. — Advisory Board, Honorary Committee, honor- 
ary members. 

Corresponding Members. 



Funds will be used under direction of advisory board to promote 
Christian reforms by lectures, literature, Christian lobbying, correspond- 
ence, and conferences. 

The National Bureau of Reforms neither antagonizes nor displaces 
any other Christian Reform organization, but seeks to cooperate, as 
a reform clearing house, with them all. 



Form of Bequest. — I give and bequeath to Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, 
Rev. Hugh Johnston, both of Washington, D. C, Dr. Joseph Cook, 
Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, both of Boston, Mass., the Committee of Four on 
Bequests of the National Bureau of Reforms of Washington, D. C, the 
following property, to be used in the work of the Bureau namely, 



LECTURES BY THE SUPERINTENDENT. 

New Series on Practical Christian Sociology. 

To be first delivered as four lectures at Lafayette College, Novem- 
ber, 1895. (Theme may be elaborated in four or more lectures, 
condensed in three, or surveyed in one, as occasion requires.) 

Descriptive Sociology, or Society as It Is. 

Statical Sociology, or Society as It Should Be. 

Dynamic Sociology, or the Forces that will Change What Is into 
'What Should Be. 

(These lectures, or others, when made the basis of an Institute of 
Sociology, to be accompanied at another hour each day by a 
" Forum of Reforms," a free conference on current reforms. 
When these or other lectures are delivered before colleges or clubs, 
to be followed by questions, if time permit.) 
On Sabbath Reform. 

The Lord's Day and the Rest Day. 

Recent Progress of Sabbath Reform. 

The Scientific Basis of Sabbath Reform. (Illustrated by Dr. 
Haegler's chart.) 



49^ APPENDIX. 

Seven Reasons Why the Sabbath should be Observed and 
Preserved. 

Labor's Right to the Rest Day. (Originally prepared for the 
General Assembly of the Knights of Labor and International 
Convention of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.) 
On Temperance. 

Certainties as to the Curse and Cure of Drink, with Special Refer- 
ence to Beer. (Illustrated by charts. Scientific Temperance 
Extension.) 

Liberty or Liquor. 
On Labor Re for 771. 

Labor's Day. (Labor Day Address, oi-iginally prepared for United 
Trades of St. Paul.) 
07t the Four Teslai7ie7its. 

(Originally delivered in Brown Memorial Church, Baltimore. Es- 
pecially appropriate to the celebration of the nineteen hundredth 
birthday of Christ, which occurs at some unknown day between 
October 1 and December 31, 1896, and may be fitly celebrated 
at any time in that quarter.) 

Christ in the Oldest Testament of Nature. 

Christ in the Old Testament. 

Christ in the New Testament. 

Christ in the Newest Testament of Social Reform. (" New Series" 
above.) 
Miscellaneous. 

Before the Lost Arts. Illustrated by forty cartoons. 

Christianity a Science, not a Dream. 

Reading the Bible with Relish. 

The Full-Orbed Man. (For Y. M. C. A., Y. P. S. C. E., etc.) 

Betterments in Bible Study. 

The Church and Good Citizenship. 

The Wordless Book. (For children. Illustrated.) 

What the Bible is Like. (For children. Illustrated by Oriental 
curiosities.) 

The Fraternity of Reforms. 



BIBLICAL SOCIOLOGY. 



497 



BIBLICAL SOCIOLOGY. 



(including bible index.) 

[Besides indexing Bible passages of which sociological expositions are 
given on the pages indicated, other passages are noted that are suitable 
for texts or Scripture lessons in services devoted to social reforms; the 
whole giving but a sample of the wealth of sociological truth to be found 
in the Bible by those who accept the suggestion (pp. 30, 60) to read the 
Bible sociologically.] 

Leviticus xix: 9-18, 32-36, Broth- 
erhood in Business (See p. 6). 

Deuteronomy iv: 5-9, The Secret of 
National Greatness, 
xxii: 8, Home Protection. 

Judges vii: — 16. 
xv: 4, 5—313. 

Ruth ii: 4—186. 
2 Samuel xii: 7 — 30. 

I Kings ii: 12 — 359, 360. 
vii: 21 — 83. 
xix: 19 — 186. 

xx : 12-21, Defeated by Drink, 
xxi: 17-20 — 30 (Rebuking Pub- 
lic Robbery) 



The Bible, as a whole, 3of, 60, 64, 
82, 89-98, 100, 112, 272, 
274, 280. 

Old Testament, 2gf. 

Genesis, 244, 

i: 27—33, 359- 

ii: 1-3 — 83, i85f, igsf, 241L. 

ii: 21-24 — 31, 63, 64, 83. 

iii: 3, The First Prohibition. 

iii: 15 — 26. 

iv: 17—31- 

vii:— 359. 

ix: n — 13, The First Pledge. 

xii: 1 — 360. 

xiii: 8 — 13, Moral Risks in Haste 
to be Rich. 

xvi: 12 — 164. 

xviii: 20 — 33, Ten Good Men 
Sufficient to Save a Bad City. 

xxv : 28 — 34, The Esaus who 
Sacrifice their Future to Pres- 
ent Appetites. (The whole 
population of any community 
is made up of a few heroic 
Abrahams, many harmless 
Isaacs, more shrewd Jacobs, 
with many more Esaus who 
sacrifice everything to momen- 
tary indulgence.) 

Exodus, 360. 
i: 22 — 166, 359. 
ii: — 360. 

xviii: 21, Election Orders. 
xx: 1-17 — 7, 169, 185, 193, 196, 

433- 

xxi: 28, 29, Responsibility for 
Ruin Wrought. 

xxii: 25, See Interest, in Alpha- 
betical Index. 

xxiii: 12, The Sabbath as Labor's 
Day. 

xxxv: 30-35, Sacred Mechanics 



Chronicles xix: i-ii, 
ice Reform. 



Civil Serv- 



Nehemiah ii: 17-20 — 361. 
iii: 28 — 46. 
xiii: 15-22, A Model Mayor. 

Esther iv: 14 — 187. (Also sug- 
gesting that woman is the 
power behind the throne.) 

Psalms ii: The Sure Triumph of 
Right. 

xii: 1 — 49. 

lxxii: — 31. 

xciv: 16 — 16. (The whole psalm 
read impressively comes into 
a reform meeting like an influ- 
ence.) 

Proverbs xxiii: 7 — 38. 

xxviii, xxix, Good Government. 
xxx: 8, 9 — 318. 



49 s 



BIBLICAL SOCIOLOGY. 



Isaiah vi: 8 — 103. 
xxxvii: 36 — 359, 360. 
xlvii: 5-1 1, A Nation's Fall, 
liii: n — 38. 

Daniel ill : — A Political Convention 
Smitten with Curvature of the 
Spine. 

v: 27 — 249, 260. 

vii: 13, 14 — 31. 

Jonah iii — 47. 

Micah iv: 1-7, International Peace. 

Malachi iv: 6-^75. 

New Testament, 21, 30. 
The Gospels, 21, 27, 191. (See 
Christian Alphabetical Index.) 
Matthew ii: 2 — 26, 32, 87. 

ii: 9 — 108. 

ii: 16 — 166. 

iv: 3-4—134. 

iv: 19 — 255. Sermon on the 
Mount, 14, 24. 

v: 32 — 66, 67, 262, 446ff, 462. 

vi: 10 — 31, 244. 

vi: 25 — 286. 

vi: 33—244. 

vi: 36—244. 

vii: 12 — 7, 24, 124, 169, 193, 196. 

xiii: — 14, 244, 245, 249. 

xiii: 24-43, 47, 50—29. 

xiii: 33 — 14, 36, 245, 248. 

xix: 16-22 — 274. 

xx: 27, 28, The Honor of Service. 

xxi: 5 — 31. 

xxii: 15-22—244. 

xxii: 35-40 — 2, 6, 32, 245, 248, 
280. 

xxii: 39 — 253. 

xxv : 14-30 — 299. 

xxv: 40-45 — 87. 

xxvi: 26-28 — 334. 

xxvii: 37 — 26. 

Mark ii: 27—83. 
vi: 3—87, 171. 

Luke ii: 7 — 45. 
ii: 11 — 26. 
iv: 18, 19—318. 
ix: 31 — 26. 

x : 2 5-37 — 32, 244, 248. 
xi: 41 — 256. 
xvi: 18 — 66, 67, 262. 



xvi: 20, 21 — 120. 

xvi: 20 — 45. (Note that the rich 
men condemned in the New 
Testament are accused of 
breaking no commandment 
save the Tenth.) 

xvii: 20 — 32. 

xviii: 8 — 244. 

xix: 41—334- 

xxii: 44 — 297. 

John i: 1-1S — 24, 102. 
i: 29 — 23. 

ii: 15—334. 

iii: — 23, 242. 

iv:— 23. 

xiii: 34—24- 

xiv: 12 — 36. 

xiv: 21 ; xv: 10 — 24. 

xvi: 12 — 40. 

xviii: 36—32. 

Acts iii: 1-16 — 49, 334. 
iv: 32; v: 1-10 — 148. 

ix: 6—334. 

ix: 36-42 — 186. 

x: 9-16, 34, 35; xvii: 26, To 
Christians there are no Com- 
mon People. 

xviii: 17 — 16. 

Romans xiii: 1 — 193. 
xiii: 10 — 256. 
xiv: 12 — 125. 
xvi: 1-12, 25-27, Woman's Work. 

I Corinthians xiii: — 74, 75, 245. 

Colossians i: 16, 17 — 24. 
iii: 17—124. 



1-8, 



Hebrews i: 2, 10 — 24. 

James i: 27; ii: 1-9, 14-17; 
Christ versus Caste, 
ii: 8 — 24, 171. 



1 John iv: 20, 21 — 2. 

Revelation i: 11, 19 — 229, God's 
call to "Write." 
i: 10 — 27, 83. 
i: 16 — 16. 
v: 6 — 27. 
xi: 15— 28, 33. 
xxi: — 31, 32. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF AUTHORS QUOTED. 



499 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF AUTHORS QUOTED. 



[This index includes only quotations and citations from the more 
prominent nineteenth century writers on social themes.] 



Abbott, Dr. Lyman, igi 
Aberdeen, Lady, 162 (portrait) 
Addams, Miss Jane, 114 (portrait), 

286, 491 
Andrews, President E. B., 247, 
249, 251, 283, 288, 289, 291, 
309, 314, 316, 318, 324, 330, 
346, 347, 348, 350, 355, 465, 490 

Barnett, Sam'l A., 285 

Barrows, Dr. S. J., 338 

Bebel, August, 120 

Behrends, Dr. A. J. F., 76, 253, 

288, 302, 315, 324, 490 
Bellamy, Edward, 307, 490 
Bemis, Professor E. W., 275, 290, 

309 
Blackwell, Alice Stone, 272 
Bliss, Rev. W. D. P., 174, 328. 
Boardman, Dr. George Dana, 113, 

240 
Booth, Charles, 141, 149, 150, 161, 

300, 491, 493 
Booth, Mrs. Maud B., 434 
Booth, General William, 162 (por- 
trait) 
Brace, C. L., 36, 150, 251, 352, 

353, 365, 488 
Brand, Dr. James, 289 
Brooks, Bishop Phillips, 50, 191, 

251, 284, 286, 332 
Brown, Mr. Justice, 179 
Browning, Mrs. E. B., 167, 259 
Browning, Robert, 259 
Burns, John, 15, 150, 294 

Cable, Geo. W., 61 

Campbell, Mrs. Helen, 114 (por- 
trait), 266, 267, 269, 489 

Carlyle, Thomas, 21, 169, 294, 297, 
314, 490 

Carnegie, Andrew, 117, 294, 347 

Chamberlain, Joseph, 267 

Clark, Dr. C. C. P., 336 



Clark, Dr. F. E., 192 (portrait), 
202 

Clokey, Dr. J. W., 81, 264, 489 

Commons, Prof. J. R., 113, 156, 
240, 248, 251, 289, 302, 322, 
323, 337, 338, 342, 353, 354, 
488, 493 

Comstock, Anthony, 62 (por- 
trait), 287, 489 

Comte, August, 295, 296 

Convers, D., 261, 489 

Cook, Dr. Joseph, 22 (portrait), 
7-10, 61, 239, 252, 259, 260, 
272, 489, 490 

Cooley, Hon. T. M., 181, 245 

De Costa, Dr. B. F., 455 
Depew, Dr. Chauncey M., 282 
Dickenson, Mary Lowe, 22 (por- 
trait). See King's Daughters 
in Alphabetical Index 
Dike, Dr. S. W., 63-69, 258, 

260, 489 
Dixon, Charles, 351 
Dole. Rev. C. F., 248, 492 
Dorchester, Dr. Daniel, 386, 403 
Dow, Gen. Neal, 250 
Drummond, Prof. Henry, 74, 244, 
247, 24S, 265 

Ellis, Havelock, 274, 493 

Ely, Prof. R. T., 114 (portrait), 

21, 239, 240, 242, 245, 248, 

251, 254, 255, 259ff, 464, 488, 

490, 491 
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 3, 123, 

129, 156, 209 
Engels, Frederick, 310 

Fairbairn, Dr. A. M., 61, 113, 160, 

191 
Flint, Prof. Robert, 168, 175, 354 
Froude, J. A., 113 



500 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF AUTHORS QUOTED. 



Gates, Pres. Geo. A., 245,279 

Gates, Pres. Merrill E., 267 

George, Henry, 115, 121, 132, 
140, 246, 265, 289, 296, 305, 
313, 316, 327, 345, 355, 490 

Gibbons, Cardinal, 252, 280 

Gilder, R. W., 269 

Gladden, Dr. Washington, 128, 
154, 162 (portrait), 244, 251, 
300, 334,421, 488, 491; 493 . 

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., 21, 
61, 66, 241, 242, 253 

Gordon, Dr. A. J., 251 

Gould, Dr. E. R., 267, 269, 491 

Graham, Robert, 269, 337 

Grant, Gen. U. S., 71 

Greeley, Horace, 173, 255, 302, 
351 

Gunton, George, 289 

Hale, Dr. E. E., 124, 138, 151, 
307 

Hadley, A. T., 323 

Haegler, Dr. A. , 98 

Harcourt, Sir Wm, Vernon, 306 

Harter, Hon. M. D., 347 

Henderson, Prof. C. R., 253, 259, 
277, 287, 339, 455, 492 

Herron, Prof. Geo. D., 113, 202, 
239, 296, 488, 493 

Hewitt, Hon. A. S., 61, 199, 
304, 313, 338, 349 

Higginson, T. W., 71 

Hodge, Prof. A. A., 191, 193 

Holt, Henry, 275 

Hughes, Dr. Hugh Price, 246, 
247, 267, 275, 294 

Hugo, Victor, 134, 264 

Hume, Rev. R. A., 260 

Hunt, Mrs. Mary H., 62 (por- 
trait), 98, 108 

Kellogg, Chas. D., 22, 240, 254, 
255 

Kidd, Benjamin, 74, 120, 152, 
160, 246, 247, 272, 279, 288, 
29i> 307, 315, 318, 321, 349, 
455, 488 

King, Dr. Jas. M., 332 

Kingsley, Charles, 169, 316 

Kossuth, Louis, 21 

Laurie, Prof. S. S., 279 



Laveleye, Emile de, 245, 296 
Lecky, W. E. H., 245, 381, 489 
Lewes, G. H., 246 
Lowell, James Russell, 88, 204, 

207, 225, 291 
Lowell, Mrs. J. S., 15, 253, 488 

MacAllister, Dr. A., 160 
Mac Arthur, Dr. R. S., 21 
Macaulay, T. B., 314 
Marshall, Alfred, 61, 490 
Marx, Carl, 120, 133, 266, 296, 

298 
Matthews, Shailer, 12 
Maurice, F. D., 169 
Mazzini, Joseph, 123, 247, 292, 

317, 493 
McCook, Prof. J. J., 150, 255, 

304, 306 
Mill, J. S., 175, 185, 292, 332, 

351, 354, 490 
Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, 375 
Morris, William, 288 
Mulford, Dr. Elisha, 61, 317, 

332 

Neumann, F., 21 
Nicholas, Dr. J. R., 405 

Owen, Robert Dale, 120 

Parker, Col. F. W., 278 

Parkhurst, Dr. Chas. H., 63, 73, 
192 (portrait), 202, 206, 241, 
249, 271, 277, 334, 416, 432, 
454, 492 

Porter, Hon. Robt. F., 320 

Pomeroy, Dr. H. S., 71, 73 

Rae, John, 309 
Rhodes, Dr. M., 279 
Ricardo, David, 133, 166, 168 
Riis, Jacob, 126, 130, 132, 147, 

163 
Riley, James Whitcomb, 233 
Roads, Dr. Charles, 270, 491 
Roberts, Dr. W. H., 56, 258 
Rogers, Prof. J. E. Thorold, 289 
Roosevelt, Hon. Theodore, 220, 

343, 427 (portrait) 
Round, W. M. F., 75, 493 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF AUTHORS QUOTED. 5<" 



Ruskin, John, 169, 240, 266, 
267, 286, 288, 292, 295, 297, 
298, 299, 317, 349. 49° 

Russell, Dr. H. H., 33° 

Satolli, Monsignor, 91 
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 120, 133, 109 
Schaffle, A. E. T., 174 
Schauffler, Dr. A. F., 379 
Schurz, Hon. Carl, 343 
Small, Prof. A. W. (Small and 
Vincent), 15, 239, 295, 296, 297, 
488 
Smith, Adam, 39, 133, 164, 173 
Somerset, Lady Henry, 22 (por- 
trait), 444, 454 
Spahr, C. B., 270, 427 
Spencer, Herbert, 245, 296 
Spiers, Frederick W., 288 
Stead, Wm. T., 344, 355 
Stevenson, Dr. Sarah Hackett, 

282 
Stephen, Fitzjames, 246 
Stowe, Mrs. H. B., 81, 192 (por- 
trait) 
Strong, Dr. Josiah, 22 (portrait), 
32, 103, 113, J9 1 , 4 88 » 494 

Taylor, Prof. Graham, 240, 244 



Tennyson, Lord Alfred, 61, 77, 297 
Timrod, Henry, 6 

Vincent, Bishop J. H., 62 (por- 
trait), 101, 156 

Wallace, Dr. Alfred R., 273 

Ward, L. F., 12, 49* 

Warner, Prof. A. G., 244, 231, 

252, 254, 266, 273, 296, 299, 

303, 488, 493 
Washington, George, 195, 225, 

385 
Wayland, Dr. H. L., 255, 323, 

338, 339 

Webb, Sydney, 295 

Wheeler, E. J., 191 , 202 > 3 2 7, 
346, 348, 349, 49 2 , 494 

Wheeler, D. H., 246 

Whittier, John G., 361 

Willard. Miss F. E., 192 (por- 
trait), 262, 444, 489 

Wines, Dr. F. H., 280, 338, 344 

Woodbridge, Alice L., 266 

Woolley, JohnG., 191, 202,250, 

494 
Wright, Hon. Carroll D., 21, 66, 
69, 76, 77, 78, 114 (portrait), 
128, 151, 156, 181, 262, 263, 
275, 304, 446, 468, 49L 493 



GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



[It would form an interesting exercise for a Current Topics Club, or 
other sociological society, to devote one or more evenings to a sociological 
tour round the world, each of the countries and cities named being 
assigned to some one for a three-minute report of progress. This would 
be especially timely for Thanksgiving or Watch Night. The Biblical 
Index and Index of Authors might be made helpful in a similar manner ; 
also the topical index following. This would enlist many in sociological 
studies who could not prepare elaborate essays, and would furnish an 
interesting variety of brief hints as to the preparation of such essays.] 



Africa, 258. See Liberia. 
Alabama, 403 
Arizona, 272, 276, 404 
Arkansas, 281, 330, 403, 404 
Asia, 65. See Japan, etc. 
Australia, 138, 162, 263, 269, 300, 

322, 326, 351, 443 
Austria, 397, 413, 419 

Baltimore, 385 

Belgium, 90, 139, 423 

Berlin, 322, 353 

Bolivia, 332. See South America. 

Boston, 105, 275, 385, 427, 443 

British Empire, 55. See Great 

Britain, Canada, etc. 
Brooklyn, 204, 210, 2T4, 291, 332, 

418, 423, 426, 427 
Buffalo, 402, 424 
Burmah, 42 

California, 276, 282, 335, 404. 
See San Francisco, etc. 

Canada, 263, 352, 360. See Mani- 
toba, Toronto. 

Chicago, 118, 119, 211, 221, 268, 
341, 411, 419, 423, 427, 429, 432 

China, 358, 360, 380, 393, 431, 443 

Cincinnati, 194, 203, 204, 335, 399, 
427 

Cleveland, 420 

Colorado, 272, 276, 335, 404, 425, 

433 
Connecticut, 2-18, 272, 276, 315, 

39 6 > 403 
Constantinople, 365, 443 
Continent of Europe, 40. See 

Europe. 



Dayton, O., 429 

Delaware, 66, 218, 258, 404, 422, 

425 
Denver, 212, 213, 328, 331, 443 
Detroit, 324 
District of Columbia, 276, 354 

Egypt, 358, 359, 366, 394, 443 
Europe, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 65, 

117, 120, 223, 246, 261, 351, 

360, 404, 411, 455 

Florida, 204, 404, 418, 422 

France, 73, 106, 120, 130, 143, 

180, 281, 349, 358, 360, 368, 

385, 386, 387ft, 405, 421, 423, 

425, 431, 453, 460. See Paris. 

Georgia, 281, 403, 404, 418 

Germany, 132, 154, 174, 175, 177, 
180, 232, 275, 300, 308, 320, 
326, 358, 360, 368, 405, 431, 
443. See Berlin. 

Glasgow, 322, 423 

Gothenberg, 237 

Great Britain, 39, 40, 41, 42, 
43, 102, 106, 124, 128, 129, 130, 
150, 152, 155, 164-168, 180, 
183, 219, 228, 253, 258, 262, 
263, 266, 267, 314, 315, 322, 
324, 329, 349, 358, 360, 368, 
376ff, 420, 423, 426, 430, 431, 

449, 453 
Greece, 55, 358, 359, 366, 443 

Hawaii, 332, 443 
Honduras, 332 
Hungary, 300 



GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



503 



Idaho, 270, 276, 404 

Illinois, 228, 272, 276, 303, 421, 

423, 426, 427, 431, 432. See 

Chicago. 
India, 41, 138, 162, 360, 397, 430, 

443 
Indiana, 218, 281, 342, 396, 404, 

420, 425 
Indianapolis, 429 
Indian Territory, 342, 403, 404 
Iowa, 248, 272, 340, 348, 39 6 .403, 

404 
Ireland, 394 
Italy, 113, 413 

Japan, 376, 397, 399, 424, 431, 

443 

Jerusalem, 46, 54, 443 

Kansas, 53, 247, 248, 270, 272, 
276, 348, 397, 403, 404, 422, 
425, 428, 433 

Kentucky, 229, 272, 336, 403, 
404, 422. See Louisville. 

Korea, 432 

Leeds, 423 

Lincoln, Neb., 429 

Liverpool, 322 

London, 162, 267, 322, 443, 459 

Louisiana, 10, 204, 227, 228, 283, 

336, 404, 409, 418 
Louisville, 427 

Maine, 7, 247, 248, 276, 396, 403, 

404 
Manitoba, 421 
Maryland, 89, 277, 404, 409, 410, 

411, 422, 431 
Massachusetts, 230, 248, 263, 266, 

272, 274, 276, 299, 377, 390, 

396, 403, 404, 413, 419, 420, 423 
Michigan, 86, 272, 273, 276, 396, 

404, 418, 470. See Detroit. 
Minnesota, 53, 86, 209, 248, 272, 

276, 303, 336, 404, 422 
Mississippi, 403, 404 
Missouri, 53, 228, 330, 335, 404, 

422, 425, 426. See St. Louis. 
Montana, 272, 276, 404, 422 

Nebraska, 272, 276, 282, 397, 422. 
See Omaha, Lincoln. 



Nevada, 270, 276, 404 

New England, 336, 377, 379. See 

Maine, etc. 
New Hampshire, 209, 247, 248, 

272, 276, 403, 404, 425 

New Jersey, 228, 272, 276, 330, 

336, 404, 410, 422 
New Mexico, 270, 276, 404 
New Orleans, 3S5 
New York City, 29, 45, 49, 121, 

208, 210, 248, 273, 274, 283, 

3", 335, 337, 33§, 344, 347, 

385, 419, 423, 428, 429, 431, 
432, 443, 459 

New York, 53, 85, 89, 211, 228, 

273, 276, 330, 333, 335, 337, 
396, 404, 410, 418, 420 

New Zealand, 326, 350 

North Carolina, 403, 404, 418, 

425 

North Dakota, 247, 258, 263, 272, 
276, 330, 336, 404, 4io, 422 

Northern States, 67, 427. See 
Maine, etc. 

Norway, 431 

Ohio, 143, 248, 272, 277, 336, 384, 
396, 403, 404, 422, 426, 431, 433. 
See Cincinnati, Cleveland. 

Oklahoma, 68, 258, 263, 270, 403, 
404 

Omaha, 194, 263, 427, 443 

Oregon, 272, 277, 403, 404 

Palestine, 358, 361, 368, 443. 

See Jerusalem. 
Paris, 303, 322, 443, 459 
Pennsylvania, 94-96, 203, 229, 

311, 330, 403, 404, 420, 422, 

426, 431. See Philadelphia, 

Pittsburg. 
Persia, 358, 359, 368 
Philadelphia, 85, 268, 273, 275 
Pittsburg, 143, 443, 455 

Rhode Island, 53, 86, 228, 277, 

396, 403, 404, 422 
Rochester, N. Y., 270 
Russia, 40, 180, 232, 358, 360, 

398, 421, 424, 431 

San Francisco, 443 
Saratoga, N. Y., 428, 432 



5°4 



GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



Savannah, 427 

Scotland, 261. See Great Britain. 
South America, 37, 106, 220 
South Carolina, 224, 335, 351, 404, 

418 
South Dakota, 247, 263, 270, 272, 

277, 403, 404 
Southern States, 67, 216, 418 
Spain, 358, 360, 384 
St. Louis, 427, 443 
St. Paul, 212, 331 
Sweden, 431. See Gothenberg. 
Switzerland, 226, 351, 443 

Tennessee, 281, 403, 404 
Texas, 403, 404, 418, 420 
Tibet, 417 
Toronto, 280, 455 
Troy, N. Y., 203 



Turkey, 181, 220, 241, 402 

United States. See Topical Index 

following. 
Utah, 64, 65, 270, 277, 399 

Vermont, 247, 272, 277, 300, 396, 

.403, 404 
Virginia, 376, 404, 418 

Wales, 419. See Great Britain. 
Washington City, 443 
Washington, 272, 277, 403, 404 
Western States, 67, 79 
West Virginia, 282, 403, 404, 426 
Wheeling, W. Va., 289 
Wisconsin, 86, 270, 272, 277, 303, 

330, 404, 425, 426 
Wyoming, 272, 277, 399, 404, 425 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



505 



TOPICAL INDEX. 

ALPHABETICAL AND ANALYTICAL. 
ALSO SOCIOLOGICAL DICTIONARY AND SOCIOLOGICAL INDEX RERUM.* 



Aberdeen, Countess of, 161 (por- 
trait) 

Ability as an element of produc- 
tion, 174. See Capitalists. 

Abolition party, organization of, 

394 
Adams, Ex-Pres. John, quoted, 

383 
Administration as substitute for 

government, 319 
" Age of consent" (age of legally 

possible consent in cases of 

alleged rape), in, 258, 259,282, 

425, 457 

Agriculture, dept. of, 123 ; col- 
leges of, 275. See F^arms. 

Alcohol in medicine and arts, 282 ; 
as sexual irritant, 455. See 
Temperance. 

Alcoholics, 98 

Alfred the Great, 358, 360, 369 

Almsgiving, evil results of, 48, 

253, 255, 37i 

Almshouses, 299. See Pauperism. 

Altruism (otherism, opposite ego- 
ism), origin of word, 12 ; law 
of, 45 8f ; Christianity, source of, 
74, 87, 247, 272 ; relation of, to 
sociology, 242 ; new forms of, 
276 ; relation of, to business, 
314; power of, 279, 291. See 
Benevolence, Charity, etc. 

American Federation of Labor, 
128, 318, 321 



American Railway Union, 115, 

120, I26ff, 134 
American Sabbath Union, 8, 9, 

53, 406 
Amusements, 103, 107, 140, 256, 

309. See Happiness. 
Anarchism, 173, 176, 184, 191, 

203, 247, 318, 331, 411, 465. 

See Dynamite. 
Anglo-Saxondom, 247. See Great 

Britain, etc. 
" Anno Domini," origin of the 

term, 369 ; implication of, that 

all time is sacred, 2 ; celebration 

of, 24 
Anti-Monopoly, 46, 285, 325. See 

Monopoly. 
Anti-Saloon movement, 46, 285, 

325. See Liquors, etc. 
Anti-Slavery movement, 39, 46. 

See Slavery. 
Apartment stores, 232 
Appropriations, government, 226. 

See Sectarian appropriations. 
Arbitration of national quarrels, 

222 (see Peace) ; of industrial 

quarrels, 146, 154, 286, 3o8f, 

325, 400, 427, 468 ; compulsory, 

118, 189, 302, 328 
Armies, vices of, 224, 258, 414 ; 

Sunday in, 293 
Art, Christian, 82 ; of Rennais- 

sance, 372 ; relation of, to 

morals, 73, 366, 458 



* We have left spaces to index matter the reader may add in the blanks, margins, 
and interleaves of this book, and also for indexing sociological matter in the reader's 
library, and in other libraries available. We suggest that each of his own bookcases 
be referred to by a large figure, with a smaller figure to indicate the shelf, e.g., 44 would 
signify fourth shelf in fourth bookcase. As much of the most valuable literature of 
this new science of sociology consists of pamphlets and clippings, we suggest a cur- 
tained bookcase in which such matter may be sorted by movable manilla card 
partitions, as deep as the shelf allows, but not as high by three inches, marked with 
the letters of the alphabet in capitals, with vowel cards, a — e — i — o — u, intervening ; 
e. g., matter on municipal reform would be placed between M and N cards at the right, 
of the intervening u card, indexing by first letter and first vowel. 



5°<5 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



Asceticism, beginnings of, 364 
Assault, indecent, 457. See Im- 
purity. 
Associations. See Reform work, 45 
Asylums, 274. See Charity. 
Atkinson, Edward, reply to, 289 
Atonement as related to humani- 

tarianism, 23 
Author, personal references to the, 
7ff, 163, 184, 283, 284, 330, 331, 
494 ; books of the, I, 492, 493, 

494 

Avarice, defined, 297 



Bachelors, increase of, 70 ; perils 
of, 71, 259 ; tax on, 71, in 

Ballot, citizens' duty to use the, 
191, 334; labor's best defense, 
the, 166, 118, 121, 125, 126, 
132, 163, 293. See Suffrage. 

Ballot reform (Australian ballot, 
enacted there 1857-58), intro- 
duced in Great Britain, 400, 403 ; 
in the United States, 406 ; de- 
velopment of, 121, 201, 204, 
216, 407, 408, 418 

Bankruptcy law, national, 237 

Baptists, working men who are, 
129 ; usage as to communion 
wine, 250F. 

Barbers, literature provided by, 
287 ; Sabbath-closing of, 432 

Baths, public, as benefactions, 52, 

87, 137 

Beef monopoly, 123. See Mo- 
nopoly. 

Beer, 281, 285, 379. See Liquors. 

Beggary. See Almsgiving, Pau- 
perism. 

Benevolence, wise, 137 ; other- 
wise, 48, 99 ; church, 44f, 53 ; 
individual, 40, 44f, 86 ; as 
related to business, 314 ; oppor- 
tunities for, 107. See Charity. 

Bequests, 44f, 107, 495. See 
Inheritances. 

Betting, 99. See Gambling. 

Bible, more sociological than theo- 
logical, 3of, 60 ; in the home, 
8iff ; in public schools, 89-98, 
112, 197, 280, 395, 399, 401 ; 



in national life, 64, 375 ; in 
reform, 274 

Bicycle, 300, 342 

Billiards, in social reform work, 
256 

Bi-partisan boards, 335 

Births, 112 

Boarding, disadvantages of, 63, 
64, in, 259 

Books, reading of, as affected by 
newspapers, 89. See Reading, 
Literature, etc. 

"Bosses," political, 16, 431. See 
Rings. 

Boycotts, 125 

Boys, American, not disposed to 
learn trades, 87 

Boys' Brigade, in 

Brains, 279 

Bread trust, 123 

Bribery, political, 121, 219, 220, 
222, 228, 343, 389; effective 
law against, 342 

Brothels, 194. See Prostitution. 

Brotherhood, of man, 2 ; of Chris- 
tian origin, 37, 292 ; weaker in 
the past, 387 ; developed by 
introduction of public convey- 
ances, 378 ; shown by Chicago 
fire, 400 ; Christian, too nominal, 
35, 160 ; manifested in institu- 
tional churches, 52 ; in business, 
6, 121, 136, 137, 138, 153, 169, 
170, 171, 184, 265 ; political 
bearings of, 37, 38 

Brutality, in amusements, 375 

Buddhism, 41, 65 

Building and loan associations, 
origin of, 394 ; development of, 
78f 

Bull-fights, 384, 388, 418 

Business, Christian and pagan, com- 
pared, 437 ; unchristian methods 
of Christians in, 241 ; as related 
to ethics, 304. See Brotherhood 
in business. 



Candidates, political (word means 
white, as candidates were so 
dressed in Rome to represent 
unblemished reputation), 199 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



507 



"Canteens" (government restau- 
rants at army posts), 224. See 
Army. 

Capital, origin of the word, 345 ; 
definitions of, 288, 317, 345 ; 
development of, i64ff 

Capitalists, of the better sort, 120, 
136, 137, 142, I54f, 2o,of ; of the 
baser, 40, 113, 128, 191, 297 ; 
rights and duties of, 115ft ; 
conferences of, with working 
men, 30, 54, 59, 103, 115, 136, 
i47f, 154ft , J 59, J 89, 286, 308 

Card-playing, 104 

Carnegie strike, 116 

Carpentry, the divine trade, 87 

Catechism, union, 94-96, 46off 

Catholic Church, origin of the 
term, 363. See Roman Catholic 
Church. 

Caucus. See Primaries. 

Celebration of completion of nine- 
teen Christian centuries, 54, 81, 

^ 437, 443 

Celibacy, 368 

Census, U. S., 384, 386, 389, 391, 
392, 394, 399, 402, 406 

Centuries, Christian, 361 ; first, 
23ft ; second and third, 33f, 
248, 3626°; fourth and fifth, 
35, 3646° ; sixth and seventh, 
35, 3^7f ; eighth and ninth, 
35, 3 9 ; tenth and eleventh, 
25, 37, 48, 246, 248, 36gf ; 
twelfth and thirteenth, 370 ; 
fourteenth and fifteenth, 37, 
37 if ; sixteenth and seven- 
teenth, 37f, 372-380 ; eighteenth 
and nineteenth, 3gff, 54, 76, 
131, 163, 247, 313, 380, 130, 
131, i8sff, 189, 288, 314, 387ft ; 
twentieth and twenty-first, 54, 
81, 170, 179, 217, 232, 236, 443 

Charity (love to man) mostly a 
Christian grace, 37, 45 ; shared 
by the Jews who share our 
Bible ; relation of, to justice, 115, 
120, 288, 294, 298 ; relation of, 
to reform, 45, 81, 115ft; duty 
of churches to, 47, 48ft, 59, 60, 
115 ; mistakes of, 99, 298 (see 
Almsgiving) ; works of, 381, 84- 
88, 103 ; psychic, most needed, 



50, 103, 253, 385 ; statistics of, 
119 ; new forms of, 276, 301 ; 
sermon on, 243 ; literature of, 

253-255 
Charity organization societies, in- 
troduction of, 402 ; development 
of the "new" or scientific 
charity by, I35f, I42f, 253ft, 

303, 413 
Charters. See Corporations, Cities. 
Chastity, 97. See Purity. 
Chautauqua, origin of, 401, 404. 

See Vincent, in Index of Authors. 
Child labor, 40, in, i67f, 251, 

266, 276, 308, 312, 315, 392, 

395 

Children, in ancient pagan lands, 
36, 246, 263, 437 ; in Old Testa- 
ment times, 29 ; as related to 
the home, 73ft ; to the State, 71, 
83ft, 96. See Child labor, Edu- 
cation, etc. 

Child-saving institutions, 83-88, 
inf, 273 

Chinese exclusion, 217, 259, 409, 
412 

Chivalry, origin of, 370 

Christ, cross of, 55 ; kingship of, 
2, 23ft, 49, 129, 191, 193, 240, 
358, 366 ; creator of civilization, 
4°, 338 ; the source of altruism, 
74, 87 ; teachings and spirit of, 
the solution of social problems, 
21, 23ft, 113, 171, 239, 245, 
291, 334 ; the friend and fellow 
of working men, 4, 153, 307, 
318; divorce law of, 66f, in, 
262, 446ft 

Christianity, full-orbed, 2 ; primi- 
tive, 21 ; gladness of, 52 ; care 
of, for whole man, 51 ; chief 
force in social reform, 242 ; rela- 
tion of, to sociology, 239 ; to be 
applied in business and politics, 
21, 113, 129, 160, 173, 24O 

Christmas, origin of, 366 

Church, definition of, 26 ; statistics 
of growth of, 108, 364, 365, 
367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 380, 
402f, 406, 434 ; comparison of, 
with heathen worship, 437 ; 
standard of membership of, 43, 
59, 125, 242 : politics and busi- 



5o8 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



ness of, 338 ; lodges as rivals 
of, 79 ; relation to social reforms, 
2, 16, 25ft, 61, 115, 152, 160, 
193, 202, 248-251, 255, 380, 396 

Church and State, origin of, 35, 
364 ; union of, weakens spiritual 
and ethical elements, 37 ; move- 
ments against, 194, 333, 419. 
See Disestablishment. 

Church history, sociological aspects 
of, 33ff 

Cigarettes, 282, 414, 433 

Cities, origin of, 31, 139 ; proph- 
ets' social message to, 29 ; 
better in Christian than in pagan 
lands, 31 ; power of, 37 ; perils 
of, 46, 63 ; rush to, 63, 139, 
159, 169, 303 ; Church losing 
in, 406 ; individual influence in, 
47 ; vacant lots utilized, 276, 
418. See Municipalism and 
Municipal reform. 

City, a holy, the sociological goal, 

31, I9 1 

Citizenship, Christian and pagan 
compared, 438 ; as product of 
homes and schools, 71, 93 ; 
duties of, to-day, ig3ff, 334, 423 ; 
literature of, 492. See Civics, 
Endeavorers. 

Civics, study of, 80, 229, 238, 272, 
294. See Colleges (debates). 

Civil damage law, 26gf 

Civilization, of Christian origin, 
33ff, 246, 247, 310, 338, 364 ; 
relation of, to housing, 76 ; to 
the Sabbath, 185ft" 

Civil service reform defined, 343 ; 
beginnings of, 400 ; progress of, 
178, 211, 2196°, 237, 311, 329, 
343, 4i2f, 419 ; as related to 
government ownership, 182, 221 

Classes, social, 35, 5gf, 160, 286, 

307, 319 

Clerks, 87 

Cleveland, President Grover, 293 

Clubs, social and anti-social, 52, 
59, 79, 103, 407, 467 ; sub- 
jects for discussion in, ill, 181 ; 
literature on, 291 

Coal combine, 123, 178, 232 

Cock-fighting, 371 

Coffee-houses, 151, 304 



Collectivism, defined, 174. See 
Socialism. 

Colleges, relation of, to social 
problems, 99, iooff, 112, 141, 
280, 284 ; Christian students in, 
412 ; chapel devotions of, 112 ; 
day of prayer for, 243 ; women's, 
I04f ; State, 112 ; themes for 
debate in, 59, 11 1, 158, 189, 236 

College settlements. See Social 
settlements. 

Columbus, Christopher, 195, 371 

Commerce, National Bureau of, 
proposed, 303 

Commons, House of, 40, 41, 152, 
37o, 383, 393, 398 

Communism, 148, 161, 175, 189, 
3io, 3i8 

Competition, beginnings of, 164 ; 
misconceptions of, 170, 179 ; 
disadvantages of, 120, 122, 137, 
162, 171, 191, 231, 290, 316 ; 
climax of, sggi ; tendency to- 
ward monopoly, 115, 170, 184, 
189, 288, 321 ; regulation of, 

173, 317, 329 

Compromises, 93, 225 

Conciliation, industrial, 1 18, 146. 
See Arbitration. 

Congregate plan. See Child-sav- 
ing institutions. 

Congregationalists, usage of, as 
to communion wine, 25of. 

Congress, faults of, 201, 207 ; 
changes proposed in, 22if, 226, 
227 : petitions to, 55, 185 ; acts 
of, 118, 138, 195, 290, 304,354, 
420 ; proposed action on divorce, 
68. See Tariff, Silver, Consti- 
tution (Amendments). 

Conscience, 121, 123, 124, 134, 
137, 191, 194, 231 

Conservatives, 46, 152 

Constantine, 26 

Constitution, Divine name in, 96, 
193, 197 ; scope of, 227f ; as tests 
of suffrage, 217, 236 ; amend- 
ments proposed to, 35, 197, 226, 
236, 237, 333, 334, 403, 416 

Contentment, 295. See Patience. 

Continence, 456 

Convents abolished, 393. 

Conversation, 80, 82, 89, 272 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



509 



Conversion, of individuals, the 
basis of social progress, 29, 32, 
46, 71, 160, 242 ; but not a 
cure-all, 29, 32 

Cooking, 304 ; schools for, 15 1 ; 
cooperative, 271 

Cooperation, origin of, 395 ; not 
a cure-all, 325 ; forms of, 78, 
120, 141, 170, 184, 189, 294, 
301, 302. See Government own- 
ership. 

Corn-law agitation, 394, 395 

Corporations, not soulless, 236 ; 
perils of, 183,314; government 
supervision of, 118, 172, 324 ; 
as related to socialism, 32of, 327. 
See Monopolies. 

Correction. See Crime, Prison 
reform, etc. 

Corrupt Practises Act, 219 

Councils, city, 209f, 212, 222, 226. 
See Cities. 

Courage, moral, 16, 7if, 241, 298 

Courts, powers of, 213, 215 ; rela- 
tions of, to capital and labor, 
40, 128, I36f, 180, 181, 197, 
228, 266, 279, 341, 426 ; pro- 
bate, 86, 1 1 if ; corrupt, 214 

Covenanters, 193 

Covetousness, defined, I37f, 297 

Cowardice, 246. See Courage. 

Crafts, Mrs. W. F., portrait, 62 ; 
cited, 444 

Creeds, lack of ethics in, 43 

Crimes, multiplying, 41, 97, 231, 
338 ; causes of, 64, 75, 76, 93, 
148, 238, 264, 277, 281, 291, 
305, 309, 459 ; of the rich sel- 
dom punished, 340 ; how pre- 
vented, 274, 339 

Criminals, many from Christian 
homes and Sabbath-schools, 309 

Criminology, sermon on, 243. See 
Prison reform. 

Cruelty, movements for prevention 
of, 247, 252, 276, 391, 392, 
416 

Crusade, temperance, 40cf 

Crusades, medieval, 370 

Culture, Self, I34f 

Cumulative voting. See Propor- 
tional representation. 

Cure-alls, 15, 295 



Cures, of social ills, 259. See 
Christ, Vote. etc. 

Curfew, origin of, 76 

Currency, 100. See Gold, Silver 
Greenbacks. 

Current topics clubs, subjects for. 
See Colleges (debates) ; liter- 
ature for, 493f 



Dancing, 104, in, 207 

Dark Ages, defined, 367 ; consid- 
ered. 35, 37 

Deacons, duty of, to study char- 
ity, 49, 50, 254 

Deaconesses, 254 

Debates. See Colleges (debates). 

Decalogue. See Bible index, 
Exod. xx. 

Declaration of Independence, 141, 
159, i64f 

Democracy, as related to social- 
ism, 313. See Popular govern- 
ment. 

Democratic party, 42, 285 

Department stores, 321, 355 

Dependents. See Pauperism, Pov- 
erty. 

Despotism, Sunday work an ally 
of, 232f 

Disarmament, European, 120. See 
Peace. 

Disciples, usage of denomination 
known as, as to communion 
wine, 25of 

Discontent, social, 21, 120, I3iff, 
146, 172, 179, 183, 253, 305. 
See Revolution. 

Diseases, as related to sins, 73. 
See Hygiene. 

Disestablishment, movements for 
and toward, in Ireland, 399 ; 
Wales, 419 ; Germany, 400. 
See Church and State. 

Dispensaries, for State sale of 
liquors, 224. See Gothenburg. 

Distribution, industrial, 39, 136, 
191, 251, 288, 302, 316. See 
Justice. 

" Divine right," decline of, 37, 
38. See Popular government. 

Divorce, definition of, as distin- 
guished from legal separation, 



5i° 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



453 ; Christ's law of, see 

Christ ; causes of, 74, 152 ; 

statistics of, 41, 64, 65f, 97, 

112, 26of, 405, 419 ; remedies 

for, 68f, 258, 26^ 
" Divorce colonies," 419 
Doctors, duties of, to social re- 
form, 102, 285, 456f 
Doctrines, theological, as related 

to sociological ethics, 2, 38. See 

Ethics. 
" Do-everything policy," of W. C. 

T. U. and other societies, 15. 

See King's Daughters, etc. 
" Double Standard" of purity for 

men and women, 457. See 

Purity. 
Dress reform, 419, 434, 460 
Drinking usages, 380, 381, 387^ 

See Liquors, Temperance, etc. 
Drinks, temperance, so called, 1 12 
Drunkards, 282, 301, 306, 370, 

373. See Keeley cure. 
Dueling, 395 
Dynamite, antidotes for, 21, 130, 

132, 147 



" Early closing," of places of 
trade, 137, 159, 298 

Earnings, average, of workmen, 
266 

Economics, defined, 259 ; relation 
of, to sociology, 12, 63, 240, 288, 
296 ; to ethics and religion, 21, 
113, 144, 280, 314 ; to politics, 
100, 112, 275 ; laws of, 168, 
169, 296 (see Evolution). See 
Political economy. 

Education, defined, 279 ; consid- 
ered at length, 83-108 ; formerly 
rare among both rich and poor, 
40, 131, 370, 390 ; free, 40, 131, 
390, 393 ; manual, 86f, 274, 275 ; 
hygienic, 73, 98 ; moral, 86, 89- 
100, 242, 274, 27gf, 306, 364, 
46of ; temperance, 98, 112, 28if, 
404, 420; compulsory, 112, 
276, 321 ; the best charity, 253 ; 
forms of, 279 ; out of school, 
ioif, 285 ; by newspapers, io6f ; 
relation to poverty, 149, 150 ; 



as a moral force, 51, 61, 286 ; 
mothers, 73, 88 ; annual sermon 
on, 243 ; progress of, 421 ; liter- 
ature of, 490 ; laws of, 168, 169, 
276, 296 ; as preventive of crime, 
274 ; not sufficient unless moral 
and spiritual, 144, 242, 275 

Eight-hour movement, 9, 163, 184 

Elections, frauds at, in the past, 
388f ; protection of, 2i8f (see 
Ballot reform) ; separation of 
national and city, 21 1, 200, 237 ; 
effect of rain upon, 16, 334, 
433 ; duty of Christians at, 30, 
198, 250. See Citizenship. 

Electoral reform, 40. See Ballot 
reform. 

Electricity, as a socializing force, 
162, 432 

Emancipation, of Christian origin, 
247 ; through popular suffrage, 
38, 40 ; progress of, 81, 396, 
397f, 398. See Slavery. 

Embezzlements, 93 

Employment, alleged duty of the 
State to provide, i4of, 159, 300, 

302, 303 ; as related to drinking 
usages, 146, 304, 407 ; to crime, 
148, 150; bureaus of, 143, 301, 

303. See Unemployed. 
Encouragements, in social reform, 

108, 132. See God. 
Endeavor, united societies of, 
origin of, 404 ; progress of, 15, 
282, 412 ; president of, 191 ; 
subjects for discussion by, 236 ; 
work for, 252 
Engineers, railway, 9, 185 
Environment, moral power of, 46, 
61, 26sf, 280, 296. See Train- 
ing. 
Episcopalians, 152, 155, 25of, 

421 
Epworth League, 402, 282, 2, 105 
Ethics, based on sympathy, 165 ; 
peculiarities of Christian, 64 ; 
as related to doctrines, 2, 49 ; 
much neglected in former cen- 
turies, 37, 38, 372 ; in the nine- 
teenth century, 43ff, 242 ; in in- 
dustry, 113, 265 (see Brotherhood 
economics) ; in education, 279 
(see Education) ; in politics, 197 ; 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



511 



should be promoted by Univer- 
sity extension, 102 

Equality, defined, 290 ; of Chris- 
tian origin, 38, 113, 246, 289, 
297 ; political, 38, 231 ; indus- 
trial, 38, 170 : the social aim, 
294 ; progress of, 4o8f 

Equity. See Justice 

Evangelical Alliance, 15, 22, 41, 
395 . 

Evolution, not proven, 74, 409 ; 
altruism of, 74 ; analogies in, to 
economic laws, 130, 133, 161, 
294, 295, 296, 318 

Example, power of, 74, 82 

Excursions, free, for the poor, 87. 
See Sunday. 

Excuses, for wrong-doing, I24f, 
3Q5f 

Executive officers, powers of, 80, 
212, 335 ; perjuries of, 208, 237, 
340 

Express, government, 178, 189, 
325 

Extravagance, in style of living, 
70 



Fabianism, 130, 174, 175, 189, 295, 
310, 318, 319 

Factories, origin of, 76, 162, 164 ; 
morals in, 152 ; Sunday work in, 
232 ; government, 303 

"Factory acts," 130, 135, 164, 
315, 393, 395. 402. See Child 
labor. 

Fairs, immorality at, 194 

Faith, as a social force, 21, 134, 
296 

Fallen women, refuges for, 301, 
303. See Prostitution. 

Family, the social unit (not one 
" home " but a man and woman), 
61 ; the primary social group, 29, 
31, 63 ; family worship, the heart 
of, 61 ; Christian, compared to 
heathen, 260 ; the love of, should 
be extended to the whole race, 6 ; 
considered at length, 63ff; neglect 
of religion in, 260 ; pledge, 249 ; 
sermon on, 243 ; literature on, 



Faribault plan, 90. See School 

fund. 
Farms, desertion of, 63, 139, 159, 
169, 303 ; return to, from over- 
crowded cities, 138, 139, i4of, 
142, 159, 300, 414 ; street waifs 
sent to, 85, 87 ; government, 
303 ; prices of produce of, 350 
Farmers, of the past, 161, 413 ; 
grievances of, 189 ; relation of, 
to the liquor traffic, 119, 145 ; to 
socialism, 310 

Fatherhood of God, 2, 38. See 

God, Brotherhood. 
Fathers. See Husbands, Parents. 

Federation of Labor. See Ameri- 
can, etc. 

Federations of Churches, 47ff, 
52ff, 59, 153 

Fellowship as a social force, 50, 
51, 52, 60, 102, 106, 160, 172, 
253, 285f, 307. See Brother- 
hood. 

Feudalism, medieval, 367 ; Japa- 
nese, 399 ; industrial, 164 

Finance, national, 100, 149, 151, 
422. See Gold, Silver, Green- 
backs, Tariff, etc, 

Flogging, abolished, 393, 395, 398 

Food, cost of, 123, 134, 141, 314 ; 
adulteration of, 370 ; effects of, 
456 

Football, 112, 284, 298, 411 

Foreigners, in the slums, 77 ; of 
the better sort, 217. See Immi- 
grants. 

"Forward movements," 46, 256. 
See Institutional churches, So- 
cial settlements, etc. 

Fourth of July, 243 

Franchises, 179, 189, 191, 226, 
237, 330, 423 

Fraternity, Christian origin of, 38. 
See Brotherhood. 

Frauds of railway managers, 326 

Freedom of contract, 166 

Free love, 173 

Free trade, 383. See Tariff. 

Fresh Air Fund, 86, 275, 401 

Friends, Society of, 277 

Frontiers, Churches of, 44 



489 



Si* 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



Gambling, in former ages, 381 
licensed, 225, 422 ; on race 
tracks, 53, 282, 287, 354, 422 
in grain, 243, 414 ; in stocks 
249, 2821 ; how to be sup 
pressed, 46, 47, 53, 54, 97, 99 
100, 145, 227, 258, 422 

Games, 256. See Amusements. 

Gardens, for the poor, 309 

Gas, origin of, 390. See Munici- 
palism. 

Gentlemen, impure talk not mark 
of, 71 

Germans, in the United States, 
72f, g8f, 291, 412, 428 

Gilds, medieval, 125 

Giving, meager, 403 ; proportion- 
ate, 299 ; to reforms contrasted 
with giving to religion and 
charity, 2, 44, 411, 495. See 
Benevolence. 

God, as a social force, 55, 113, 
121, I29, 132, I9I, 233, 279, 332 

Gold, 442. See Silver. 

Golden Rule. See Bible Index, 
Matt, vii : 12 

Good, defined, 294 

Good citizenship. See Citizen- 
ship. 

Good Government Clubs, subjects 
for discussion by, 236. See 
Municipal reform. 

" Good old times," 371, 378f, 380, 
383, 384, 388, 401 

Goods, defined, 288 

Gospel, defined, 27 ; a cure of 
social ills, 21. See Christ. 

Gossip, fostered by newspapers, 
80, 88, 107 

Gothenburg, Norwegian plan of 
liquor-selling, 237, 35 if, 420 

Government, principles of, 332 ; 
paternalism and fraternalism of, 
83f, 171 ; control of ''industry, 
137, 160 ; ownership of indus- 
trial plants, I77ff, 302f, 312, 
320, 322ff ; socialist changes in, 
319. See Courts, Executives, 
Legislation. 

Governors, 200, 2i2f, 227, 228, 
284, 285, 312, 318, 335, 340. 
See Vetoes. 

"Grand divide," 318 



Greed, results of, 83. See Self- 
ishness. 

Greenbacks, 422 

Gymnastics, as a social force, 51, 
52, 103 



Plappiness, an object of social 
efforts, 106, 113, 121, 191, 287, 
292, 297 

Health, education as to, 73, g8f ; 
marriage favorable to, 71, 166 ; 
relation of the Sabbath to, g&( ; 
of drink to, 265 ; of tobacco to, 
282 ; of impurity to, 265 ; of 
child labor to, 315 ; of the slums 
to, 77. See Hygiene. 

Heredity, overestimated, 265 ; 
power of, 61, 71, 454 ; curse of, 

74 

History, value of , 277 ; of peoples, 
245 ; as a basis of social studies, 
161, 361 ; chart of, 359 ; periods 
of, defined, 367 ; leading fea- 
tures of, 246f ; mutilations of, 
through sectarianism, 90, 259 ; 
readings in, 444f. See Cen- 
turies. 

Home, origin of, 61, 63, 259 ; im- 
portance and power of, 61, 105 ; 
religion in the, 8iff ; teaching 
at, 80, 88f ; perils of, 63, 309. 
See Family. 

Home missions, 44 

Home ownership, 270 

Home protection, 237 

Home rule, 204 

Homestead strike. See Strikes. 

Honesty, 241, 243, 248 

Honor, commercial, 181 

Hospitals, new devices for, 276 ; 
temperance, 282 ; traveling, 
301 ; number of patients in, 
reduced by closing Sunday sa- 
loons, 428 

Hours of labor, reduced, 120, 137, 
146, 147, 155, 228, 288, 289, 290, 
302, 309, 3iof, 312, 330, 393, 
395, 30 

Housekeeping, cooperative, III 

House of Commons. See Com' 
mons. 

House of Representatives, 221, 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



513 



226, 227, 23of, 330. See Con- 
gress, Senate. 

Housing of the poor, in Middle 
Ages, 370 ; in old New England, 
392 ; in our times, 76-79, 167, 
267ff. See Slums, Tenements. 

Humane progress, in the Middle 
Ages, 36, 37 ; in treatment of 
the insane, 394 ; in surgery, 
395 ; in war, 424. See Prog- 
ress. 

Humane societies, 52, 252. See 
Cruelty. 

Humanitarianism, of Christ, 23 ; 
of the churches, 59, 248 ; in 
general, 247 

''Humanity," a Christian idea, 36, 
37, 106, 246 

Hungarians, 218, 259 

Husbands, 69, 70, 74, III 

Hygiene, in schools, 282. See 
Health. 

Hymns, individualistic, 248 



Ideals, social, 32, 38, 113, 153, 
161, 239, 245, 259 

Idleness, as a cause of crime, 280 

Ignorance, curse of, 61, 276 ; a 
cause of crime, 280 

Immigrants, 87, 91, 138, 140,159, 
218, 252, 47iff 

Immigration, statistics of, 412, 
424f ; restriction of, 151, 205, 
259 ; sermon on, 243 

Impeachment, of unfaithful execu- 
tives, 209 

Imperative mandate, defined and 
condemned, 354 ; demanded, 
311, 312 

Impurity, 38, 40, 47, 54, 79, 
97. 145, 149, 247, 381,411,414, 
453ff. See Purity. 

Income taxes, 223 

Indians, American, 76, 217, 34if 

Individuality, value and power of, 
46f, 133, 249, 253 ; develop- 
ment of, in history, 23, 28, 29, 
33, 34. 3°, 37, 38 ; excess of, in 
the churches, 2, 16, 45, 53, 248 ; 
of Herbert Spencer, 315 ; of 
German socialism, 291 ; as re- 



lated to government ownership, 
330 

Infanticide, in ancient Rome, 36 

Infidelity, favorable to disorder, 
381 

Ingersoll, Col. R. G., 65 

Inheritances, tax on. See Taxa- 
tion. 

Initiative. See Referendum. 

Insane, modern treatment of, 394 

Insurance, as a factor of social re- 
form, 78, 132, 265, 294, 421 

Intemperance, as a cause of pau- 
perism and crime, 76, 77, I48ff, 
289f ; causes of, 79, 151, 159, 
304, 309 ; results of, 46, 74 ; 
of the rich, 306 ; as affecting 
employment (see Employment). 
See Liquors, Temperance. 

Interest defined and defended, 

345, 119 
Internal revenue, 224 
Interstate commerce law, 128, 180, 

182, 326, 328 
International, a title of American 

societies, usually includes only 

United States and Canada ; in 

larger meanings, 112, 184 
Inventions, mostly of Christian 

origin, 362. See Machinery. 
Investigations, suggested, 60, 112, 

etc. 
Italians, in United States, 105, 

218, 259, 286 



Jerusalem, New, 3r, 191 

Jesuits, origin of, 374 ; expul- 
sions of, 374, 380, 400 

Jews, unequaled charities of, 45, 
254 ; relation of, to Christian 
teaching in public schools, 96, 
281 ; to the Lord's Day, 104, 
330 ; usage of, as to Passover 
wine, 25of ; social efforts in be- 
half, 105, 286 

Judges, elective, 312. See Courts. 

Juries, originated, 369, 390 ; in 
police courts, 214 ; reform of, 
237 

Justice, essential character of, 165; 
Roman, 36 ; Christian, 245, 286; 
in industrial distribution, 113, 



5i4 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



H5ff, 135, 165, 288, 294, 302, 
320 

Justice, bureaus of, for defense 

of the poor, 301, 341 
Justinian, code of, 36, 367f 



Keeley cures, investigated, 282 
Kindergartens, as social forces, 52, 

75f, 84, 97, ii2, 253, 266, 275 
Kingdom of God. See Bible index, 

Matt. xiii. 
King's Daughters and Sons, 15, 22, 

51, 87, 124, 271, 307 
Kitchen gardens, 253 
Knights of Labor, 9, 127, 130, 

185, 3l8, 330, 370 
Know Nothings, origin of, 396 



Labor, defined, 288, 345 ; division 
of, 46 ; problems of, considered at 
length, H5ff. See Child labor. 

Labor (personified), problem of, 
the chief social problem, 160; 
duty of the church to, I52f, 160: 
of the State to, 113; insurrections 
of (see discontent, revolutions, 
strikes) ; mistakes of, I23f, 138, 
140; literature of, 4gof 

Labor reform, beginnings of, 376, 
393. 394; purposes of, 288, 345; 
programs of, 31 if; difficulties of , 
147, 153; materialistic programs 
of, 121, I33f, 29if, 296f, 305; 
relation of, to the Sabbath, 9, 15, 
106, 184; to temperance, 15, 16, 
113, 237, 304, 305f; to problem 
of the family, 76; international 
bearings of, 308; progress of, 
288f, 426 

Labor unions, development of, 
384, 391, 401; membership of, 
129; motto for, 293; purposes of, 
294; cooperation of, how secured 
by pastor, 9, 184; opposition to 
apprenticeships, 87, 275; study 
of industrial problems by, 113, 
189, 294; Sunday meetings of, 
129, 294, 330; rules of, criticized, 
124, 125; leaders of, 290; rela- 
tion of, to non-union men, 129, 



158, 159, 242; incorporation of, 
proposed, 467 

Laissez faire (also laisser faire), 
pronounced lee-se-fare, mean- 
ing let alone, non-interference 
by the State in industry, 137, 
i63ff, 176, 3i5ff, 383 

Land defined, 288, 345; average 
supply of, 139. See Single tax. 

Law, not made by man, 7; as re- 
lated to liberty, \7\i\ common, 
245, 368 

Law and order movements, 211, 
214, 340, 427L See Municipal 
reform. 

Law enforcement, 97, 112, 128, 
147, 200, 238, 282, 427 

Law-breaking, 38, 2o6f, 267, 340, 
411 

Laws, commission on uniform, 68f , 
414 

Leaders of social reform, needed, 
16; respectable, of bad causes, 

365 
Leagues, plan for reform, 52 
Lectures on social reform, 25 if, 495 
Legislation, purpose of, 353, 356; 
sacred duty of, 193, needed, 
2 1 5ff; how secured, 2isff; to be 
separated from executive duties, 
200; to be accompanied by moral 
movements, 242 
Legislatures, State, 222, 226, 227; 
corruption of, 228, 335; restraint 
of, 311; influenced by corpora- 
tions, 330, 426 
Leisure, use of, 309 
Letter-writing, as force in reform, 

22gff, 238 
Lexow investigation, 208, 429 
Liability, employers', 315, 322, 417 
Liberals, religious, in social re- 
form, 46 
Liberty, as a universal right, a 
Christian doctrine, 37, 65; per- 
sonal, 171, 317, 319; industrial 
(see Laissez faire); anathema- 
tized, 398; as related to the Sab- 
bath, 173, 185, 252; to national 
Christian institutions, 236 
Liberty leagues, 8, 15, 47 
Libraries, public, 112, 137 
Licenses, for gambling and prosti- 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



515 



tution, 225, 253; for opium traf- 
fic, 41; for liquor-selling, 368, 
376, 210, 306, 353; condemned 
by churches, 42, 249; by labor, 
150; by judges, 215. See Liquors. 

Lighting plants, city ownership of, 
!77» !78, 322. See Muncipal- 
ism. 

Liquor-dealers, exclusion of, from 
religious and other reputable so- 
cieties, 43; power of, in politics, 
210, 259, 294, 420; number of, 
146 

Liquor traffic, statistics of, 41:, 247, 
407,415; financial injury of, 119, 
144, 145, 159, 237, 304f, 307, 

325, 407 

Liquors, spirituous, in contrast 
with malt, 44, 250, 370 ; grain 
used for, 145; per capita con- 
sumption of, 148, 407; chief 
cause of poverty and crime, 
I48ff; petition against, 264^ laws 
in restraint of, 203, 224f, 250, 
258; sale of, to minors sup- 
pressed, 7; State sale of, 224f, 
237, 281, 311, 35if, 421. See 
License, Prohibition. 

Literature, sociological, 488 

" Living pictures," 425, 459. See 
Theaters. 

" Living wage," 113, 118, 120, 
I36f, 141, 298, 3i4f, 47of 

Loan bureaus, 78, 143, 303, 418 

Lobby, uses and abuses of, 228ff, 
238 

Local option (local prohibition), 
403, 430, 432f 

Local veto, 306. See Local option. 

Lodges, outnumbering churches, 
79, 271 

Lodging-houses, municipal 254f, 
303; charitable, 255, 301 

Logic, studies in, 300 

Lombroso school of penologists, 
339. See Prison reform. 

Longevity, marriage favorable to, 
7i 

Lords, House of, 416 

Lord's day, as related to Anno 
Domini, 2; significance of, 27 

Lord's supper, significance of, 26, 
246 



Lotteries, in the past, 38, 374, 379, 
381,391, 393; not yet condemned 
in church disciplines, 44; laws 
against, proposed, 227, 323 

Lottery, Louisiana, origin of, 399; 
laws against, 408, 422; change 
of name, 4i4f 

Love, to God and man makes up 
the two hemispheres of a full- 
orbed life, 26; to man, 32, 248, 
256 (see Bible Index, Matt, xxii: 
38); Christian, in the early 
church, 34, 246; family, mostly 
of Christian origin, 74, in; 
distinctively Christian, 245; lack- 
ing in Reformation, 247 

Lunatics, moral, 301 

Luther, 37, 100, 360, 371, 373 

Lutherans, usage of, as to com- 
munion wine, 250 

Luxuries, why lacking in some 
cases, I45f 

Lynching, 208, 427 



Machinery, introduction of, 39, 
382,395; resultsof, 76, 151, 163, 
171, 3 1 of, 313; monopolies by 
patents of, 232; as related to the 
drink habit, 304 

Magazines, 89, 112 

Magna Charta, 40, 370 

Man, creation of, 33; definition of, 
133; to be saved as a race, not 
individually only, 2 

Manufacturers, development of, 
164, 167, 382. See Capitalists. 

Marriage, import of, 61; purpose 
of, 66; usually happy, 69; abuses 
of, 70, 152, 191, 455ff; laws of, 
393, 400; statistics of, 112. See 
Divorces. 

Materialism, see Labor reform (ma- 
terialistic programs). 

Matrimonial bureaus, 301 

Mathew, Father, 394 

Mayors, faithful, 194; unfaithful, 
200, 2o8ff, 219, 332, 340 

Merchants, duties of, not " secu- 
lar," 2; preferring money to 
morals, 194 

Methodism,, origin of, 39, ioo ; 



srf 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



380 ; action of, on ethics, 43f, 
249, 250 

Middle Ages, defined, 367; faults 
and virtues of, 25, 48, 86 

Millionaires, 179, 181, 221, 323, 
426 

Mines, hardships in, 167, 242, 
vices in, 259; Sunday work in, 
44; work in, 308; wages in, 119, 
123, 290; government owner- 
ship of, 178, 179 

Ministers, of former centuries, 378, 
395 ; sacred desk of, and its rela- 
tions, 2; trades suggested for, 
275; more fraternity needed 
among, 34f; duty of, to study 
social problems, 60, 115, 116, 
131, 141, 173, 338 ; duty of, in 
politics, 198, 220, 243; Sabbath 
breaking by, 208; course of 
reading for, 493f 

Ministers' meetings, themes for, 
59> 236 

Minority representation. See Pro- 
portional representation. 

Missions, progress of, 39, 385, 
387, 402, 410, 412, 415; medi- 
cal, 394 

Mohammedanism, 41, 36of, 368, 
408 

Money problems, 63, 169, 237 

Monometalism, 305, 325. See 
Silver. 

Monopoly, origin of, 170, 408; 
injustice of, 122, 123, 191, 331; 
characteristic of present stage of 
economic development, 115; con- 
centration of wealth chiefly due 
to, 179, 323; opposed by some 
capitalists, 120, 290; duty of 
church to oppose, 46, 291; politi- 
cal action against, 285; relation 
of, to government ownership, 
176, 183, 32of, 322, 355 

Morality, Christian, 64, 92, 93, 
96, 112,305. See Ethics. 

Mormonism, 64, 65, 68, 260, 407 

Mortgages, uses and abuses of, 
79, 27of 

Motherhood, 272 

Mothers, influence of, 72, 74, 88 
(see Heredity); as wage-earners, 
76; home teaching by, 8o, 88 



Mothers' meetings, 253 

Municipal clubs, subjects for dis- 
cussion in, 236 

Municipal corruption, 41, 63, 191 

Municipalism, defined, 175; prog- 
ress of, 177, 178, 189, 2ri, 291, 
311, 312, 320, 322, 329, 408, 
423ff 

Municipal reform, at length, 203ff, 
2o8ff, 429; in brief, 16, 197, 
/200, 204, 218, 226, 237, 334, 
335; sermon on, 243 

Murders, number of, 338; causes 
of, 280 



Narcotics, 98. See Tobacco. 
Nation, the, as a moral person, 92, 

191, 193, 333, 334 
Nations, Christian, extent of the 

sway of, 415 
National Bureau of Reforms, 10, 

53, 54, 494i 
Nationalism, 176, 178, 313, 318 
National Reform Association, 41, 

*93, 398 
Naturalization, 425 
Navy, American, 223 
Negroes, housing of, 76; suffrage 

of, 81, 216; treatment of each 

other, 242; colonization of, 416 
Neighborliness, 285, 286. See 

Fellowship; also, in Bible Index, 

Matt, xxii: 38 
Newspapers, faults of, 29, io6f, 

112, 258, 277f, 287, 298, 416, 

430; not to be one's exclusive 

reading, 88f ; to be studied, 80 
Nihilism, defined, 176 
Norwegian plan of liquor-selling. 

See Gothenburg. 
Novels, 88, 213 
Nurses, 88, 254 



Oaths of office, 203. See Execu- 
tives. 
Oberlin College, 128, 183, 421, 

475 
Obscenity, legal definition of, 458 
Officers. See Legislatures, Courts, 

etc, 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



5*7 



Office-seeking, 230. See Civil 
Service Reform. 

Oil monopoly, 123, 232 

Old age, insurance, State, 132, 42if 

" One idea" reformers, 15 

Opium, traffic in, forbidden by 
China, 393; forced on China by 
Great Britain, 41, 395; consump- 
tion of, in India, 4iff, 414, 430; 
licensing of, condemned by Par- 
liament, 41; how to be sup- 
pressed, 258; petition against, 
265 

Optimists, 79, 251, 295, 435 

Orphans. See Child-saving institu- 
tions. 

Outdoor relief, 255 

Overcrowding. See Slums. 

Over-production, 303f 

Ownership of homes and farms, 
303f 



Paganism of Greece and Rome, 36, 

245, 253 
Panics, commercial, 119, 138, 265, 

3ii, 437 

Papacy, development of, 35, 361, 
364, 367, 368, 400 

Papers, religious, 420. See News- 
papers. 

Parents, duties of, 80, 84, 85, 86, 
88f, 91, 152, 226 

Parks, as social forces, 103, 275, 
456 

Parliament, British. See Com- 
mons, Lords. 

Parliament, World's, of Religions, 
411 

Parochial schools, Sgfi, 112, 195, 
278, 394, 409 

Parties, significance of, 200; duty 
as to, 236; political, platforms of, 
179, 228, 431 ; indefinite issues of, 
223; intolerance of new, 198; 
union of reform, 285, 427; can- 
didates' characters less important 
than characters of, 199. See 
Democratic Party, Republican, 
etc. 

Passes, as bribes, 228 

Patents, as bases of monopoly, 
307, 311, 324 



Paternalism defined, 175; con- 
sidered, 83f, 112, 118, 164, 168, 
179. 233, 314, 329. See Gov- 
ernment. 

Patience, under industrial hard- 
ships, 115, I3iff 

Patronage. See Civil Service Re- 
form. 

Pauperism, not the usual condition 
of labor, 134 ; caused partly by 
careless benevolence, 48, 49, 
151 ; due chiefly to drink, 76, 
77, I48ff, 253, 305f ; cures of, 
255, 349. See Charity, Poverty, 
etc. 

Pawnbrokers, 119, 303 

Pay day, 304 

Peace and arbitration, ill, 120, 
222f, 312, 313, 316, 374, 390, 
43of 

"Penny Provident Fund," 303. 
See Loan Bureau, Savings. 

Penology, 338. See Prison Re- 
form. 

Perils, National, 63, 197; social, 
74, 120. See Revolution. 

Persecutions, 363^ 373, 398, 400, 
416 

" Personal liberty," 47. See Lib- 
erty. 

Pessimists, 79, 435 

Pestalozzi, 383 

Petition, right of, 394 

Petitions, on liquor and opium, 
(W. C. T. U.) suggested, 42 

Pews, 34, 35, 5 1 

Philanthropy, Christian, 2, 21, 
244f 

Picnics, as social forces, 87, 119 

Pictures, influence of, 73, 82 

Pilgrims, land of, 195 

Platforms. See Parties. 

Plato, Republic of, 246; quoted 

115 
Playgrounds, as social forces, 87f, 

103, 137, 275f 
Pledges, as social forces, 44, 105, 

113, 151, 249, 299, 404 
"Pocket boroughs," a term applied 

originally to British electorates 

having but few electors, and they 

controlled wholly by some ' ' lord" 

or "gentleman," 40 



5i8 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



Police, 34of. See Municipal Re- 
form. 

Police Gazette, 108, 237, 455 

Political economy, of Adam Smith 
and Ricardo, 39, 113, 133, 136, 
160, i64ff, 191, 3i3f; the new- 
ethical, 171, 315. See Econo- 
mics, Ethics. 

Politicians, of the past, 382, 401; 
of the present, 99, 229, 351, 365 

Politics, as related to sociology, 
240; Christian, 21, 23, 25, 32, 
33, 92, 96, 191, 244, 355, 431 
(see Citizenship); most important 
issues of, 7, 283, 325, 348 ; con- 
sidered at length, I93ff; in 
brief, 202, 211, 218. See Sil- 
ver, Tariff. 

Pools, railway, 181, 182, 355. See 
Railroads. 

Poor laws, 253, 255, 376, 384, 393 

Popular governments, develop- 
ment of, 39, 40, 226, 383, 385, 

391. 393, 39 6 , 397, 39 8 , 399, 
413. See Government, Liberty. 

Population, 409, 415; in propor- 
tion to acreage, 139; growth of, 
263. See Census. 

Populists, 311, 335 

Postal savings banks, 323 

Post-office, 378, 394. See Letter- 
writing. 

Poverty, defined, 288; honest, 305, 
307; causes of , 135, 149, 305f ; to 
be abolished, 317. See Pauper- 
ism. 

Praise, for good work, 292 

Prayer, as a social force, 2, 151, 

248, 355 

Prayer-meetings, as social forces, 
243, 248, 250, 251, 252 

Preaching, as a social force, 21, 
29f, 242f, 283. See Ministers. 

Presbyterians, 43, 54, 249, 257f 

President, of United States. Pow- 
ers of, 208, 212; one term pro- 
posed for, 237; popular election 
proposed of, 312 

Press, extent of issues of, 4o6f. 
See Newspapers. 

Prevention, in reform work, 52, 
61, 97, 108, 136, 239, 281, 285. 
See Child. 



Prices, formerly fixed by law, 40, 
159; often unjust, 1 19, 122, 123, 
137; significance of rise and fall 
of, 116, 348f 

Primaries, 335 ; Christians' duty to, 
I9 1 , 334, 335, 356; abuses of, 
228; substitutes for, 226; regula- 
tion of, 237, 238, 454f 

Princeton seminary, letters by fac- 
ulty of, 11; ballot on reforms by, 
4 86f 

Prison reform, 39, 108, 207, 238, 
281, 301, 338f, 381, 394, 395, 

431 

Prize-fighting, 204, 2i2f, 284, 
418 

Production, industrial, defined, 
288; considered, 39, 133, 136, 
162, 309; cooperative, 302. See 
Machinery. 

Profits, defined, 345 

Profit-sharing, progress of, 122, 
x 37, J 59> 2g8f; not a cure-all, 
325 

Progress, moral, promised, 32f; 
how secured, 28, 247, 279, 296; 
how hindered, 77, 147, 315; 
shown from history, 31, 310; of 
recent years, 41, 59, 130, 131, 
159, 289, 36iff, 401, 435 ; anath- 
ematized, 39 

Prohibition, defined and defended, 
224f, 353; early advocates of, 
378, 382; early laws of, 380, 396; 
by State, 7, 40, 247; constitu- 
tional, 227, 403; how promoted, 
249, 348; not a cure-all, 151. 
See Liquors, Temperance. 

Prohibition Party, beginning of, 
399; proposed union with other 
reform parties, 285, 31 if; sug- 
gestion to, 335 

Property, defined, 288. See Capi- 
tal. 

Prostitution, consecrated in heathen 
temples, 260; licensed in some 
foreign lands, 258; proposed 
"regulation" of, 225, 237, 238, 
258, 454f (see License) ; causes 
of, 77, 151; movements against, 
247, 249. See Impurity. 

Protection. See Tariff. 

Protestantism vs. Roman Catholi- 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



5 IQ 



cism, 37f, 247, 279. See Refor- 
mation. 

Protestants, origin of word, 374 

Providence, 55, 165, 233, 295. See 
God. 

Public, the, as a factor in social 
problems, 115, 118, 133, 172, 
179, 181, 189, 312, 424 

Public sentiment, as a social force, 
43, 219, 326 

Pullman strike, 122, 126. See 
Strikes. 

Pulpits, as social forces, 43, 198, 
203. See Ministers. 

Punishments. See Prison Reform. 

Puritans, origin of, 376 

Purity, a virtue of Christian origin, 
37, 63, 64, 248; formerly under- 
estimated by Christians, 38; to be 
maintained in conversation, 7if; 
the secret of strength, 73; should 
be taught in schools, 100; legal 
protection of, inadequate, 63, 
in, 227, 259; movements in be- 
half of, 404. See Double Stand- 
ard, Impurity. 



Questions of the day. See College 
(debates). 



Railways, early, 390, 392; extent 
and power of , 232; speed, 407;* 
dishonest management of, 280, 
281, 411; gambling in stocks of, 
283; pools of, 181, 182, 232, 
3 2 8» 355; government control of, 
182, 189, 329; government own- 
ership of, 177, i8off, 300, 311; 
court decisions as to, 136; acci- 
dents of, due to drink, 367; total 
abstinence required of employees 
of, 304; benefit associations of, 
299. See Interstate Commerce 
Law. 

Reading, good, 1 12, 444f, 488; 
evil, 47, 287, 434 

Reading-rooms, 52 

Realism, in literature and art, 424, 



434. See Novels, " Living Pic- 
tures." 
Reciprocity, 184, 347 
Recreation, as a social force, 51, 52 
Referendum, origin of, 401; 
favored, 200, 226, 237, 311, 312, 
322, 354, 414 
Reformation, of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, 37ff, 373. See Protes- 
tantism. 
Reformatories, to8. See Prison 

reform. 
Reform bill, British, 40 
Reformed churches, 54, 250, 259 
Reformed Episcopal church, 25of 
Reforms, considered in their rela- 
tions, 2, 9, 10, 15, 44f, 53, 54; 

475 

Reform schools, origin of, 394 ; 
facts as to, 84, 94f 

Refuges, 303. See Asylums, Child- 
saving institutions, etc. 

Regeneration, of society, 2, 16, 
26, 28, 338. See Conversion. 

Religions, compared, 41, 64f 

Renaissance, 37, 371 

Remedies for social ills, 115, 153. 
See Christ, Vote, etc. 

Rent, defined, 345 ; considered, 
122, 346. See Single tax. 

Representatives, political, 226, 228. 
See Imperative mandate, Pro- 
portional representation. 

Republics, European, 390 ; mor- 
als, necessities of life in, 96, 97, 
100, 106, 186, 23iff, 356 ; strikes 
with violence inexcusable in, 
125, 132, 159, 163; relation of 
common schools to, 278. See 
Nation. 

Republican Party, 285, 420, 433 

Resolutions, church, on reforms, 
42, 45, 53, 24 9 f 

Responsibility, personal, 46f, 124, 

159. 293 
Rest, laws of, 98 

Revivals, as related to reforms, 29, 
201, 242, 397. See Regenera- 
tion. 
Revolution, American, 383 ; 

* On Sept. ii, 1895, New York Central railway train made run 436^ miles (New 
York to East Buffalo), in 407 minutes, an average of 64% miles per hour, beating best 
English record of 63% miles per hour, 



520 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



French, 120, 130, 291, 384, 396 ; 
industrial, 127, 130, 160, 177, 
183, 245, 295, 305, 310, 321, 

325 

Rich, 85, 133, 134, 136. See Cap- 
ital, Wealth. 

Right, the might of, 55, 279, 294 

Rights, human, 73, 117, 123, 171, 
172, 184, 236 

Rings, political, 259 

Riots, 427. See Strikes. 

Roman Catholic church of the past, 
3iff, 194. (See Papacy, Prot- 
estantism, Reformation) ; data 
of present cooperation with non- 
Catholics in reforms, 47, 86, 89ft, 
250, 252, 262, 279, 280, 291, 
405, 406, 413, 414, 421 ; de- 
mands of, for division of school 
fund (see Parochial schools, 
School fund, Sectarian appro- 
priations) ; child-saving work of, 
85 ; relation of, to the labor 
problem, 249 ; usage of, as to 
communion wine, 250 ; work in 
behalf of, 105 

Rome, ancient, 37, 74, 102, 140, 
232, 356, 360, 362ff 

Rulers, 246, 365. See Executives, 
Governors, etc. 



Sabbath, as a part of Christian 
morality, 64 ; basis of, in Scrip- 
ture, 196 ; in nature, g8f ; in 
Roman law, 365 ; abolished and 
restored in France, 385, 388 ; 
adopted in Japan, 401 ; in Ko- 
rea, 432 ; modern civil laws on, 
173, 193, 227 ; recognition of , by 
executive and legislative branches 
of United States government (for 
unanimous decision of Supreme 
Court in favor of, see my 
Civil Sabbath, p. 3), 53, 195ft ; 
hearing on, before Senate com- 
mittee, 9 ; relation to national 
life, 46, 23if, 377 ; should be 
included in school studies, g8f, 
100 ; as an out-of -school educa- 
tor, 83, io6f ; place of, in social 
settlements, 104 ; convention in 
behalf of, 41, 395 ; should be 



defended by federations of 
churches, 44, 47f, 54, 97 ; con- 
sidered as the Lord's Day, 27, 
241 ; as the rest day, 184, 185, 
331 ; as the " Home day," 82f ; 
as the weekly " Independence 
day," 231 ; world's week of 
prayer for, 243 

Sabbath-schools, origin of, 39, 383, 
390 ; work of, 8if, 85, 91, 94, 
95, 100, 105, 205, 309, 400 

Sacrament, defined, 26 

" Sacred," improper contrast of 
word, to " secular," 2, 25, 240 

Safety appliances, 40, 166, 355 

Saloons, screens for, 252. See 
Liquors. 

Salvation, of individuals, as related 
to the salvation of society, 2, 16, 
23, 26, 32. See Conversion, 
Regeneration, Saviorship, 

Salvation Army, 51, 161, 249, 250, 

39 8 , 434 
Sanitation, 40, 103, 149, 166, 320, 

322, 389 
Saturday half-holiday, 159, 251, 

298 
Savings, of working men, 282, 473 
Savings-banks, 178, 301, 305, 323 
Saviorship of Christ, in contrast to 

his kingship, 2, 23ff 
Savonarola, reform work of, 371 
Scholars, duty of, to social reform, 

152, 284. See Colleges. 
School fund, division of, with sec- 
tarian schools, 8gff, 112, 195, 
267, 405, 410, 415 
Schools, Bible in (See Bible, Paro- 
chial schools, School fund) ; en- 
rolment of, in the United 
States, 415 ; industrial, 86, 274, 
275, 301 ; free transportation to, 
300 ; instruction in, by doctors 
suggested, 285 ; other problems 
of, 112. See Education. 
Science, classification of, 12; re- 
action of, from infidelity, 26; af- 
fords basis for ethics, 98!: 
Seaside homes, for the poor, 87 
Secret societies, in, 125, 250, 391 
Sectarian appropriations, 194, 333, 
341, 394, 39 6 > 405, 409, 4iof, 
421 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



521 



Sectarianism, as an impediment to 
social reform, 28, 341", 55, 85,90, 

93, 94, 194, 387 

"Secular," an unwarranted word, 25 

Secularism, 279 

Securities, American, not counted 
secure by Europeans, 181 

Self-culture, 80, 88, 101, 106. See 
Culture. 

Selfishness, defined, 137; results of, 
83; folly of, 113; weakens the 

'church, 16; an inadequate mo- 
tive for social action, 121, 123, 
154, 164, 174, 242, 291, 292, 
314, 316, 317, 334, 422 

Seminaries, theological, 101. See 
Princeton. 

Sensuality, 366. See Impurity. 

Sermon on the Mount. See Bible 
index, Matt. v. 

Sermons, sociological, 29, 153. 
See Bible Index. 

Service, honorable, 124, 138, 240, 
267 

Service, divine, should mean more 
than worship, 2, 45f 

Servants, ancient status of, 29 

Settlements. See Social settlements. 

Shame, uses of, 84 

.Shelters. See Lodging. 

Silver question, 183, 285, 300, 312, 
325, 348, 350, 413, 422. See 
Gold. 

Single tax, defined, 346; consid- 
ered, 121, 288, 300, 305, 312, 
322, 33if, 346, 351. See George 
(Henry), Land, Rent. 

Sisters of Charity, 90 

Skepticism, 387 

Slander, 287 

Slavery, historic data as to, 375, 
378 (serfdom), 381, 382, 386, 

389, 39°, 39i, 393, 395, 397J 
former mistakes of the churches 
as to, 38, 97; disguised forms of, 
258; comparison of unjust labor 
to, 185, 302. See Emancipa- 
tion. 

Slums, statistics of, 76f ; strange at- 
traction of, 50, 140; destruction 
of, 320; political power of, 217; 
more than usual number of sa- 

• loons in, 269; rescue work in, 



301, 434. See Social Settlements, 
Tenements. 

Socialism, defined, 310, 3i7f; in a 
figurative sense, 242; claimed as 
logical completion of democracy, 
313; text-book of, Das /Capital, 
published, 399; German, 291, 
310, 319; Anglo-Saxon forms of 
(see Fabianism); government 
("administration") under, 331; 
moral effects of, 305; objections 
to, 321; discussed at length, 
I73ff, 3i7ff 

Socialists, words and deeds, and 
plans of, 127, 132, 3iif, 319 

Social problem, The, 160 

Social problems, 15, 39,45; 240 

Social science, defined, 12; cited. 
61; national association of, or- 
ganized, 399. See Sociology. 

Social settlements, origin of, 405; 
manifold work of, 15, I02ff, 112, 
286f 

Societies, for social reform, 45, 47, 
in. See Secret Societies, En- 
deavor, etc. 

Society, defined, 239, 253. See 
Sociology, 

" Society," fashionable, 32, 8of, 271 

Sociology, Christian, defined, 12, 
236, 240; Christian basis of, 34; 
descriptive, 239, 245, 438; static, 
438; dynamic, 296, 438; increased 
study of, 426f; as a college and 
seminary study, 284, 408; insti- 
tutes of, 240; literature of, 488ff 

Soldiery, use of, in labor riots, 
208, 213; liquors sold to, 224 

Solidarity of the modern world, 413 

Speculation, 282f 

Spencer, Herbert, reply to, 296 

Spoils system, origin of, 392. See 
Civil service reform. 

Standard of living, 113, 309, 470ft 

State, the relation of, to religion, 
96; to social problems, I93ff; 
"regulation" of vice by, 247 

States, church members by, 56; 
commissions of, on uniform laws, 
68 f; divorce laws of, 69 

Statesmanship, 191 

Statistics, studies in, 138, 300. See 
Census. 



522 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



Stealing, 64, 99, IOO 

Steam power, introduction of, 39, 
76, 164, 313. See Machinery. 

Steamships, speed of, 415 

Stewardship, of the rich, 137, 299 

Stock gambling. See Gambling. 

Stockholders, rights of, 159, 181, 
182, 326f 

Stoic philosophy, 365 

Street-cleaning, 2 10, 429; moral, 455 

Street railways, city ownership of, 
178, 423L See Municipalism. 

Strike, the industrial, origin of, 
393; purpose of, 125; Home- 
stead, 116; Chicago, 122, 125, 
208, 293f, 416; Brooklyn, 154, 
312, 426; electrical workers, 146; 
sweaters, 290; sympathetic, 117, 
I25ff; with violence, 41, 118, 
I25f, 154, 159, 294, 410, 426, 
467; as related to ballots (see 
Ballot); as related to contracts, 
126; national commission on, 122, 
126; lossesby, 293, 311; remedies 
for, 182, 291, 293, 427, 466 

Suburbs, 140, 300, 301 

Suffrage, popular, beginnings of, 
40; progress of, 393, 398; causal 
relation to Emancipation, 38; 
defects of, 81; negro, 216; 
woman (see Woman Suffrage); 
educational test for, 205, 216, 
217, 236, 272; withdrawn in 
Sweden from drunkards, 342 

Sunday, continental, 232, 252 ; 
amusements, I03f, 376 ; ball 
games, 104, 212, 427 ; business, 
241, 330; laws, 319 (see full 
collection of laws in my Civil 
Sabbath) ; lectures, 339; libra- 
ries, 112; mails, 9, 189, 195, 
236, 242, 317, 392, 395, 40gf; 
politics, 335; paper, 41,44, 162, 
189, 207f, 258, 340, 432; saloons, 
212, 250, 252, 258, 305, 331, 
395, 405, 406, 428, 432; soldier- 
ing, 293; theaters, 212; trains, 
9, 189, 208, 229, 236, 242, 258, 
317, 340; visiting, 83, 272f ; 
work, 83, 125, 189, 251, 265, 
273, 308. See Sabbath. 

Sunday-schools. See Sabbath- 
schools. 



Summer schools, increase of, 420 
" Sumptuary laws," defined, 319 
Supreme Court, decisions of : 
"This is a Christian nation," 
92, 195, 196, 334, 409; on prohi- 
bition, 395; on lotteries, 409; on 
Chinese exclusion, 412; on rela- 
tions of corporations to the pub- 
lic, 312; on limitations of legis- 
lation, 225. See Courts. 
Surgery, progress of, 411 
Sweat-shops, defined, 290; facts as 
to, 77, 119, 173, 228, 267, 269, 
289, 290, 315, 322 
Syllabus, sample of, 17 



Tammany, 199, 200, 204, 211, 
221, 401, 416 

Tariff, relative importance of, in 
economics and politics, 100, 118, 
138, 179, 183, 200, 223, 237, 
285, 299, 300, 304, 305, 323, 
346f, 422; non-partisan commis- 
sion to administer, proposed, 223, 
237, 324, 325, 346; British, 390 

Taxation, forms of, 70, III, 223ff, 
237, 312; of liquors, 225; of in- 
comes, 349f ; of inheritances, 
224, 323, 35of, 414; graduated, 
349f; of church property, 236; for 
extermination, 321; plan of, 344 

Teachers. See Education. 

Teaching at home, 80, 88f ; in 
Sabbath-schools, 81, 85; in re- 
form schools, 84, 94ff ; in pub- 
lic schools, 85, g8f ; in child- 
saving institutions, 86; sectarian, 
90; temperance, 98, 100; in old 
New England, 93; as to purity, 
152. 

Teetotaler, origin of word, 392 

Telegraphs, government ownership 
of, 177,179^, 189, 311, 323, 332 

Telephones, invention of, 401; 
government, 311, 329 

Temperance, early efforts in be- 
half of, 39, 382, 384; teaching 
of, 98, 100, 102; promoted by 
labor unions, 294, and by build- 
ing and loan associations, 78 ; 
churches' duty to, 38, 46, 47; 
Roman Catholic cooperation in 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



5 2 3 



behalf of, 97; how promoted, 7, 
15; recent progress of, 420; lit- 
erature of, 249. See Intemper- 
ance, Liquors, etc. 

Tenant farmers, increase of, 303 

Tenement-house reform, 398, 151 

Tenements, model, 103, 137, 254, 
256, 301, 320, 322; often dis- 
honestly built, 124; poverty of 
tenants of, 141; pauperized by 
careless almsgiving, 50; duty of 
owners of, 267; model laws of 
New York as to, 433; discussed 
at length, 76ff 

Tests, religious, 383, 391, 397 

Text-books free, 112 

Thanksgiving, occasions for, 129, 
I 3 I ) J 33; proclamations of, 96, 
2 3°» 334- See Progress. 

Theaters, corrupting influence of, 
73, in, 258, 425, 458. 

Theological seminaries, 284. See 
Seminaries. 

Theology, as related to sociology, 
2, 3of, 33, 34, 35, 54 

Tobacco, 73, 98, in, 149, 282, 
455. See Cigarettes. 

Toleration, religious, 396, 397, 
416 ; political, 198 

Total abstinence, advocated by 
Milton, 378 ; practically unani- 
mous indorsement of, by the 
churches in the United States, 
4°, 393 ', but not specifically 
required by church rules, 44 ; 
approved by science, 98 ; as 
related to employment, 304 ; to 
insurance, 265 ; as important 
for men as for women, 111 ; in 
colleges, 284; presidential exam- 
ples of, 400 ; not a cure-all, 280 

Trades, 275, 280 

Trade schools, 86, 274f, 301. See 
Education. 

Trades-unionism, defined, 294. 
See Labor unions. 

Training of children, 71, 74, 75f 

Tramps, 150, 254f, 299, 303, 305 

Transportation, public, 378, 331, 
355, 424 

Truck system abolished, 289 

Trusts, origin of, 408 ; enu- 
merated, 181, 324; character- 



istic of present economic stage, 
115, 162 ; injustice of, 122, 123, 
289, 324 ; laws against, 128, 
158, 189, 332 ; decisions against, 
426 ; political power of, 127, 
182, 184, 232 ; not favored by all 
capitalists, 120 ; duty of church 
to oppose, 249. See Monopolies. 



Under-consumption, the real 
cause of financial depression, 144 

Unearned incomes, 237, 244, 292, 
307, 312, 323, 346, 35of. See 
Inheritances. 

Unemployed, number of, 138, 159 ; 
problem of, 21, 49, I38ff, 160, 
299, 312, 413 

Unions, good and evil, 8, 15, 29, 
4of, 45, 47, 54, 252, 280, 395 

United Presbyterians, 43, 193, 249 

Universities, relation of, to reform, 
152 

University settlements. See Set- 
tlements. 

University extension, loif,lo6, 407 

Unitarianism, 294, 314 

Utopias, 113,130,155, 161,295,310 



Vacation schools, 275 

Vagrants. See Tramps. 

Vegetarianism, 247 

Vetoes, 199, 228, 335, 417 

Vices, 15, 16, 305f. See Crimes. 

Victoria, Queen, 394 

Village settlements, 302. See 
Farm Colonies. 

Visitors, friendly, among the poor, 
50, 103, 253, 255, 256 

Vote, Christian, 55, 56, 258 ; in- 
dependent, 205 ; foreign, 217, 
218, 236, 248 ; venal, 218 ; in- 
timidated, 233 

Voting, as a Christian duty, 2, 43, 
60, 344 ; compulsory, 236, 272 

Voting machine, 342 



Wage fund, 345 

Wages, of former times, 371, 375, 
380, 389 ; how originally substi- 



5 2 4 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



tuted for profits, 164 ; regulated 
by law, 302 ; justice in, 122 ; 
irregularity of, 299 ; low, 120, 
137, 290 ; higher, 290 ; com- 
binations to raise, 128 ; volun- 
tary raising of, 291, 427 ; ar- 
ranged by joint committee of 
employers and employees, 146, 
conferences on, needed, 147, 
154; as affected by competition, 
120, 122, 139, 155, 162 ; allowed 
by government, 183 ; court de- 
cisions on, I36f; proposed law 
on, 118 ; effect of strikes on, 
393 ; relation of tariff to, 223 ; 
wasted, 289 ; low, not chief 
cause of low morals, I48ff ; 
minimum of, suggested, 76, 84 ; 
in the slums, 77 ; for women, 
in ; increase of, 116, 119 ; as 
related to product, 117. See 
" Living wage." 
War, 19, 223, 253, 258, 389, 

397 

Waterworks, city ownership of, 
177. See Municipalism. 

Wealth, concentration of, 117, 
158, 325, 406, 421 

White Cross movement, origin of, 
404 ; commended, 71 

"White slavery," 166 

Wife, relation of, to social prob- 
lems, 69, 76, 84, in 

Wine, communion, 25of. See 
Liquors. 

Woman, ancient status of, 29 ; 
cause of, is man's, 61 ; equality 



of, with man, in ; " new," 
434 

Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union, 9, 15, 251, 260, 264, 
278, 400, 401, 421 

Woman suffrage, 81, III, 247, 
263, 312, 340, 396, 399, 433 

Women, of heathen lands, 260 ; as 
wage-earners, 76, 84, 186, 228, 
251, 263, 267, 308 ; shorter hours 
for, 40, 395 ; increase of self- 
supporting, 70 ; clubs of, III, 
271 ; American, 67 ; walking 
urged as exercise for, 73f ; sins 
and follies of, 432 ; National 
Council of, 271 

Woodyards, charitable, 303 

Work, rights to, 302f (see Em- 
ployment); faithfulness in, 123, 
159, 292, 293, 297 ; night, 304 ; 
contract, 322 

Workhouses, 299 

Working men. See Labor. 

World's F'air, 55, 207, 229, 341, 
409, 411 

Worship, not a substitute but a 
preparation for service, 2, 23, 
45f, 51, 248 ; family, 61, 8iff, 
88 ; public, general absence of 
children from, 81 



Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion, 41, 5if, 60, 256, 282, 395, 
415, 432 

Young Women's Christian Associ- 
ation, 52 



P. S. — The author, on completing this index, October 4, 1895, offers 
devout thanks to God that he has been enabled to complete this task, which 
was interrupted one year ago by a serious five months' sickness, whose 
providential purpose may well have been to afford him such an opportunity 
to ponder all sides of the complex social problems discussed in these 
pages as could not have been afforded by a year of uninterrupted reform 
campaigning. Such campaigning has, however, prompted the book, 
because it has impressed the author profoundly with the conviction that 
what is needed everywhere is more light in order to have more life. May 
this book be one ray in the divine answer to the Psalmist's prayer, ' ' O 
Lord, send out thy light and thy truth." 



